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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corjioration 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY    14580 

(7t6)  172.4403 


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l\ 


4 


o 


6^ 


Cp. 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/JCMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  M6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


□ 

D 
D 

n 


□ 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
ere  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  »nd/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


D 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadr'A^s  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peu'.  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6ti  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


D 
D 
D 


D 

n 
n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 


r~7\    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


Pages  d^colordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  dicponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  erratu 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'err>^ta,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film4  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  cl-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

it:( 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


J 

(tails 
s  du 
lodifier 
r  une 
mage 


The  copy  fiimed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grSce  t  la 
g6n6rosit6  de; 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet^  de  l'exemplaire  fiimd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmis  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "I,  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "). 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaqub  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  h  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


irratu 
to 


pelure, 
n  d 


□ 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

INJ 


w 


K.'ll..»  ,.f  tl) 
Alii'i'uscd 


IM.UST 


LOND 


INSECTS 


/ 


I 


INJURIOUS   TO    FRUITS. 


I 


HV 


WILLIAM   SAUXDLRS,    F.R.S.C, 


K,ll,.»  , 


f  till"  .\mr>ricim  Associutioii  for  tho  Advaiu  .Miu'iit  of  Soiunco,  Follow  of  tlio  K.iyal 

Mi.roscopioal  Sociiity  of  l.omloii,  KiikIhiuI,  I'residoiit  of  tho  Kiitomolosioal  Society 

ul  Ontario,  Kilitur  of  tho  "  Cuiiadiaii  Kntoniolotrist,"  I'rosideiit  of  tlio  Fniit- 

Crovvors'  AsHociafioii  of  Ontario,  (,'orro.t|ioii(ling  Jlornbor  of   tlio 

Aiii.'iiian    Krilomological    Soi-ioty,    I'liiladolpliia,    of   tho 

Ihillalo  Socioty  of  Natural  Scioiiccs,  thi>  Nalnial 

History  Socioty  id'  Jloiitreal,  etc. 


ll.M'STllATKn  WITH  FOUR  IKINDRKI)  AND  FOIITV   WOOD-CUTS. 


PHI  I.  A  DKI.l'iriA: 

J.   B.   LIPPINCOTT    &    CO. 

LONDON:     16    S  0  U  T  II  A  iMPT  0  N    STIIRKT.    STRAND. 

1  8  8  ',]. 


Copyright,  1883,  by  J.  11.  LipnNCdiT  A  Co. 


DEDICATIO]S[. 


To  (l.e  Fruit-Growors  of  AnuM-ica  this  work  is  respectfully  dedi- 
oatod.  with  an  earnest  l.ope  ,l..t  it  may  be  of  praetioal  use  to  ti.e.n 
'"  t''«  wurfaro  with  destructive  insects  in  which  they  are  con- 
stiititly  enf:;a^ed. 

W.  SAUNDERS. 


PREFACE. 


TiiK  ciiltivatioii  of  fruit  in  America  lias  of  late  years 
become  of  >■<>  much  commercial  imj)ortance,  as  well  as  do- 
iin'-tic  interest,  that  no  apolouy  is  necessary  for  ofVerinti'  to 
lli(!  iVuit-tirowinti-  community  a  work  of  wiiich  they  must 
have  loMij:  felt  the  need. 

'flic  amateur  who  plants  a  city  lot,  ami  the  farmer  who 
devotes  a  ])ortion  of  his  land  to  the  cultivation  of  those 
iVuits  which  furnish  from  niontli  to  nior/h  pleasant  and 
ehant^eful  variety  to  the  tahle,  as  well  as  those  who  orow 
fruit  to  siip|)ly  tlu;  home  and  foreign  markets,  are  alike  in- 
terested in  making  this  pursuit  a  success. 

Injurious  insects  are  so  universally  distributed  that  there 
is  no  |)art  of  our  continent  where  fruit-culture  can  be 
jirolitably  carried  on  without  some  elfort  beint:;  made  to 
subdue  them.  Amonjj;  the  insect  hosts  we  have  friends  as 
well  as  foes,  and  it  is  to  tlu'  friendly  species  that  nature  has 
assi<:;ne(l  tlie  task  of  kecpiiii;  in  subjection  those  which  are 
destructive;  these,  in  many  instances,  do  their  work  most 
thoroughly,  devouriiij:;  in  some  eases  the  e^gs,  in  others  the 
bodies,  of  their  victims.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  find  the 
antipathy  to  insects  carried  so  far  that  a  war  of  extermination 
is  waged  on  all,  and  thus  many  of  man's  most  ellicient  allies 
are  consigned  to  destruction. 

The  information   necessarv  to  enable   the  fruit-urower   to 


6 


PREFACE. 


(leal  intelligently  with  this  subjeet  hius  not  hitherto  been 
easily  aeeessible,  having  been  ditrused  ehiefly  among  a  large 
nnniluT  of  voluniinons  State  and  Departmental  reports  and 
books  on  seientifie  entomology,  where  the  practical  knowledge 
is  so  ninch  encnmbered  with  scientific  and  other  details  as  to 
make  liie  acquisition  of  it  too  laborious  a  process  for  those 
M  hose  time  is  so  fully  occupied  during  that  ])eriod  when  the 
information  is  most  needed. 

It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  author  of  this  work  to  bring 
together  all  the  important  facts  relating  to  insects  known  to 
be  injurious  to  fruits  in  all  j)arts  of  (/"anada  and  the  United 
States,  to  add  to  the  information  thus  obtained  the  knowl- 
edge he  has  acquired  of  the  habits  and  life-history  of  many 
of  our  insect  pests  by  an  experience  of  over  twenty  years 
as  a  fruit-grower  and  a  student  of  entom(>logy,  and  to  i)re- 
sent  the  results  in  as  concise  and  plain  a  manner  as  possible, 
avoiding  all  scientific  phraseology  except  such  as  is  iR'cessary 
to  accuracy. 

The  arrangement  adopted  under  the  several  headings,  by 
which  the  insect  pests  which  attack  the  ditlerent  parts  of  the 
tree  or  vine  under  consideration  are  grouped  together,  will,  it 
is  lioped,  with  the  aid  of  the  illustrations,  greatly  facilitate 
the  determination  of  any  injurious  species.  When  having 
before  him  its  history  briefiy  traced  and  the  remedies  which 
liave  been  found  most  useful  in  subduing  it,  the  reader  will 
at  onc(!  be  enabled  to  decide  as  to  the  best  methods  to  be 
tiinployed. 

The  author  desires  to  make  the  fullest  acknowledgment  to 
those  of  whose  work  he  iuus  availed  himself.  The  writings 
of  Say,  Peck,  Harris,  Fitch,  Clemens,  Glover,  Walsh,  Riley, 
Lintner,  Comstock,   Le    JJaron,  Thomas,  French,  Packard, 


<  irot 

riiii 

KngJ 

inadl 
ict'cr 
tlie  \\ 
I  teen  I 


PREFACE. 


I'nnj?         ^ 


<;r()t(',  Lcconto,  Horn,  Ihiiron,  CIkuuIkts,  Tloward,  Cook, 
riil.r,  (.'ivsson,  Feniiild,  KcUicott,  Wiliet,  Jictlmiie,  Potiit, 
K()i;trs,  U(H'(1,  Flotchor,  IIarrin<:;ton,  and  others  liavo  hcoii 
made  trihutarv ;  and  in  some  instances,  where  the  inseet 
referred  to  has  not  l)een  the  snhjeet  of  personal  observation, 
the  words  of  the  anthor  ch'awn  from  have  to  some  extent 
I»een  used,  modified  so  as  to  hrinj;  them  into  harmony  with 
tile  general  aim  of  this  woric.  To  the  writings  of  ( '.  \\ 
Rih'v,  of  Washington,  the  author  is  eHj)eeially  indebted  ;  his 
Missouri  Reports  and  subsecpient  entomological  reports  in 
<'onneetion  with  the  Department  of  Agrieiilture  at  Wasiiington 
have  becii  found  invtiluable. 

The  material  contained  in  the  ehaj)ter  on  orange  insects 
has  been  derived  mainly  from  the  excellent  i'e|)ort  of  J.  II. 
Comstoek  as  Entomologist  to  the  U.  H.  Department  of 
Agrieidture  for  the  year  1880,  and  from  his  subseiiuent 
writings;  from  a  [)aper  on  tiie  parasites  which  attack  scale- 
insects,  by  L.  ().  Howard,  in  the  same  report;  also  from 
the  writings  of  Townend  Glover  and  C.  V.  Ililey,  from  a 
treatise  on  oraiig(!  insects,  by  William  11.  Ashmead,  from  a 
pamphlet  on  insects  injurious  to  fruit-trees  in  California,  l)y 
Matthew  Cooke,  and  from  the  writings  of  Dr.  S.  V.  Chapin 
and  others  in  the  iirst  report  of  the  Board  of  State  Agricul- 
turid  Commissioners  of  California. 

To  J.  A.  Lintner,  State  Entomologist  of  New  York,  the 
author  is  under  much  obligation  for  his  kindly  aid  in  revising 
the  nomenclature.  An  acknowledgment  is  also  due  to  the 
following  specialists,  who  have  revised  lists  submitted  to 
them  of  the  names  of  insects  in  their  de|)artments :  Dr. 
(leorge  II.  Horn,  E.  T.  Cresson,  A.  U.  (Jrote,  P.  Uhler,  J. 
11.  Comstoek,  iind  L.  ().  Howard. 


r  It  El  AVE. 


y 


^ 


/ 


/ 


/ 

/ 


Tliroujjfli  the  libcralitv  of  the  Council  of  the  Eiitomoloy-ifnl 
Society  of  Ontario,  permission  wjis  grar.lcii  to  liave  electro- 
tvpes  made  from  anv  of  the  cuts  in  the  Society's  collection, 
and  from  this  source  a  larjje  number  of  fi<;ures  have  been 
obtained.  Many  of  these  were  purchased  by  the  Society  froni 
C.  ^'.  Ivilev,  and  some  are  the  work  of  Worthiny;ton  (i 
Smith,  of  London,  England,  and  other  English  and  Anieri 
can  engravers. 

Nos.  21,  22,  31,  93,  102,  104,  IIG,  137,  141,  142,  \\:^. 
1(19,  199,  201,  205,  206,  291,  292,  305,  321,  332,  347,  and 
348  were  purchased  from  C.  V.  Riley. 

Nos.  20,  151,  152, 167,  and  208  were  kindly  loaned  by  A. 
S.  Forbes,  of  Normal,  Illinois. 

Through  the  kind  liberality  of  the  Hon.  George  B.  Loring. 
U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  permission  was  granted 
to  obtain  electrotyj)es  of  the  following,  which  have  appeared 
in  the  Commissioner's  reports  :  Nos.  13,  15,  32,  35,  42,  96, 
108,  114,  115,  126,  181,  195,  248,  270,  286,  287,  288,  377, 
J93,  :{94,  400,  403,  404,  406,  407,  408,  409,  410,  411,  412, 


<j 


413,  414,  416,  418,  419,  420,  421,  422,  423,  424,  426,  428, 
429,  431,  432,  433,  434,  435,  436. 

Nos.  8,  25,  63,  109,  13'  144,  329,  338,  350,  and  401 
were  purchased  from  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard. 

By  kind  permission,  the  following  were  copied  from  Town- 
end  Glover's  excellent  plates :  Nos.  9,  49,  66,  78,  82,  83,  87, 
111,  121,  146,  147,  148,  150,  155,  163,  202,  209.  236,  23 


i< . 


249,  282,  293,  294,  295,  296,  300,  315,  320,  322,  333,  367. 
390,  391,  392,  395,  396,  397,  440. 

From  Harris's  works:  Nos.  11,  86,  120,  159,  174,  188. 

From  the  reports  of  C.V.Riley:  Nos.  101,  103,105, 
107,  228,  229,  230,  378,  379. 


1m 

.",01. 

1m 

118, 


PliKFACE.  9 

From  the  reports  of  Dr.  As;i  Filch  :   Nos.  oO,  1)7,  I'S,  5Ji), 


Fr(»m  Dr.  A.  S.  I'iickard's  works  :  Nos.  IG,  llU,  11;),  !  17, 
118,  111>,  150,  157,  158,  1G2,  176,  177,  82.'),  328,  ;J81,  382, 
;)83,  384,  385,  380,  387,  388. 

From  B.  Wal>li's  first  report  No.  14^^  was  copied,  No.  55 
from  one  of  Cvriis  Thomas's  reports,  No.  187  from  a  |)lati' 
|)iihlishc(l  l)y  W.  IT.  Edwards;  Nos.  427  and  130  were 
eopieil  (reduced  in  size)  from  the  rej>ort  of  th'  TJ.  S.  Coai- 
inissiouer  of  Agrieidtiire  for  1880,  Nos.  438  and  130  from  a 
treatise  on  insects  injurious  to  fruit-trees  ;^  California.  !  s' 
Mattliew  (Jooke,  and  Nos.  308,  ;>00,  402,  4u5,  415.  41.",  425, 
and  43V  irom  a  treatise  on  o-ange  insects,  by  ^^iIIiam  II. 
Ash  mead. 

The  remainder  have  been  drawn  from  nature  and  eniiiavd 
for  this  woi'k  eiiiefly  by  tlie  foHowing  artists,  wlio  have  also 
engraved  the  co{)ies :  II.  H.  Niehol,  of  Washington  ;  W'or- 
tliington  G.  Smith,  of  London,  Fngland  ;  H.  Fabi  r  iV'  Son, 
and  Crosscup  it  West,  of  rhihidel[)hia  ;  and  1*.  J.  Edmunds, 
of  Lon(k)n,  Ontario. 

Throughout  this  work,  where  an  author's  name,  foHowing 
the  scientiiic  name  of  an  insect,  is  enclosed  in  parentheses, 
it  is  an  indication  that  the  antiiority  is  for  the  species  onlv, 
and  that  the  genus  has  been  ciianged  since  the  insect  was 
described.  This  is  in  accordance  with  the  recommeiidvtion 
of  the  Dritish  Association  made  sonic  vears  ago,  antl  is  now 
vi'rv  gencrallv  atlopted. 

WM.  SAUNDERS. 


London,  Ontario,  Canada,  Ajiril  11,  188:?. 


mtJM 


m 


if  Inskcts  I 
^i      to  No.  '2 
Inski'ts    1 
( iih'liiili 
Inskcts  i 
-'lit  mill 
Inskcts  i 

to   No.  'J 

].VSKCTS     1 

Mo.   liUfll 

Inskctn  i: 

I  to  No.  lii 
l'-  1  NSKcTs  i; 
i      No.  L'li-J) 

,'t  ]  NSKCTS  1> 
)   ] NSKCTS    I> 


OOIS^TEIS^TS. 


Page 

Insects  iNJuuiors  to  thk  Ai'I'LE  (including  No.  1  to  No.  04)  l:'-!;)',* 
Inskcts  inmurious  to  ihk  Pear  (including  No.  05  to  No.  82)  HO-lOl 
Inskcts  iN.juurors  to  thk  Plum  (including  No.  83  to  No.  9(i)  lO'J  I'.n) 
Inskcts  iN.iURior.s  to  thk  PkaiII  (including  No.  07  to  No. 

101?) 191-200 

Inskcts  iN.iriiioLs  to  tmk  Ai'khot  and  Nkctarink  .  200 

Inskcts  i.nmuhiol's  to   iiik  Cukuiiy  (including    No.   104    to 

No.  118) .         .  L>()1-'J21 

In.sects  injl'kiol-.s  to  thk  tiriMK    (including    No.    ll'J   to 

No.  121) 222-220 

Inskcts   in.h  itiors   to   the   (Iiiatk   (including    No.    122  to 

No.  17:5) 227-;]02 

Inskcis  iN.iiiuois  TO  thk   Kasphkhry   (including    No.    171 

t..  No.  185) .",();!- :n 7 

Inskcts  iN.rruiors  to  thk   IJi.ackmkiuiy  (including  No.  18ti 

to  No.  IS'.i) ;!18-320 

Inskcts  iN.nuiors  to  the  Stkawhkhkv  (iniduding  No.  l',)0 

to  No.  201  ) :!2;  -835 

Inskcts    iN.nuiors   to    thk    Hkh    and    White    Ckkkant 

(including  No.  202  to  No.  215) 330-353 

Insects  iN.iiKUirs  to   iiik  IJi.ack  CruitAN  t  ( iocluding  Nos. 

21(1  mid  217) 3.')4-350 

iNsKirrs  iN.iriuor.s  to  the  (ioosKitKiuiY  ^including  No.  218 

to  No.  220) ;i57-300 

Inskcis    iN.iritiois   to    thk    Melon    (including   No.   221   to 

No.  22(1)  .         .         .         • 301-308 

Insects  in.ii'iuois  to  imk  (.'haniikiuiy  (including  No.  227 

t'>  Nil.  23.S) ■  .         .         .  309-370 

Insei'Ts  iN.M;Riors   ro   iiik  OuANiiE  (including  No.  239  tn 

No.  204) 377-422 

Insects  in.iuriocs  to   iiik  Omvk  (  No.  205)  ....  423 

Insects  in.iikiois  to  the  Fui^No.  200)       .         ,         ,        .  424 

u 


-.11 


r-3^WWWW 


mmmmmm 


ins: 


Tins 

tJlO    tiMl 

under l 
iiili's  :ili( 
ties  sori 
the  li'cc 
llie  rooi 

U|K)11    (' 

tain  in 
(■())n])an 
iioilii's  ( 
the  :i|)|)( 
.•'ix  time 

tViMU     til 

tli(>  liin( 
knotted 
The  insc 
indicate 
The  a 
j;'ists  (u 
that  it  ii 
sucking 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  FRUITS. 


^1^ 


INSECTS  INJIIIIIOUS  TO  THE  APPLE. 


ATTACKING  THE  ROOTS. 


No.  1. — The  Apple-root  Plant-louse. 

Srhlzmuinii  htniijiva  (TIiuisiii.). 

Tjiis  iiisoci  ai^pcai's  in  two  iorins,  one  of  wliicli  attacks 
tJio  trunk  of  the  appU'-trci;  (see  ^so.  9),  tlu,'  other  works 
undor  the  j2;roun(l  and  ])ro(.luces  on  tlie  roots  wart-like  swell- 
iiiiis  and  excrescences  of  all  shapes  and  si/cs.  These  deformi- 
ties seriously  diniinish  the  normal  supply  of  nourishment  for 
the  tive,  and  where  very  numerous  induce  i2;radual  decay  of 
the  I'oots,  and  o(!casionallv  result  in  the  death  of  the  tree. 
Upon  close  examination  the  excrescences  arc  foinid  to  con- 
tain in  their  crevices  very  minute  pale-yellow  lice,  often  ac- 
companied by  lar<:;cr  win>z;cd  ones.  Tin;  former  have  their 
bodies  covered  with  a  hlnish-white  cottony  matter,  havinj^ 
the  a|)j)earanc(>  of  mould,  the  lilamcnts  of  which  are  live  or 
six  times  as  lono'  as  th(;  insects  themselves,  and  are  secreted 
tVom  tiic  upper  part  of  the  body,  more  particularly  from 
the  hinder  portion  of  the  back.  In  Fi^'.  1,  a  represents  a 
knotted  root,  h  a  windless  louse,  and  c  a  winded  specimen. 
The  ins(>ets  an;  both  majiiiilied  ;  the  short  lines  at  the  sides 
indicate  their  natural  siw. 

'i'he  apple-root  i)lant-louse  is  believed  by  some  entomolo- 
nists  to  be  a  native  ins(>ct,  whiles  others  hold  to  the  opinion 
that  it  has  been  importetl  from  luu'op(>.  It  is  nourished  by 
snckinj;  the  juices  of  the  tree,  pi'rcinu;  the  tender  roots  with 

l:; 


14 


IXSECTS  IXJUIilOVS    TO    THE  Al'I'LE. 


its  proboscis.  Jn  tiie  very  younn;  lice  this  instrtiinciit,  wIhii 
at  rest  and  folded  under  the  abdomen,  is  longer  than  the 
body,  but  in  the  more  mature  specimens  it  is  only  about  twd- 

thirdsthe  length  nf 
Fui.  1.  the  bodv.    AVhilc  it 

usually  ooniines  it- 
sell'  to  the  roots  of 
trees,  it  issometinic- 
found  oji  tlu!  suck- 
'^:^^j)  ers  that  sj)ring  \\\\ 
around    them,   and 

.,7/i  — t^  II  ^  F    -- sometimes      a!«n 

Hs^y  /    c    \  about  the  stump  of 

an  amputated 
branch,  but  in  every  instance  it  mav  be  recoy-nized  bv  the 
bluish-white  cottony  matter  with  which  its  body  is  covered. 
If  this  cottony  covering  be  forcibly  removed,  it  will  be  Ibniid 
that  in  two  or  three  days  the  insect  will  liave  again  produced 
sulficient  to  enveloj)  itself  completely.  Occasionally  the  ma- 
ture lice  crawl  u|)  the  branches  of  the  trees  during  the  sinii- 
mer,  where  they  also  form  colonies,  and  then  are  Unown  :i> 
the  \\'oolly  Aphis  of  the  Apple.  This  form  of  the  insect  will 
be  refiirred  to  more  fidly  under  Xo.  'J. 

The  appearance  of  this  root-louse  is  reconled  in  DowniiiL'  - 
"  JEorticultnrist"  as  early  as  1848,  at  which  time  thousand- 
of  voung  trees  were  found  to  be  so  badiv  iid'ested  that  tiiev 
had  to  be  destroyed.  Since  that  period  it  has  been  gradually 
but  widely  disseminated,  estal)lishing  colonies  almost  ever\  - 
where,  in  the  North,  South,  East,  and  West.  Where  a  tree  i- 
siclvly  from  any  unknown  cause,  and  no  borers  can  be  found 
sapping  its  vitals,  the  presence  of  this  pest  may  he  suspected. 
In  such  cases  the  earth  shoidd  be  r(MUov<'(l  from  the  root- 
about  the  surfa<'e,  and  ihese  carefully  c.xamined,  when,  il 
warty  swellings  are  discovered,  no  time  should  be  lost  in 
taking  steps  to  destroy  the  insidious  foe. 

Iiiinc(liet<. — The  most  successful  mean.s  yet  devised  for  de- 


ATTACKING    TIIK   ROOTS. 


I') 


lor  (It 


stroviriir  these  root-liee  is  the  use  of  scahliiii!;-h()t  wtitcr  freelv 
pDiired  aroiiiRl  the  roots  of  the  trees.  If  the  trees  are  re- 
iiiaiiiiiii^  in  the  .-oil,  the  roots  may  be  hiitl  ban;  and  the  water 
used  nearly  boiling  without  injury;  but  where  they  have 
been  taken  up  for  the  purpose  of  transplanting,  and  arc 
to  be  dippi'd  in  the  hot  water,  the  temperature  should  nut 
exeeed  150°  Fahr. ;  under  these  eireunistanees  from  120°  to 
loO"  woidil  sidliee  for  the  purpose.  A  nndeh  |)laeed  amund 
the  tre^s  for  st)me  time  previous  to  treatment  has  been  ibund 
useful  in  bringing  the  liee  to  the  surfaee,  where  they  ean  be 
more  readily  reaehed  by  the  hot  water.  Drenehing  the  I'oots 
with  soa[)suds  has  also  been  reeommended,  to  be  followed  by 
a  liberal  dressing  of  ashes  on  the  surfaee. 

There  are  several  i'ricndly  inseets  whieh  prey  u[)on  the 
root-louse.  A  very  minute  four-winged  lly,  Aj>hr/iiniK  iiudi 
(see  Fig,  15),  is  |)arasitie  on  it,  and  the  larva  of  a  small 
beetle  belonging  to  the  Lady-bird  family,  Sci/mitn.s  ecrrlcdflf^, 
i'vviU  on  it.  This  friend  is  diflieult  to  re('o<rni/e  amonti-  the 
lice,  from  the  fact  that  it  is  also  covered  on  the  back  with 
little  tufts  of  woolly  matter  secreted  from  its  body  ;  these 
larvie  are,  however,  larger  than  the  lice,  and  much  more  ac- 
tive, and  may  be  i'urther  distinguished  by  the  woolly  matter 
being  of  an  even  length,  and  arranged  on  the  back  in  trans- 
verse rows.  The  perfect  beetle  is  very  small,  being  but  one- 
(wcntielh  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  dark-brown  body  ;md  a 
light-brown  thorax.  The  beetle  has  been  observed  preying 
on  lice  about  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

A  third  friendly  insect,  probably  the  most  ellicient  check 
upon  the  increjuse  of  these  liee,  is  known  as  the  Root-louse 
Syrpli\is  lly,  i'lpha  r(i((icuiii  Riley,  which  in  its  larval  state 
I'ccmIs  upon  them.  It  is  then  in  the  form  of  a  footless  magg(»t, 
which,  when  full  grown,  is  about  a  (juarti'r  of  an  inch  long 
( l''ig.  2,  a),  of  a  dirty  yellow  color,  and  usually  so  covered 
with  dirt  and  with  the  woolly  matter  of  the  lice  it  has  de- 
voiM'ed  that  it  is  not  casilv  discerned.  The  cl>'<!;.s  from  which 
these  larva;  are  produced  arc  laid  by  the  lly  (Fig.  2,  c)  in  the* 


16 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


I 


Fiu.  2. 


spriiii;.  The  larva*  nmtiire  during  tlio  suinnu'r,  aiid  in  tho 
i'all  cliaiiire  to  the  pnpa  state,  as  shown  at  h  in  the  figure, 
tVoin  which  the   peit'eet   fly  emerges   th(!    following   spring. 

The  larva,  ehrysalis, 
and  fly  are  all  luag- 
nilied  in  the  figure. 
-7,,;^  The  fly  measures, 
when  its  wings  arc 
cxjjanded, nearly  half" 
an  inch  aeross;  its 
body  is  black,  the 
head  hairy  with  shori 
white  hairs,  tlu!  tho- 
rax also  similarly  hairy  and  finely  punctated;  the  abdomen 
finely  punctated,  and  adorned  with  long  white  hairs;  legs 
partly  reddish,  partly  black  ;  wings  transparent,  with  black 
veins. 


Til 


ATTACKING  THE  TRUNK. 
No,  2. — The  Round-headed  Apple-tree  Borer. 

Siijx'rdd  rinidida  Fiihr. 

The  r(iund-head(!d  ap))le-tree  bonn*  is  a  native  of  America, 
wliose  existence  was  unrecorded  bel'ore  1824,  wIkmj  it  was  de- 
scril)cd  by  Thomas  Say.  Thi»  y(!ar  following,  its  destructive 
character  was  observed  about  Albany,  N.Y.  It  is  now  very 
widely  and  generally  distribiUcd,  and  probably  it  was  so  at 
that  time,  although  unnoticed,  since  it  iidiabits  our  native 
crabs  and  thorn-bushes  and  also  the  common  June-berry, 
Amchtnchicr  OoKuIcnsis.  W'hile  jin^ferring  the  apple,  it  also 
makes  its  home  in  tlie  pear,  cpiince,  and  mountain-ash.  In 
its  |)erfect  state  it  is  a  very  handsome  beetle  (Fig.  '5,  «),  about 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical  in  form,  of  a  palc- 
brown  color  above,  with  two  broad  creamy-white  stripes 
ruiniing  the  whole  Iciigth  of  it."?  body;  the  faeo  and  under 


ATTACKING    TllK    TliVSK. 


17 


tlu" 


til 


VCIV 

so  :it 
ii:ilivr 

)(M'1'V, 
t   !\1S(. 

.    Il> 

alxHil 

^lri|)('s 
muU'i" 


siirlacr  aiv  luiary-wliito,  the  antciuiie  and  legs  ^-ray.  Tlie 
Icmak's  aiv  lari^or  than  the  males,  and  have  shorter  autennic. 
The  Ixcile  makes  its  appearance  dnrinj;  the  monilis  of  Juno 
and  .hilv,  nsnally  remaining  in  eoncoalment  during  the  day, 
and  heeoming  aetive  at  dusk. 

The  eggs  are  depositetl  late  in  June  and  during  July,  one 

Vui.  :{. 


i 


in  a  |)Ia('(',  on  the  bark  of  the  tree  near  its  base.  Within  two 
weeks  the  young  worms  are  hatched,  and  at  onc(!  commence 
with  their  shai'p  mandibles  to  gnaw  their  way  through  the 
()iit<'r  bark  to  the  interior. 

It  is  generally  conceded  that  tlu;  larva  is  thnu;  years  in 
reaching  maturity.  The  young  ones  lie  for  ihe  first  y<>ar 
in  the  sa|)-wood  and  inner  bark,  excavating  Hat,  shallow 
caviti(,'s,  about  the  size  of  a  silver  dollar,  which  aie  filled 
with  their  sawdust-like  eastings.  The  holes  by  which  tluw 
enter,  being  small,  'A\\\  soon  iilled  up,  though  not  until  a 
few  grains  of  castings  have  fallen  from  them.  Their  pros- 
tuce  may,  however,  often  be  detected  ii'i  young  trees  tVom 
the  bark  becoming  dark-colored  and  sometimes  dry  and  dead 
enough  to  (M'a(!k.  Through  these  crai^ks  some  of  the  cast- 
iiiuN  generally  protrude,  and  fall  to  the  grouiul  in  a  little 
liiap  ;  this  takes  place  es|)ecially  in  the  s|)riug  of  tin;  year, 
when,  with  tin;  frecpient  rains,  they  become  swollen  by 
the  absoi'ption  of  moisture.  On  the  a|»proaeh  of  winter 
the  larva  descends  to  the  low(.'r  nart  of  its  burrow,  where 


18 


iysf:cTS  INJURIOUS  to  riri-:  aitle. 


it  (loubtk'ss  roinaiiis  inactive  until  tiie  iollowin*;  spriiii:. 
Dm'ini^  the  next  season  it  attains  about  halt'  its  growth, 
still  living  on  the  sap-wood,  where  it  does  great  daniauv. 
and  when,  as  ot'ten  happi'ns,  there  are  several  of  the^c 
borers  in  a  single  tree,  thev  will  sometimes  cause  its  death 
by  comj)letely  girdling  it.  After  another  winter's  rest,  the 
larva  again  becomes  active,  and  towards  the  end  of  th  • 
following  season,  when  ap[)roaching  maturity,  it  cuts  a  cylin- 
drical ])assag(!  upwards,  varying  in  length,  into  the  solid 
wood,  afterwards  extending  it  outward  to  the  bark,  some- 
times cutting  entirely  through  the  tree,  at  other  times  turn- 
ing back  at  diiferent  angles.  The  upper  part  of  the  cavity 
is  then  fdled  with  a  sawdust-like  powder,  after  which  the 
larva  turns  roiuid  and  returns  to  the  part  nearest  the  heart 
of  the  tree,  which  portion  it  enlarges  by  tearing  oil'  tlio 
fibres,  with  which  it  carefully  and  securely  closes  the  lower 
portion  of  its  gallery,  so  as  to  protect  it  elfectually  from  the 
a[)proacli  of  enemies  at  either  end.  Having  thus  perfected 
its  arrangements,  it  again  turns  round  so  as  to  have  its  heail 
upwards,  when  it  rests  from  its  labors  in  the  interior  of  the 
p.isM'.ge  until  the  following  spring,  when  the  mature  larva 
sheds  it.-"  skin  and  discloses  the  chrysalis.  In  this  conditinn 
it  I'emains  about  two  or  three  weeks,  when  the  perfect  beetle 
escapes.  At  ilrst  its  bodv  and  wing-cases  arc  soft  and  flabbv, 
but  in  a  few  days  they  harden,  when  the  beetle  makes  its 
way  through  the  sawdust-like;  castings  in  the  upj)er  end  of 
the  jiassage,  and  cuts  with  its  |)owerful  jaws  a  smooth, 
round  hole  through  the  bark,  from  which  it  escapes. 

'Hie  larvji  (Fig.  <},  a)  is  of  u  whitish  (;olor,  with  a  roimd 
head  of  a  chestiuit-brown,  polished  and  horny,  and  the  jaws 
black.  It  has  also  a  yellow  horny-looking  spot  on  the  first 
segment  behind  the  head.  It  is  without  feet,  but  moves 
about  in  its  l)urrows  by  the  alternate  contraction  and  ex- 
pansion of  the  segments  of  its  boily.  When  full  grown  it  is 
over  an  inch  in  length. 

Tlie  color  of  tlie  chrysalis  (Fig.  3,  b)  is  lighter  tliun  that 


'^ 

:M 

1 

m 

m 

of 

the 

>' 

th( 

■  l)a( 

ATTACK  I SG   THE   TliUSK. 


19 


:^ 


oC  the  hirva,  aiul  it  lias  transverse  rows  of  minute  spines  on 
the  back,  and  a  few  at  the  extremity  of  the  body. 

RoimJieti. — The  yoiuiii;  h\rva,  as  ah'eady  stated,  may  often 
be  detected  by  the  diseoh)ration  of  the  l)ark.  In  such  in- 
stances, if  the  outer  (hu'U-colored  surfaec;  be  scraped  with  a 
knii'e,  hite  in  August  or  early  in  September,  so  as  to  expose 
the  clear  wiiite  bark  beneath,  the  Iurkin<i;  enemy  mav  be  ilis- 
covered  and  destroyed.  Later  they  may  be  detected  by  their 
castings,  which  have  been  pushed  out  of  the  crevices  of  the 
hark  and  have  fallen  in  little  heaps  on  the  ground.  When 
lirst  discharged,  these  look  as  if  they  had  been  forced  through 
the  barrels  of  a  minute  double-barrelled  gun,  being  arranged 
closely  togetlu-r  in  two  parallel  strings.  Those  which  liavtj 
burrowed  deeper  may  sometimes  be  reached  by  a  stout  wire 
thrust  into  their  holes,  or  by  cutting  through  tiie  bark  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  chamber,  and  pouring  scalding  water  into 
the  opening,  so  that  it  may  soak  through  the  castings  and 
penetrate  to  the  insect. 

Among  the  preventive  measures,  alhalino  washes  or  solu- 
tions are  probably  the  most  ellicient,  since  experiments  have 
demonstrated  that  they  are  repulsive  to  the  insect,  and  that 
the  beetle  will  not  lav  her  eggs  on  trees  i)roteeted  bv  such 
washes.  S()ft-s(\.[)  reduced  to  the  consistence  of  a  thick 
l)aint  by  tlu;  addition  of  a  strong  solution  of  washing-soda 
ill  water  is  perhaps  as  good  a  foiniula  as  can  be  suggested  : 
this,  if  applied  to  the  bark  of  the  tree,  especially  about  the 
base  or  collar,  and  also  extended  upwards  to  the  crotches, 
where  the  main  branches  have  their  origin,  will  cover  tli(> 
whole  surface  liable  to  attack,  and,  if  ap|)lied  during  the 
iiioniing  of  a  warm  day,  will  dry  in  a  lew  hours,  and  form 
a  tenacious  coating,  not  easily  dissolved  by  rain.  The  soap 
solution  shoidd  be  applied  early  in  June,  and  a  second  time 
during  the  early  part  of  July. 


^^ 


■'5^ 


m 


20 


INSECTS  IXJUJilOVS    TO    THE    APPLE. 


Fig.  4. 


No.  3. — The  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer. 

Chrijsohothrisfemiirata  (Fabr.). 

Tilis  borcT  is  also  a  luitivo  of  Ainorioa,  and  is  in  its  in:i- 
ture  state  a  beetle  belonj^ing  to  the  family  Biiprcstiche.  Ir 
is  a  very  active  creature,  one  which  courts  the  light  of  dav 
and  delights  to  bask  in  tiie  hot  sunsiiine,  running  up  and 
down  the  bark  of  a  tree  with  great  rapidity,  but  instantlv 
taking  wing  if  an  attempt  be  made  to  capture  it.  The  beetle 
measures  from  tliree-ein'hths  to  half  an  inch  or  more  in  h.'nirtli. 
(^ee  Fig.  4,  d,  where  it  is  shown   somewhat  enlarged.)     ]t  is 

of  a  flattish  oblong  form  and  of  a 
shining  greenish-black  color,  each  of 
its  wing-cases  having  three  raised  lines, 
[  )j:  the  onter  two  interrupted  by  two  itn- 
])resse(l  transvi-rse  spots  of  a  brassy 
color,  dividing  each  wing-cover  into 
three  nearly  e(pud  portions.  Tlie 
under  side  of  the  body  and  the  legs 
^B»  /<(  ^^\      shine  like  burnished  copper;  the  feet 

/JBkI^      ^^fM'      are  shining  grc-n. 
JimM'c  c  This  j)est  is  common  almost  every- 

where, aill'cting  alike  the  I'rosty  re- 
gions of  the  North,  the  great  West. 
It  is  nuich  more  abundant  than  tlir 
two-stripeil  borer,  and  is  a  most  formidable  enemy  to  apple- 
cultiu'e.  it  attacks  also  the  jjcar,  the  pliun,  and  sometiuKs 
the  peach.  In  the  Southwestern  States  it  begins  to  appeiir 
during  the  latter  part  of  May,  and  is  found  during  most  of 
the  summer  months ;  in  the  Northern  States  and  Canada  its 
time  of  api)carance  is  June  and  July.  It  docs  not  confine  its 
attacks  to  the  base  of  the  tree,  but  affects  the  trunk  mon; 
or  loss  throughout,  and  sometimes  the  larger  branches. 

The  eggs,  which  are  yellow  and  irregularly  ribbed,  arc 
very  small,  about  one-fiftieth  of  an  inch  long,  of  an  ovoidal 
form,  flattened  at  one  end,  and  are  fastened  by  the  female 


W 


and  the  suunv  South 


more  s( 

1(1  a  ehi 

« 

nearly 

iliangc.'' 

uradnal 

and   in 

having 

roams  a 

The 

grub,  w 

(latteno( 

swollen 

riMjuires 

been  de 

its  tran> 

Heme 

ill  its  s 

Iocs  ;  bt 

(lestrov( 

dialcid 

[larasite 

niie  of 

in  I'ig. 

The  otl 

they  be 

tiles  kn 

Alth 

from  th 

A 

or  tree; 

ATTACKISG    TlIK    TJiUXK. 


21 


TJi 


M  Itli  :i  iilutinous  suh.^taiice,  usually  uudor  the  loose  scales  or 
witliiii  the  erac-ks  and  crevices  of  the  hark;  sometimes  singly, 
at  other  times  several  in  a  group.  The  young  larva  soon 
hatches,  and,  having  eateu  its  way  through  the  outer  bark, 
Ibcds  ou  the  sa[)-\vood  within,  where,  boring  broad  and  flattish 
channels,  a  single  specimen  will  sometimes  girdle  a  small  tree. 
As  the  larva  ai)proaches  maturity,  it  usually  bores  into  the 
more  solid  wood,  working  upward,  and,  when  about  to  dumge 
to  a  chrysalis,  cuts  a  passage  back  again  to  the  outside,  eating 
nearly  but  not  (piite  through  the  bark.  Within  its  retreat  it 
elianges  to  a  chrysalis  (Fig.  4,  h),  which  is  at  first  white,  but 
gradually  a[)proaches  in  color  to  that  of  the  future  beetle, 
and  in  about  three  weeks  the  perfect  insect  emerges,  and, 
having  eaten  through  the  thin  covering  of  bark,  escapes  and 
roams  at  large  to  continue  the  work  of  destruction. 

The  mature  larva  (Fig.  4,  a)  is  a  pale-yellow  footless 
grub,  with  its  anterior  end  enormously  enlarged,  round,  and 
flattened.  At  c  in  the  iigun!  the  under  side  of  the  anterior 
swollen  portion  of  the  body  is  shown.  Whether  this  larva 
requires  one  or  two  seasons  to  reach  maturity  has  not  yet 
been  determined  with  certainty,  but  the  opinion  prevails  that 
its  transformations  are  completed  in  a  single  year. 

Reined icff. — One  might  reasonably  suppose  that  this  larva 
in  its  snug  retreat  would  be  safe  from  the  attack  of  outside 
foes;  but  it  is  hunted  and  devoured  by  woodpeckers,  and  also 
(lesti'oyed  by  insect  ])arasites.  A  very  small  fly,  a  species  of 
Chalcid,  destroys  many  of  the  larvfe;  besides  which  tv.'o  larger 
parasites  have  been  bred  from  them  by  Prof.  C.  V.  lliley, 
one  of  which,  Bracon  charm  lliley,  is  represented  magoified 
in  Fig.  5,  the  hair-lines  at  the  side  showing  its  natural  size. 
The  other  s[)ecies,  Ci'i/jifus  r/raKator  Say,  is  somewhat  larger: 
tliey  both  belong  to  that  very  useful  group  of  four-winged 
flies  known  as  Ichneumons. 

Although  healthy,  well-established  trees  are  not  exempt 
fronj  the  attacks  of  this  enemy,  it  is  found  that  sickly  trees 
or  trees  newly  transplanted   are  more   liable  to  suffer,  es- 


22 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    T/IE  APPLE. 


Fir..  T). 


ju'cijilly  oil  the  southwest  side,  whore  the  hark   is  often  iir-i 
injured  hy  exposure  to  the  sun,  resulting  in  what  is  culliil 

sun-scald.  All  trees  should  he 
carefully  examined  early  in  tin 
fall,  when  the  young  larva,  it' 
present,  may  often  be  detectnj 
by  the  discoloration  of  the  bark, 
which  sometimes  has  a  flattened 
and  dried  appearance,  or  by  a 
slight  exudation  of  sap,  or  In 
the  presence  of  the  sawdust- 
liUo  castings.  Whenever  such 
indications  are  seen,  tiie  part- 
shouhl  at  once  be  cut  into  with 
a  knife  and  the  intruder  de- 
stroyed. As  a  j)reventive  me:i>- 
ure  there  is  nothing  better  than 
coating  the  bark  of  the  trunk  and  larger  branches  with  a 
mixture  of  soft-soaj)  and  solution  of  soda,  as  recommend 


(d 


Fid.  I-,, 


for  the  two-striped  borer  (^o.  2). 

No.  4. — The  Long^-horned  Borer. 

Leptosf>/lus  aculij'er  (Say). 

Although  distributed  over  a  wide  area,  this  is  by  no  means 
a  common  insect,  and  seldom  appears  in  sufficient  numbers  to 
cause  the  fruit-grower  any  uneasiness.  The  beetle  (Fig.  6j  i> 
of  rather  an  elegant  form,  with  long,  tapering  an- 
tenna of  a  gray  color,  prettily  banded  with  black. 
It  is  a  little  more  tl  in  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  o! 
a  brownish-gray  color,  with  many  small,  thorn-like 
points  upon  its  wing-covers.  There  is  also  a  T- 
sliaped  band,  margined  with  black,  a  little  behind  the  middle 
of  the  wing-cases. 

The  perfect  in.sect  appears  about  the  last  of  August,  when  it 
occasionally  deposits  its  eggs  upon  the  trunks  of  apple-trees, 
which  shortly  hatch  into  small  grub.s,  and  the.se  eat  their  way 


M 


ATTACK  I  S(J   THE    TRUXK. 


'2:1 


tliroiii;li  and  burrow  under  the  bark,  Tliey  are  very  similar 
in  :ij)])earanee  to  the  young'  larvte  of  tlie  two-striped  borer, 
but  (liller  in  their  hal)its  ;  tliey  tbrni  h)ng,  narrow,  winding 
(racks  under  the  bark,  but  upon  the  outer  surface  of  the 
wood,  which  are  made  broader  as  the  hirva  inereases  in  size. 
Tliis  larva  is  also  Ibund  uiuler  the  bark  of  oak-trees. 

Remedies, — Shouhl  the  inseet  at  any  time  j)rove  destructive, 
it<  ravasres  mav  l)e  prevented  or  controlled  l)v  the  use  of  the 
alkaline  wash  applied  to  the  l)ark,  as  recommended  for  the 
two-striped  borer  (No.  2),  deferring  its  application  until  the 
early  part  of  August. 

No.  5.— The  Stag  Beetle. 
Lucanus  dama  Thunb. 

This  hirge  and  powerful  beetle  is  a  very  common  insect, 
belonging  to  the  familv  <!allcd  Lamellicorncs,  or  leaf-horned 
beetles,  from  the  leaf-like  joints  of  their  antenna?.  In  the 
male  (Fig.  7)  the  u{)[)er  jaws  or  mandibles  are  largely  de- 
veloped, curved  like  a  sickle,  and 
furnished  internallv  bevond  the  mid- 
die  with  a  small  tooth;  those  of  the 
female  are  much  shorter,  and  also 
toothed.  The  body  measures  from 
one  to  one  and  a  quarter  inches  in 
length,  exclusive  of  the  jaws,  and  is 
of  a  deep  mahogany-browu  color. 
The  head  of  the  male  is  broad  and 
smooth  ;  that  of  the  female  narrowed 
and  roughened  with  indentations.  The 
beetle  appears  during  the  months  of 
July  and  August,  and  is  very  vigorous  on  the  wing,  Hying 
with  a  loud,  buzzing  sound  during  the  evening  and  niizht, 
when  it  frequently  enters  houses,  to  the  annoyance  of  the 
occupants.  It  is  perhaps  scarcely  necessary  to  remark  that 
this  beetle  is  not  venomous,  and  that  it  never  attempts  to  bite 
without  provocation. 


24- 


INSECTS   IXJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


if 


Vu:.  S. 


Tlio  eggs  are  laid  in  the  ereviees  of  the  bark  of  trees, 
esjict'ially  near  the  roots.  The  kirvffi  live  in  deeaying  wood, 
and  are  f'onnd  in  the  trnnks  and  roots  of  varions  kinds  of 
ti-i'cs,  partienlarly  those  of  old  aj)j)le-trees;  they  are  alMi 
foinul  in  old  ehci'ry-trccs,  willows,  and  oaks.  They  arc 
said  to  be  six  years  in  completing  their  growth,  living  all  the 
time  on  the  wood  of  the  tree,  redncing  it  to  a  coarse  |iowd(  r 
resend)ling  sawdnst.  'J'he  matnre  larva  is  a  large,  thicic. 
whitish  grnb,  with  a  reddish-brown,  horny-lnoking  head, 
dark  mandibles,  and  reddish  legs.     (See  J'^ig.  <S,  <f.)    The  body 

is  enrved  when  at  rest, 
th<'  hintler  segments  bein^; 
brought  towards  the  head. 
When  the  larva  has  at- 
tained I'ull  size  it  remains 
in  its  burrow,  and  encloses 
itself  in  an  oval  eiicooii 
(Fig.  8,  6)  formed  of  frag- 
ments of  v.'ood  and  bark 
cemented  together  with  a 
gliie-like  secretion,  and  within  this  enclosure  it  is  trans- 
ibrmed  into  a  pnj)a  of  a  yellowish-white  color.  Through  the 
partially  transparent  niend)rane  the  limbs  of  th(>  future  beetle 
arc  dindy  seen,  and  in  due  time  the  mature  insect  bursts  its 
lilmy  covering,  crawls  through  the  |)assage  previously  gnawi'd 
by  the  lar\a,  and  emerges  to  the  light  of  day. 

As  this  bcctli'  allects  oidy  old  and  decaying  trees,  it  seldom 
does  nuich  harm.  The  use  ol'  the  alkaline  wash  reconunended 
for  \().  "1  woidd  no  doubt  deter  the  beetles  from  depositing 
their  (>gg8  on  trees  so  protected,  and  thus  any  mischief  tiicy 
might  otherwise  do  coidd  be  presented. 

No.  6.— The  Apple-bark  Beetle. 

Mntiiiillninn  imili  (Filcli). 

The  a|)ple-bark  beetle  is  a  small  insect  aliont  one-tenth  of 
an  inch  long  (see  l''ig.  !l,  wlioro  it  h  .sliown  much  magnified) ; 


it  IS 
color 
and   : 
punct 
or  ex 
t  recs, 
badly 
to  wit 
loose 
snuill 
lui-atK 
insect 
coiinn 
some 
:f     trees  ii 
is  yet 
dillicu 


I 


Thi 

is  fou 
wood 

(  K ig. 
ill    lei 
with 
llioriis 
eye-!il 
to  the 
tliora> 
the  b( 
atoms 
with 
side    t 
It  is  1 


■ 


ATTACKING   THE    TRUNK. 


25 


it  is  eyliiulrical  in  form,  smooth  and  sleiuler,  iiiul  varies  in 
color  from  dark  cht'stnut-hrown  to  nearly  black.      Its  le^s 
and  antonnte  arc    ])alc-yello\visli,   and    its    thorax    minutely 
j)nnctatcd  ;    the  ])osterior  end  of  the  body  is  abrn])tly  notched 
or  excavated.     The  insect  bores   under  the   bark  of   apple- 
li'ees,  sometimes  attaekiii}^  young;,  thrifty  trees,  which,  when 
hadly  aifeeted,  arc  apt,  soon  after  ])Utting  forth  their  leavt's, 
to  wither  suddenly,  as  if  scorelied  by  lire;  the  bark  becomes 
loosened   from   tlu^    wood,   and    soon   after,  these 
small  beetles  ap])ear  crawling  thn)ug'h  minute  per-         ^""  "'■ 
t'orations  in  the  bark  like  kirge  pin-holes.     This      '>^f\i-'' 
insect  usually  appears  in  July;  it  is  seldom  very     -^"y  " 
conunon,  but  has  been  reported  as  destructive  in       /I 
some  [)arts  of  jMassachusetts,  where  many  young         wiy 
trees  are  said  to  have  been  ruined  by  it.     So  little 
is  yet  known  of  the  history  and  habits  of  this  pest  that  it  is 
ditlicult  to  say  what  would  be  the  best  remedy  for  it. 


-^^ 


\ 


Fiii.  10. 


No.  7.~The  Eyed  Elater 

A/iiifs  iiculdlns  ( Ljimi.). 

This  is  the  largest  of  ou'-  Elalers,  or  "  spring-l)eetles,"  and 
is  found  with  its  larva  in  tlu!  decaying 
wood  of  old  apple-trees.  The  beetle 
( l''ig.  10)  is  an  inch  and  a  half  or  more 
in  lenglli,  of  a  dack  color,  s|)rinkled 
with  numerous  whitish  dots.  ( )ii  the 
thorax  there  are  tno  huge  \elvety  black 
eye-like  spots,  which  have  given  origin 
to  llie  eoniniou  name  ol"  the  insect.  Tli(> 
thorax  is  about  oiie-lliird  the  length  ol' 
the  body,  and  is  powdered  with  whitish 
atoms  or  scales;  the  wing-cases  are  ridu'cd 
with  longitudinal  lines,  Miid  the  under 
side  of  the  body  and  legs  thickly  |>owdere(i  with  white, 
it  is  found  ill  (he  perfect  state  ii;  June  and  July. 


'^iS, 


2G 


JXSEOTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


^   WV  t.l     * 


The  matiu'L'  larva  (Fig.  11),  which  attains  its  i'lill  growth 

early  in  April,  is  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  nearly 

four-tenths  of  an    inch    across    about   the    middle,    tajjerini^- 

j^,,,_  J]  slightly  towards  each 

extremity.    The  iiend 

1  I  Lj  \t_:^^^  is  l)roail,  brownish, 
and  rough  above ; 
the  jaws  very  strong,  curved,  and  [lointed  ;  the  terminal  seij:- 
ment  of  the  body  l)lackish,  roughened  with  small  j)ointed 
tul)ercles,  with  a  deep  semicircular  notch  at  the  end,  and 
armed  at  the  sides  with  small  teeth,  the  two  hinilermost 
of  wlii(!li  are  long,  forked,  and  curved  upwarls  like  hooks; 
under  this  hinder  segment  is  a  large  Heshy  foot,  furnished 
behind  with  little  claws,  and  around  the  sides  with  short 
spines;  it  has  six  true  legs, — a  pair  under  each  of  the  first 
three  segments.  Early  in  spring  the  larva  easts  its  skin  a, id 
becomes  a  chrysalis,  and  in  due  time  there  emerges  from  il 
a  |)erfect  l)eetlc. 

This  l>eetle,  when  placed  u|)()n  its  back  on  a  Hat  surface, 
lias  tlu;  power  of  springing  suddenly  into  the  air,  and,  while 
moving,  turning  its  body,  thus  recovering  its  natural  |H)silion. 
This  unusual  movement  combines  with  its  curious  |)romineiit 
eye-like  spots  to  make  it  a  constant  source;  of  wonder  and 
interest.  Since  it  feeds  only  on  decaying  woiid,  it  scarcely 
(k'servc-  1<»  be  classed  with  destructive  insects;  vet,  bciiiu' 
occa>ioiially  found  in  the  wood  of  the  apple-tree,  it  is  worthy 
of  mention  I, ere. 

No.  8. — The  R  ugh  Osmotlerma. 

This  insect,  also,  lives  in  the  larval  slate  in  the  decaying 
wood  of  the  apple,  as  wc;!!  as  in  that  of  the  <'hen'y,  <!on- 
suniing  the  wood  and  imiucing  more  I'apid  deca\ .  It  is  a 
large,  white,  lleshy  grub,  with  a  reddish,  hard-shelled  head. 
In  the  autumn  each  larva  makes  for  itself  an  oval  cell  ol' 
fragments  of  wood,  eemenle<l  together  with  a  glutinous  nm- 


S 


ATTACh'JXG   Till-:   lU'iAyCHES. 


27 


■I 


Yia.  12. 


tcrial,  ill   wliich  it  iin(ler<2;()c.s  its  traiisforiiuitioas,  ap) 

(liirinLi'    tlie    iiiontli    of   July    us    a    largo, 

})iii-l)li,-li-l)laok  beetle  (Fig.  12),  about  an 

iiieli   long,  with    rough    wing-oases.     The 

head  is  hollowed  out  on  the  toj),  the  under 

side  of  the  body  smooth,  and  the  legs  short 

and  stout.      It  (!onooals  itself  during  the 

.lav,  but  is  active  at  night,  feeding  upon 

the  saj)  which  Hows  from  the  bark.     Since 

the  larva  feeds   only    on    decaying  wood, 

the   iniiiry   inllicted,   if  any,  can  only  be 

of  a  trilling  character. 


)earing 


ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES. 


''9 


Fi(i.  13. 


No.  9. — The  Woolly-louse  of  the  Apple. 

Sc/iizoiii'urd  hniii/rrd  (Iliuisin.). 

This  is  the  sain(^  species  as  the  api)lo-root  plant-louse  (Xo.  1), 
bill  in  this  fbrin  the  insects  attack  the  trtnik  and  limbs  of  the 
;i|)pie-troe,  living  in  oltistors,  and  seta'oting  over  themselves 
small  patches  of  a  eo((on-lil<e  covering.  (See  Fig.  l'>,  where 
the  insects  are  represented  magnified.) 
They  iii'o  often  Ibuiul  about  the  base 
of  twigs  or  suckers  springing  from 
the  tnmk,  and  tdso  tibout  the  base  of  .^.j^.^:, 
the  trunk  itself,  and  around  recent  "/ • '  /"; ''^ 
wounds  in  (he  bark.  In  autumn  they  1iv..;, 
tDinmotdy  iillect  the  axils  of  the  leal- 
>lall<s  (Fig.  13),  towards  the  ends  of 
twigs,  and  somelimes  multiply  to  such 
nil  cxlcnl  as  1(»  cov(>r  the;  whole  nii- 
<lcr  surface'  of  the  limbs  and  als  >  ol' 
the  Iriiidv,  the  tree?  looUing  as  though 
whitewashed.     Thev  are  said  to  allecl  most  those  tree,  which 


J 


28 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


Jiiii  I* 
'i! 


l-l 


vit'Id  swoet  fruit.  This  woolly-louse  is  very  coiuinon  in 
Europe,  especially  in  Germany,  the  north  of  Franee,  and 
Enolantl,  where  it  is  more  destructive  than  in  this  country, 
and,  although  gent'rally  known  there  under  the  name  ol' 
the  "American  ]iliglit,"  it  is  believed  to  be  indigenous  to 
Europe,  and  to  have  been  originally  brought  from  Eurojie 
to  America.  ]t  api)ears  to  thrive  only  in  comparatively  cold 
climates,  and  in  this  country  occurs  in  this  form  most  abun- 
dantly  in  the  New  England  Slates. 

Under  eacih  of  the  little  patches  of  down  there  is  usually 
i'onnd  one  lai'ge  female  with  her  yoimg.  When  fully  grown 
the  female  is  nearly  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  oval  in  form, 
with  bhu'l-c  head  and  fe(;t,  dusky  legs  and  anteniuo,  and  yel- 
lowish abdomen.  She  is  covered  with  a  white,  mealy  powder, 
and  has  a  tuft  of  white  down  grow'ing  upon  the  hinder  part  ol' 
her  back,  which  is  easily  detached.  During  the  summer  tlu^ 
j)aren(s  ar(>  wingless,  and  the  young  are  produced  alive,  bin 
about  the  middle  ol'  October,  among  the  wingless  specimens, 
ajjpear  a  considerable  nund)er  both  of  males  and  females  with 
wings,  ami  these  have  but  little  of  the  downy  std)stance  upon 
their  bodies,  which  are  nearly  black  and  ratlu'r  plump.     The 

lore  Avings  are  large, 
and  about  twice  as 
h)ng  as  the  narrower 
hind  wings.  In  Fig. 
14  the  winged  insect  is 
re|)i'esented  much  mng- 
nified  ;  also  a  grouj)  of 
the  larvie  magnilied, 
JJ  and  an  apphvtwig, 
natural  si/e,  showing 
one  of  (he  o|)enings  in 
the  barkciuised  by  this 
insect.  The  wing('(| 
I'emales  lly  from  tree  to  tree  to  deposit  eggs  for  allot Iwr  gen- 
oration   the  following  spring, — a  fact   which  should  liiduee 


■J 


ATTACKING    THE  BRASCHES. 


29 


I 


friilt-growors  to  take  particular  pains  to  dostroy  tlioso  lico 
wlK'rcver  tbiind,  for  the  colony  that  is  permitted  this  year 
to  establish  itself  upon  some  worthless  tree,  or  on  the  shoot.s 
or  suckers  at  its  base,  will  iuruish  the  winged  parents  of 
countless  hosts  that  may  establish  themselves  next  year  <<;i 
iIk;  choicest  trees  in  the  orchard.  The  insects  are  extremely 
iiardv,  and  will  endure  a  considerable  amount  of  frost,  and  it 
is  ([uite  probable  that  some  of  them  survive  the  winter  in  the 
l>i'rfect  state  in  the  cracks  of  the  bark  of  the  trees. 

The  Ciiti's  are  so  small  that  thev  refiuire  a  niat:;nifviu<»'-<>lass 
to  enable  one  to  see  them,  and  are  deposited  in  the  crevices 
of  the  bark  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground,  especially 
about  the  base  of  suckers,  where  such  are  permitted  to  grow. 

The  young,  Avheu  tirst  hatched,  are  covered  with  very  line 
down,  and  appear  in  the  spring  of  the  year  like  little  s[)'X'ks 
ol'  mould  on  the  trees.  .Vs  the  .season  advances,  and  the  in- 
sect increases  in  si/e,  its  cottony  coating  becomes  moi'c  dis- 
tinct, the  fibres  increasing  in  length  and  ai)parently  issuing 
tVom  all  the  pores  of  the  skin  of  the  abdomen.  This  coating 
is  very  easily  removed,  adhering  to  the  fingers  when  touched. 
UolJi  young  and  old  derive  their  nourishment  from  the  s;ip 
of  the  tree,  and  the  constant  punctures  they  make  give  rise  to 
warts  and  excrescences  on  the  l)ark,  and  openings  in  it,  and, 
where  very  ninnerous,  the  limbs  attacked  become  s'ckly,  the 
leaves  turn  yellow  and  drop  oil",  and  sometimes  the  tree  dies. 

Jicmcdicx, — 'l'h(!  very  small  lour- 
winged  ('halcid  (ly,  Aitlicl'inuH  maU 
llald.,  which  "s  highly  magnilied  in 
Tig.  15,  and  winch  has  already  been 
referred  to  under  Xo.  1,  |)i'(ys  also 
oil  this  woollv  aphis.  The  ladv- 
liirds  and  their  larvie,  also  the  larvie 
of  the  lace-wing  flies  and  syrphus 
tlies,  feed  on  all  speckles  of  planl-lice, 

and  are  very  useful  in  keei)ing  th(>m  within  bounds.     These 
friuiKlly  insects  will  1)0  fully  treated  of  under  the   Apple- 


Kid.  1-). 


^<w 


30 


IXSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


Ill 


tree  Aphis,  No.  57.  Tlic  vigorous  use  of  ;i  stiff  brush  wet 
with  the  alkaline  solution  of  soap,"  recommended  under 
No.  2,  will  also  be  found  very  efficient,  or  a  solution  made 
by  mixing  tive  pounds  of  fresh  lime  with  one  pound  of 
snlj)hur  and  two  gallons  of  water,  and  heating  until  the 
sul{)hur  is  dissolved.  After  destroying  those  on  the  trunk, 
and  cutting  away  all  suckers,  the  earth  should  be  removed 
from  about  the  base  of  the  trunk,  the  parts  below  the  siu'face 
cleaned,  and  tVesh  earth  placed  about  the  roots.  Spiders 
devour  large  numbers  of  these  lice,  spinning  their  webs  over 
the  colo:ii(S  and  feeding  at  their  leisure. 

No.  10. — The  Apple  Liopus. 

Liopus  facehis  Say. 

This  is  another  of  the  long-horned  borers  which  has  been 
found  in  the  larva!  state  boring  into  the  decaying  limbs  of 
apple-trees.  The  larva,  when  full  grown,  is  a  (juarter  of  an 
inch  long  or  more,  is  slender,  with  the  anterior  segtnents  en- 
larged ami  swollen,  is  covered  with  line  short  hairs,  and  has 
the  end  of  the  abdomen  rather  blunt.  The  beetle,  which  is 
shown  magnilied  in  Fig.  !(!,  is  a  handsome  one,  a  slender 

little  creature,  rather  less  than  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  in  length,  of  a  pale  ash-gray 
color  with  a  purplish  tinge.  The  long 
antcnnjo  arc  yellowish  brown,  except  at 
the  b:ise  and  between  the  joints,  where 
the  color  is  darker.  The  wing-covers 
are  smooth,  and  on  their  anterior  {)()r- 
tion  is  an  irregular  i-ounded  dark  spot; 
a  broad  b'aek  band  crosses  the  hinder 
portion,  leaving  the  tip  ])ale  gray  ;  there 
are  also  several  additional  blackish  dots  and  slreaks  distrib- 
uted over  the  upper  surface. 

Tlu^  beetles  ap|)ear  late  in  June  and  early  in  July,  and  lay 
their  eggs  on  the  bark  of  the  branches,  from  which  the  young 
larvju  hati'h  and  bore  in  under  tlio  bark,  where  they  become 


Fiu.  IC. 


hemg 


ATTACKLWG   THE  BRANCHES. 


31 


-i 


■•1 


full  (Town  aixl  undergo  their  triinsfornuitions  heiore  the  I'ol- 
lowintr  midsummer.  This  is  a  rare  insect  in  most  i)arts  of 
America,  and  is  not  likely  to  prove  a  serious  trouble  anywiiere. 

No.  11. — The  Apple-tree  Primer. 

J'JUqj/iidiou  fillosuDi  (l''!iljr.). 

This  is  also  a  long-horned  beetle,  of  cylindrical  form,  of  a 
(lull-blaclvish  color,  with  brownish  wing-cases.  The  antennje 
in  llie  male  are  longer  than  the  body,  and  in  the  female,  which 
is  re|)resente<l  in  Fig.  17,  are  ecjual  to  it.  The  entire  body  is 
covered  with  short  grayish  hairs,  which,  from  their  deuseness 
in  some  j)laces  on  the  thorax  and  wing-covers,  form  pale 
spots.  The  under  side  of  the  body  is  of  a  chestnut-brown 
color.  The  insect  affects  chieHy  the  oak-tree,  but  also  attacks 
the  ai)ple,  and,  although  not  often  found  in  great  abundance, 
is  very  generally  distributed  over  most  of 
the  Northern  United  States  and  Canada. 

The  peculiar  habits  and  instincts  of  this 
insect  are  very  interesting.  The;  parent  ' 
beetle  })laccs  an  egg  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf 
on  a  fresh  green  twig  j)roceeding  from  a 
moderate-sized  limb.  When  the  young 
larva  hatches,  it  burrows  into  the  centre  of 
the  twig  and  down  towards  its  base,  consuming  in  its  course 
the  soft  l)idpy  matter  of  which  this  {)art  of  the  twig  is  com- 
posed. By  the  time  it  reaches  the  main  lind)  it  has  become 
-nlliciently  matured  to  be  able  to  feed  upon  the  iiarder  wood, 
and  makes  its  way  into  the  branch,  when  the  hollow  twig  it 
has  vacated  gradually  withers  and  drops  off.  The  Iai-\a, 
being  now  about  half  grown,  eats  its  way  a  short  distance 
through  the  middle  of  the  bnuich,  and  then  proceeds  de- 
liberatelv  to  sever  its  connec^tion  with  the  tree  bv  truawiu"- 
away  the  woody  fibre  to  such  an  extent  that  the  first  storm 
of  wind  snaps  the  branch  (»ff.  This  is  rather  a  delicate 
operation  for  the  insect  to  perfoi-ni,  and  re(piires  wonderful 
instinctive  skill,  for  should  it  guaw  away  too  much  of  the 


^ 


32 


INSECTS  IXJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


Fui.  18. 


woody  interior  the  brandi  ini<^lit  break  during  the  process, 
— an  accident  which  would  probably  crush  the  workman  to 
<leath ;  but  the  insect  rarely  miscalculates :  it  leaves  tli(! 
bark  and  just  enough  of  the  woody  fibre  untouched  to  sustali 
the  branch  until  it  has  time  to  make  good  its  retreat  in 
the  burrow,  the  opening  of  which  it  carefully  stops  up  wi 
gnawed  fragments  of  wood.  If  the  limb  be  short,  it  severs 
all  the  woody  fd)res,  leaving  it  fastened  only  by  the  bark  ; 
if  longer,  a  few  of  the  woody  iibres  on  the  upi)er  side  arc 
left ;  and  if  very  long  and  heavy,  not  more  than  three-fourths 
of  the  wood  will  be  cut  through.  Having  ])erfornied  the 
operation  and  closed  its  hole  so  tliat  the  jarring  of  the  brandi 
when  it  falls  may  not  shake  out  the  occu[)ant,  the  larva 
retreats  to  the  spot  at  which  it  first  entered  the  limb.  After 
the  branch  has  fallen  it  eats  its  way  gradually  through  the 
centre  of  the  limb  for  a  distance  of  from  six  to  twelve  inches, 

when,  having  completed  its  growth, 
it  is  transformed  to  a  chrysalis  with- 
in the  enclosure.  Sometimes  thi- 
cliange  takes  j)lace  in  the  autunni, 
but  more  frcipiently  it  is  deferred 
until  the  spring,  and  from  the  pupa 
the  beetle  escapes  during  the  month 
of  dune. 

The  larva  (Fig.  18)  when  full 
grown  is  a  little  more  than  hall' 
an  inch  long,  thickest  towards  the 
)"'ad,  tapcM'ing  gradually  backwards. 
The  head  is  small  and  black,  the 
body  yellowish  white,  with  a  lew  indistinct  darkci"  marking-. 
It  has  six  very  minute  legs  attached  to  the  antci'ior  segments. 
In  the  figure  the  larva  is  shown  magnified.  'I'he  pupa  is 
about  the  same  size  as  the  larva,  of  a  whitish  color,  and  is 
shown  in  Fig.  IJ),  also  magnilied,  in  its  burr(')w. 

Iinn''(Ucs. — Birds  are  active  agents  in  the  destruction  of 
these  larvie  ;  they  seek  them  out  in  their  places  of  retreat  and 


¥  ous,  t 
braiic 
mature 


oir,  c  tl 


ATTACK  I  yO   THE    liRANCIIKS. 


33 


devour  them.  Sliuiild  tliey  lit  any  time  beeome  very  numer- 
ous, they  may  easily  be  di.s[)ose(l  of  by  gatherint?:  the  i'alleu 
braneiie.s  and  burniug  theui  belbre  the  iuseet  has  time  to 
mature. 

No.  12.— The  Parallel  Elaphidion. 
Elapliidion  2>ctrallelinii  Nowin. 

This  insect  in  the  larval  state  occasionally  bores  into  the 
twigs  of  apple  and  plum  trees.  Tiie  beetle  (Fig.  20,  c)  is 
a  little  more  than  half  an  inch  long,  of  a  dull-i)ro\vnish 
i'olor,  closely  resembling  ^'o.  II  in  appearance  and  habits, 
but  smaller  in  si/.e. 

The  egg  is  laid  by  the  parent  insect  near  the  axil  of  one 
of  the  leaf-buds,  \vher(3  the  yoinig  larva,  when  hatched,  bores 
into  the  twig,  enlarging  the  chiinnel  as  it  increases  in  size, 
iiiially  transfornung  to  a  chrysalis  within  its  burrow,  and  es- 
caping at  maturity  in  the  [)erfect  state.  In  the  llgure,  a  shows 
the  larva,  h  the  twig  split  open,  showing  the  euclosetl  chrysalis, 
k  the  end  of  the  twig  cut 
oiV,  a  the  beetle,  I  the  basal 
joints  of  the  tnitenna,  j  tlu; 
tip  of  th( 


Fi(i,  20. 


wing-case,  d   the 


head,  c  maxilla,  f  labium, 
(J  mandible,  and  h  the  an- 
tenna of  the  larva.  This 
I'ihiphidion  is  ratlu-r  a  rare 
insect,  and,  although  it  may 
occasionally  be  found  injurious,  it  is  not  likely  to  become  so 
to  auv  considerable  extent. 


No.  13. — The  Apple-twig  Borer. 

.liii])hici'nis  birnudaliis  (Say). 

The  apple-twig  borer  is  a  small  cylindrical  beetle  (Fig.  21), 
from  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  an  inch  in  length,  of  a  dark 
chestnut-brown  color  above,  black  beneath.  The  ibre  part 
ol'  its  thorax  is  roughened  with  nn'nute  elevated  points,  and, 

3 


■^ 


34 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   APPLE. 


in  the  maU's,  fiirnislicil  with  two  little  lionif-  ;  the  male  may 
also  be  further  (listiii<;iiishe(l  I'rom  the  female  by  its  haviiiiz; 
two  small  thoni-liUe  piojeetioiis  from  the  extrt^mities  of  the 
wiiij^-eovers. 

Unlike  most  other  borers,  which  <lo  tlieir  mischief  in  the 
larval  state,  this  insect  worUs  in  the  beetle  state,  borin*^  into 
the  branches  of  a})i)le,  pear,  and  cherry  ti'ccs,  just  ai)ove  a 


Fig.  L'l. 


Fi.i.  '_'•_'. 


.-ome 


bud,  and  working  downwards  throug-h  the  ])ith  in  a  cylindri 
cal  burrow  one  or  two  inches  lout:;.  (Sec»Fi>i.  22,  c  and  (/.) 
The  holes  appear  to  be  made  [)artly  for  the  [)urj)()seof  obtain- 
ino;  food,  and  partly  to  serve  as  places  of  concealment  for  the 
beetles;  they  are  made  by  both  sexes  alike,  and  the  beetles 
are  found  in  them  occasionally  in  the  middle  of  winter,  as 
well  as  in  the  summer,  usually  wit!i  the  head  downwards. 
They  work  throuu^hout  tlu;  summer  months,  causini«,'  the  twiys 
operated  on  to  wither  and  their  leaves  to  turn  brown.  U[)on 
examination,  a  perforation  about  the  size  of  a  knittin<;-needlc 
is  found  near  one  of  the  i)uds  from  six  inches  to  a  loot  from 
the  end  of  the  twi*;'.  This  insect  does  not  often  occur  in  such 
numbers  as  to  iuHict  any  material  dama_<:;e,  but  occasionally 
as  many  as  ten  have  been  found  work  inn-  at  once  on  a  two- 
or  three-year-old  tree  ;  they  also  alfect  the  twigs  of  larger 
trees.  The  twigs  so  injured  are  very  liable  to  break  oif  wiili 
high  winds. 

There  is  uot  inu(tii  known  as  yet  about  the  earlier  stages  o!' 
this  inse(it ;  the  larva  is  said  to  have  been  found  feeding  ujxmi 
j^rajje-canes,  into  which  also  tiie  beetle  occasionally  bore~. 
The  beetle  is  found  from  Pennsylvania  to  Mississippi,  also  in 


Th 


ATTACKIXO   THE  JlRAXCiriJS. 


35 


the  (.••(•liiinls  of  New  Jersey,  Micliiii'an,  JUinoi.s,  Iowa,  aixl 
Kansas.  Should  it  at  any  time  inflict  serious  injury,  llu; 
(.iilv  reniedv  as  yet  su«:;ij;este(l  is  to  searcli  for  the  bored  twigs 
ill  June  and  July,  and  eut  them  oil'  and  hum  them. 


I 
I 


Fia.  2;]. 


No.  14. — The  Imbricated  Snout-beetle. 

J'Jpiccerus  imbricatus  (Say). 

This  is  a  small  snout-beetle  or  weevil,  which  is  comniou  in 
some  loealiti(>s  on  apple  and  cherry  trees  and  injures  them 
l»v  jj^nawini^  the  twigs  and 
iVuit.  It  is  most  frequently 
found  in  the  Western  States, 
especially  in  parts  of  Iowa 
■Aud  Kansas. 

It  is  a  very  variabl(>  bceth;; 
usually  it  is  of  a  silvery- 
wliitc  color,  with  dark  luark- 
ings,  as  shown    in    Fig.  '2'-\, 

i)ut  sometimes  these  latter  are  wiiolly  or  partly  wanting. 
Xothing  is  as  yet  known  of  its  history  in  the  earlier  stages  of 
its  existence. 

Should  this  weevil  ever  occur  in  suflicient  numbers  to  ex- 
cite alarm,  they  could  |)robal)ly  be  collected  by  jarring  the 
li'ces,  as  in  the  case  of  the  plum-weevil,  and  then  destroyed. 


No.  15. — The  Seventeen-year  Locust. 

Ciridlii  .scji/cndd-lni  Linn. 

The  seventeen-year  locust  is  an  insect  very  well  known 
lliroiighout  the  United  States,  and  is  sometimes  met  with  in 
(  aiiada.  As  its  name  im|)lies,  it  generally  reipiires  seventeen 
years  in  which  to  complete  its  transformations,  neai'lv  the 
\\  hole  of  this  period  l)eing  sj)ent  under  ground. 

The  perfi'ct  insect  measures,  when  its  wings  an;  expanded, 
iVom  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  across.  It  is  represented 
at  c  in  I'^ig.  24.     The  body  is  stout  and   blackish,  the  wings 


36 


I y SECTS  ISJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


tnuispaioiit,  the  tliifk  anterior  edge  ami  large  veins  are 
orange-red,  and  near  the  front  margin,  towards  tiie  tip,  there 
is  a  dusUv,  zigzag  line  resembling  a  W.  The  rings  of  the 
abdomen  are  edged  witii  dull  orange,  and  the  legs  are  of  the 
same  hue.     The  locusts  appear  in  the  South  earlier  than  in 


MM 

i  I' 


the  North  ;  their  usual  time  is  during  the  latter  part  of  May, 
and  they  disappear  (>arly  in  .Tuly. 

After  ])airing,  the  female  deposits  her  eggs  in  the  twigs  of 
different  trees,  puncturing  and  sawing  small  slits  in  them,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  24,  d,  which  she  does  by  means  of  her  sharp 
beak,  which  is  composed  of  three  portions;  the  two  outer  are 
beset  with  small  teeth  like  a  saw,  while  the  centre  one  is  a 
spe:i  -pointed  piercer.  Tn  these  slits  she  ])laces  her  eggs. 
These  (e,  Fig.  24)  are  of  a  pearly-white  color,  one-twelfth 
of  an  incli  long,  and  ta})cr  to  an  obtuse  point  at  each  end. 
They  are  dej)osited  in  pairs,  side  by  side,  with  a  j)ortion  of 
woody  iibre  between  them,  and  placed  in  the  cavity  some- 
what obliquely,  so  that  one  end  points  upwards.     When  two 


I!  i 


ATTACKIXG    THE  BRANCHES. 


37 


o-os  have  thus  Ik'oh  (loposited,  the  insect  withdraws  her  piercer 
or  11  moment,  and  then  inserts  it  again  and  drops  two  more  egus 
n  a  line  with  tiie  first,  and  so  on  until  she  has  filled  the  slit 
i-oni  one  end  to  the  other.  She  then  removes  to  u  little  (Us- 
ance and  makes  another  similar  nest :  it  is  not  uncommon 
o  find  from  fif"teen  to  twenty  of  such  fissures  in  the  same 
limb.  The  cicada  thus  passes  from  limb  to  limb  and  from 
tree  to  tree  until  her  store  of  four  or  five  hundred  eggs  is 
exhausted,  when,  worn  out  by  her  excessive  labors,  she  dies. 
The  punctured  twigs  are  so  weakened  by  the  operations  of  the 
insect  that  they  frequently  break  off  Avhen  swayed  by  rough 
Pwiiids,  and  the  injury  thus  caused  to  young  fruit-trees  in 
oi'cliards  or  nurseries  is  sometimes  very  serious  ;  in  most  in- 
stances, however,  if  the  trees  are  vigorous,  they  eventually 
recover  from  their  wounds. 

The  eggs  hatch  in  about  six  weeks  or  less,  the  young  larva 
being  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  and  appearing  as  shown  in 
Fig.  25.  It  is  active  and  rapid  in  its  movemenis,  and 
slioi'tly  after  its  esca{)e  from  the  egg  drops  to  the  ground,  and 
immediately  proceeds  to  bury  itself  in  the  soil  by  means  of 
its  l)road  and  strong  fore  feet,  which  are  admiral)ly  adajjted 
tor  digging.  Once  under  the  surface,  these  larvte  attach 
themselves  to  the  snccident 
roots  of  plants  and  trees,  and,  ~''- 

puncturing   them    with    their  ^    \.'. >^-. 

beaks,  imbibe  the  vegetable 
juices,  which  form  their  sole 
iioiu'ishmcnt.  'J'hey  do  not 
usually  descend    very   deej)ly 

into  the  ground,  but  remain  where  juicy  roots  .iro  most 
abundant,  and  the  only  marked  alteration  to  which  they  are 
-iibject  during  the  long  period  of  their  existence  under  groinid 
is  a  gradual  increase  in  size. 

As  the  time  for  their  transformation  approaches,  they  as- 
cend towards  the  surface,  making  cyluidrical  burrows  al)out 
live-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  often  circuitous,  seldom 


38 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   APPLE. 


M 


I 


,1 


/; 

Fig.  2G. 


^fF\ 


exnc'tly  i)ci-pciKli('iilar,  and  those  are  firmly  cemented  and 
vurnisjieti  so  as  to  be  \vater-tit;!it.  A.s  the  in.sect  proj^resses, 
the  cliamber  is  tiihid  below  by  the  earthy  matter  removed  in 
its  progress,  but  the  upper  portion,  to  the  extent  of  six  or 

eight  inches,  is  empty, 
and  serves  as  a  dwell- 
ing-place tor  the  insecit 
until  tlie  [)eriod  for  its 
exit  arrives.  Here  it 
remains  tor  some  days, 
ascending  to  the  top  of 
the  hole  in  line  weather 
for  warmth  and  air,  and 
occasionally  looking  out 
as  if  (o  reconnoitre,  but 
descending  again  on  the 
_.  Occurrence  of  cold  or 
wet  weather.  In  locali- 
ties that  are  low  or  im- 
perfectly drained,  the  insects  sometimes  continue  their  galleries 
from  four  to  six  inches  above  ground,  as  shown  in  Fig.  20, 
leaving  a  [)la('e  of  egirss  at  the  surface,  c,  and  in  the  npj)er 
end  of  these  dry  chambers  the  pupjc  patiently  await  the  time 
lor  (heir  next  change. 

This  ])eriod,  although  an  active  one,  is  the  pupal  stage  of 
the  insects'  existence,  and  finally,  when  fidly  matured,  they 
issue  from  the  giound  (see  a,  Fig.  21),  crawl  uj)  the  trunk 
of  a  tree  or  any  other  object  to  which  they  can  attach  them- 
selves securely  by  their  claws,  and,  having  ri^sted  awhile, 
j)reparc  to  cast  their  skins.  After  some  struggling,  a  longi- 
tudinal I'cnt  is  made  on  the  back,  and  through  this  the  en- 
closed cicada  pushes  its  liead,  and  then  gradually  withdraws 
itself,  leaving  the  (Hupty  pupa  skin  adhering,  as  shown  at  b  in 
Fig.  21.  The  esca|u'  from  the  |>upa  usually  occurs  between  six 
and  nine  in  the  ev(>ning,  and  about  ten  minutes  are  occupied 
by  the  insect  in  entirely  iVeehig  itself  from  the  enclosiii'c.     ,\t 


««■ 

tlicv  ll 

>j'!^^^l 

<$!HH 

l;i>l<    )( 

'*^^^l 

iiiu.-i<'; 

'«i 

wings, 

v^8 

very  l; 

'M 

whicli 

,Jb 

trees  a  1 

iiijiu'c 

^mm 

Ap 

'Im^B 

these 

IB 

handle 

^B 

tliat    1 

^m 

As  ilu 

^B 

sii)le  tl 

H^ 

lliere  !• 

1 

iVuin  1 

ATTACKIXG    THE  li RANCHES. 


.".9 


tlic  boJy  is  soft  and  wliito,  excepting  a  black  |»atcli  on 
bacU,  and  the  wings  arc  small  and  soft,  but  within  an 
are  fully  devclo|)ed,  and  before  morning  the  niatuic 
cts  are  ready  for  iiiglit.  They  sometimes  issue  from  the 
lind  in  immense  numbers;  above  fifteen  hundred  have 
known  to  arise  beneath  a  single  a|)[)le-tree,  and  in  some 
tt-  the  whole  surface  of  the  soil  )ias,  by  their  operiiLon.s, 
ilpared  almost  as  full  of  holes  as  a  honej'-conib. 
teiiiedic.^. — On  escaping  from  the  ground,  they  are  attacked 
/arious  enemies.  Jiirds  and  j)redaceous  insects  devour 
itfti  ;  hogs  and  poultry  feed  on  them  greedily;  and  in  the 
%g<'d  state!  they  are  also  subject  to  the  attacks  of  parasites.  It 
00i^  that  human  agency  can  eflect  but  little  in  the  way  of  stay- 
ing the  progress  ot  these  invaders,  and  the  only  tinie  when  anv- 
I  tiling  can  be  done  is  early  in  the  morning,  when  the  wing(,'d 
insects  newly  escaped  and  in  a  comparatively  feeble  and  hcl[)- 
Ic-s  condition  may  be  crushed  and  destroyed  ;  but  when  onc^e 
they  have  ac(piired  their  full  power  of  wing,  it  is  a  hopeless 
ta.-k  to  attempt  to  arrest  their  course.  The  .nales  have  a 
iimsical  appai'atus  ou  each  side  of  the  body  ju.'-t  behind  (he 
wings,  which  acts  like  a  pair  of  kettle-drums,  producing  a 
very  louil,  shrill  sound.  Although  partial  to  (ndv-trees,  on 
which  tiny  most  abound,  they  are  veiy  destructive"  to  other 
frees  and  shrubs,  and  frc(juently 
injure  appki-trees. 

A  nopular  idea  prevails  that  AC'l^-'i, 
these  insects  are  dangerous  to  '^'  IVvT:  v),i^ 
handle,  that  they  sting,  and 
that  their  sling  is  venontous. 
As  (heir  beaks  {a,  Fig.  27)  are  sliarp  and  .strong,  U  is  p-  - 
sible  that  under  provocation  fliey  may  insert  the.s<',  but,  since 
there  is  no  poison-gland  attached,  there  is  little  moi'c  to  fear 
tVnm  their  punctiu'c  than  iVom  the  piercing  (if  a  needle. 


1 1 


40 


jySECTS  INJVlilOLS    TO    THE  APPLK. 


\i 


•M.  28. 


No.  io.-  -The  Oyster-shell  Bark-louse. 

M;itil(tsitls  piDitoniiji  l)Oii(.'li('>. 

This  is  a  very  dcsti'iictive  niul  [/Pniicioiis  insect,  which  pi-c- 
vails  tliroiiiijhout  the  Xorthcni  United  States  and  Canada,  and 
in  some  of  the  S(nuh(;rn  States  also.  It  was  ii>trodne(  J  iiv;;, 
Eni-o|)e  more  than  ei<ility  years  a;jc('.  Jt  appeal^ 
in  (he  I'orni  of  minnte  scales,  abo'.it  oiie-sixth  of 
an  inch  lono;,  of  a  brownish  or  ij^ravish  color, 
closely  rescmblini;;  that  of  t!ie  hark  of  the  tree, 
and  somewhat  like  the  shell  of  an  oyster  in  sha|i(', 
adhcrinii'  to  the  surface  of  the  bark,  as  shown  in 
]''i<r.  -''^.  iuid  ))laced  irre<>;ularly,  most  of  th(iii 
lenixthu'ise  of  the  limb  or  twii;',  with  the  smallr 
end  n|)wards.  In  sonu;  instances  the  branches  of 
apple-trees  may  be  fonnd  literally  covered  and 
crowded  with  these  sca'es;  and  where  thns  so 
prevalent  they  seriously  impair  the  health  and 
vieor  of  the  tree,  and  sometimes  cause  its  death. 
Under  each  of  these  scaks  will  be  found  a 
mass  of  eii'i>s  varvii!  V  in  nund)t'r  I'roin  liftecn  oc 
twenty  to  one  luindred  or  more;  these  ilurin<>,'  (he 
winter  or  early  s|)rinj»;  will  be  fonn<l  to  be  white  in  cidoi,  bni 
befori!  hatchini;"  they  change  to  a  yidlowish  hue,  soon  after 
which  the  yount;  insects  appear.  This  u>nally  occurs  late  in 
!May  or  early  in  June,  and,  if  the  weather  is  coid,  the  yonnj: 
lice  will  remain  several  days  undi'r  the  scales  befor(>  dis- 
j)crsinji;  over  the  ti'cc.  As  it  becomes  warmer,  they  leave  thch- 
shelter,  and  niay  be  seen  rimniuii'  all  over  the  twins  looking 
for  suitable  liycations  to  which  to  attach  thems(d\('s.  'I'hc\ 
then,  under  a  maun ilyinn-ii lass,  present  the  ap|)caranc(!  shown 
at  li,  I'^ii;.  lil),  their  actual  lcn<;'th  bcin<i'  only  about  one- 
hundredth  of  an  inch;  to  the  unaided  eye  they  ap|)ear  a>- 
n)crc  specks.  A  lar!j;(>  proportion  of  them  soon  become  fixt-d 
around  the  base  of  the  sith'-shootsof  the  leiMuinal  (wiii's,  wheic, 
inserting  their  tiny  sliar[>  beaks,  they  sid)sist  upon  the  sap  of 


■I 
.■I 


1 


the 
i-.-iK 

at;} 

and 

delac 

and 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES. 


41 


the  tree.  In  a  lew  duvs  a  fringe  of  delicate  waxy  threads 
issues  from  their  bodies,  wlieii  they  liavo  the  appearance  shown 
.,t  a.  Grathially  tlie  insect  assumes  the  form  shown  at  A  ;  o 
and  ()  represent  the  h)use  as  it  approaches  maturity,  and  when 
(lel;tched  from  the  scale;  1  shows  tiie  egg  higidy  magnilied  ; 
ami  8  one  of  the  antennae  of  the  young  lice,  also  much  enlarged, 
j'.cforc  the  K)\\(\  of  the  season  the  louse  has  secreted  lor  itself 


rx^ 


'¥'S. 


A  -IvK 


the  scfily  covering  shown  at  7,  in  which  it  lives  and  matiu'cs. 
Tlio  scale  is  ligui'ed  as  it  appears  from  the  under  side  when 
raised  and  with  the  louse  in  it.  liy  the  nnddle  of  August 
this  female  louse  has  become  little  else  than  a  hag  of  eggs, 
and  (he  process  of  depositing  these  now  hegins,  tlu^  body  of 
(ho  j)ari'ut  shrinking  day  by  day,  until  finally,  when  this 
work  is  coDipIcted,  it  becfo'Mcs  a  mere  atom  at  the  narrow 
end  el    t!»e  scale,  and  is  scarcely  Moliceable. 

'VUi'  sei'es  of  the  male  louse  are  seldom  seen  ;  they  are 
luu'^l  iV<'(|ueJUi/  found  upon  the  leaves,  both  on  the  upper 
and  ui\dor  rides;  they  are  smaller  in  si/e  than  those  of  the 
female,  and  did'ereni  als(y  in  sha;ie.  The  male  scale  is  shown 
at  (',  b'ig.  150,  in  which  -ut  is  also  rc|)resent(!d  the  male  insect, 
uuieh  magiufied,  with  wings  closed  and  expanded. 

Only  one  brood  is  produced  anmially  in  the  North,  the 
eggs  remaining  unchanged  un(l(>r  the  scale  lor  about  nine 
luunths  ;  but  in  some  parts  of  the  South  the  insoct  is  double- 


42 


jysKCTS  INJLRIOI'S    TO    THE  APPLE. 


brooiled,   the  iirst   brood   hatching    in    May,    llie  .second    in 
September. 

As  the  oy.stor-shell  bark-louse  retains  power  of  motion  only 
for  a  few  days  at  most  after  hatching,  it  is  mainly  disseminated 
to  distant  [)lac!  .5  by  thedistril)ution  of  young  trees  from  infe.^tid 
nurseries.  In  the  orchard  and  its  immediate  neighl)orlu)od  il 
may  be  s[)read  by  being  carried  on  the  feet  of  birds,  or  attadud 


\% 


to  the  larger  insects,  or  may  be  aided  by  the  wind  in  j)assing 
from  tree  to  tree,  while  it  is  itself  so  brisk  in  its  active  state 
that  it  can  travel  two  or  three  inches  in  a  minute,  and  hence 
tniglit  in  this  way  reach  a  ])oiiit  two  or  three  rods  distant  be- 
fore it  would  perish.  Although  this  insect  essentially  belongs 
to  the  ap])le-tr(H\  it  is  frequently  Ibiind  on  the  pear,  an(f 
sometimes  on  the  plum  and  the  currant-bush. 

l!ciiic(Jics, — -A  species  of  mile  (r'"ig.  JH),  Ti/rn(/li/p}iii.^  iiKihi^i 
(Sliimeri,  preys  on  the  l()us(>  as  well  as  on  its  eggs:  and  (his 
mile,  so  insignillcant  that  it  can  scarcely  be  seen  wiiiioul  a 
magnifviug-glass,  has  ])robably  done  more  to  k(H'p  this  or- 
chai'd-pcst  within  boinids  than  any  other  thing. 

Under  the  scales  may  sometimes  be  fomid  a  small  active 
larva  devouring  the  og<i's.  Tnis  i,  the  progeny  of  a  small 
four-winged  parasite,  belonging  to  the  family  Clialcididic. 
named  Aiilic/iiins  vii/ll/dnpiflis  \jo  Ihiron.  In  l''ig.  02  we  have 
a  rt'presentation  of  this  insect  lii<:hly  magnilied. 


I'onght 

inu,'  an 

as  thei 

this  ol 

renuKU 

should 

sBH 

are  act 

strong 

meiide 

Ulg-SO( 

ATTACKING    THE  BRANCIIRS.  43 

Another  iViciid  is  the  t\vi('e-,stal)b(i(l  huly-bird,  C'hihclionis 
bivn/iierus  Mills.  (Fig.  133),  lui  iii.soct  easily  recogiiiml  by  its 


Fi(i.  :*,!. 


Fio.  32. 


)M)lislu'(l  black  wino-cases  with  a  blood-rcd  spot  on  cacli. 
Jts  larva,  a  bristly-looking  little  (Teatiiro  (Fig.  34),  of  a 
"r.ivish  color,  is  very  active,  and  dcNoni's 
l;iru,('  numbers  of  tlie  lice;  tlio  ])  rfect  beetle 
also  (Ills  tlieni.  1'ho  bark-lice  and  tlieir  eggs 
iii'c  (Icvoured  also  by  some  of  our  insect-eating 


Fi(i. 


hn-d 


Mi 


|)iirinu'  tlie  winter  the  trees  should  be  ex- 
aiiiined  and  the  scales  sci'aped  olf,  and  thus  a  larg(!  |)roporliou 
of  the  insects  may  be  destroyed.     Still,  it  is  almost  impos- 
.-ililc  to  cleanse  the  trees  entirely  in  this  way,  esjiecially  the 
smaller  branches;  and  hence  the  insect  should  be 
Ibiighl   also  at  the  lime  when  the  eggs  are  hatch-        '"'  "  ' 
iiig  and  the  young  lice  crawling  over  the  limbs, 
as  then  lh(>y  are  lendci"  and  easily  killed.      With 
this  obju't  in  view,  the  time  of  hatching  of  the 
I'cnmants  left  after  the  winter  or  s|)i'ing  scraj)ing 
should   be  watcluM',  and,  while   the  young  larvie 
are  active,  the   twigs  should   be   brushed    with  a 

strong  solution   of  soft-soap   and    washing-soda,   as    i( m- 

iiieiidcd  imder  No.  2,  or  syringed  with  a  solution  of  wash- 
iii^';-soda  in  water,  maile  by  dissolving  half  a  pound  or  more 


1 1 1 

!    I 


M 


u 


JXSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


ill  :i  paill'iil.     Painting  the  twigs  and  branches  with  lin,-(((l 
oil  has  also  been  tried  with  success. 

As  a  [)recautionary  measure,  every  young  tree  should  bo 
carefully  examined  before  being  planted,  and  if  found  infcshd 
should  be  thorouii'hlv  cleansed. 


W 


No.  17.— The  Scurfy  Bark-louse. 

Chionaspis  fiu'J'iirus  (Fitch). 

This  insect,  which  has  long  been  known  under  the  name  of 
Harris's  Bark-louse,  Anpidlotu><  Ilcwrisii  Walsh,  is  now  fouml 
to  have  been  first  described  by  Dr.  Fitch,  and  hence  nuist  in 
future  bear  the  name  given  to  it  by  him.  It  resembles  in  sonic 
respects  the  oyster-shell  bark-louse,  yet  is  sufficiently  dissimilar 
to  be  readily  distinguished  from  it.  In  this  species  the  scale 
of  the  f'"tv.i]e,  which  is  by  far  the  most  abundant,  is  obldiiji' 
in  form,  pointed  below,  very  flat,  of  a  grayish-white  coloi-, 
and  aboi  t  one  ^enth  of  an  inch  long.  (See  Fig.  35,  1  and 
1  c;  ihe  latter  represents  a  scale  highly  magnified.)  The  eg«is 
un<ler  the  scale  of  the  oyster-shell  bark-louse  during  the 
winter  an;  white,  while  these  arc  pur[)lish  red.  The  eggs  of 
this  species  hatch  ab(>ut  th(!  same  date  as  the  other,  but  the 
larvic  are  red  or  rcdtlish  brown  in  color.  This  insect  does 
not  mature  so  rapidly  as  the  oyster-shell  species;  the  eggs 
are  said  not  to  Ik;  fully  developed  under  the  scale  until  the 
middle  ol'  September.  Tlu>  scale  of  the  male,  which  is  very 
much  smaller  and  narrower,  and  not  more  than  one-thir- 
tieth of  an  inch  long,  is  shown  in  the  figure,  magnified,  at  1  <t  ; 
the  male  insect  in  the  winged  state,  highly  magnilied,  at  1  h. 

This  is  a  native  insect,  which  has  existed  from  time  imme- 
morial in  the  l<]ast.  West,  ami  South,  its  original  hom<>  beiiiLi, 
on  the  bark  of  our  native  crab-trees.  In  the  warmer  pari- 
of  the  South  it  is  more  common  than  the  oyster-shell  bark- 
louse.  It  is  found  cliiedy  on  the  apple,  but  sometimes  alllx'S 
the  |)ear  and  also  the  mountain-ash.  It  is  lar  Ies8  common 
than  the  imjioi'tcd  oyster-shell  bark-louse,  and  is  nowhere 
anything  like  so  injurious  as  that  insect. 


fe 


ATTACKING    THE  BRAXCIIES. 


45 


Remedies. — Tlie  scurfy  bark-louse  is  saitl  to  be  preyed  upon 
by  the  same  miles  wliich  attack  the  oyster-shell  species;  it  is 


Fiu.  35. 


also  (levonred   by  the  larva  of  the  twice-stabbed  Uiay-bird. 
,fe    The  same  artificial   lemeilics  should  be  used  in  this  instance 


<a 


as  are  recommended  in  the  other. 


No.  18  —The  Buffalo  Tree-hopper. 

Cerem  buhalm  {Fal)r.). 

This  insect  belona;s  to  thc^order  lleinipt(>ra.  Tt  is  an  active 
iiun|)injj  creature,  about  one-tiiird  oC  an  inch  lont;-  (Fi,i];.  '^0), 
of  a  liju'ht  ^"rass-i;reen  coloi-,  with,   whitish  dots  and  u  pale- 


^■ 


43 


ISSECTH  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


Fid  ;!i;. 


yellowish   streak  alonsi;  each  side.     On  the  I'ront  there  i.>  a 

shar|)    process   or    [)oint   jiittiiii^    out    hori/ontally    on    cai  ii 

side,  reniindini;;  one  of  the  horns  of  a  hull 

or  hutlalo,  which  has  g-iven  to  the  insect  its 

common    name  of  bnt!alo  tree- hopper.      It> 

body  is  three-sided,  not  nnliUe  a  beeeh-nut 

in  form,  and  it  is  furnished  with  a  sharp- 

/l^HN      T    pointed   beak,  with  which   it  i)unctures  the 

J  f^wh    >        bark  and  sucks  the  sap  from  the  trees. 

•^  It  is  common  on  ai)[)le  and  many  other 
trees  from  July  until  the  end  of  the  season. 
The  eutis  are  said  to  be  laid  in  rows,  in  n 
series  of  punctures  made  by  the  ovipositor  of  the  female; 
and  the  youni;  larvie,  which  are  g"rass-<2,ieen  like  their  parent-, 
feed  also  on  the  saj)  of  the  leaves  and  twij^s. 

Jn  the  larval  state,  before  the  power  of  ^\i^\\t  is  acquired, 
the  iuscct  is  easily  cau_i>;ht  and  destroyed;  but  it  is  not  easy 
to  suggest  a  remeily  for  so  active  a  creature  as  the  perfcci 
insect  is.  It  cainiot  be  killed  by  any  poisonous  application, 
as  it  feeds  oidy  on  sap.  It  has  been  suggested  that  where 
they  are  so  numerous  as  to  injure  fruit-trees  they  may  Ixi 
I'rightened  away  by  frequently  shaking  the  trees,  as  they  are 
very  shy  and  timorous.  It  is,  however,  scarcely  probable 
that  this  insect  will  ever  become  a  source  of  mucli  annoyance 
to  the  fruit-iirowei'. 


No.  19. — The  Thorn-bush  Tree-hopper. 


Fid.  37. 


with 


Theliii  rni/<ri/i  Fitcli. 

Tliis  is  an  insect  similar  in  structtu'o 
and  habits  to  the  bulValo  tree-hopper. 
It  is  common  on  aj)ple- trees,  but  more 
couimon  on  thorn-bushes,  in  July  and 
August,  when  it  n)ay  be  seen  resting 
u|)on  the  small  limbs  and  sucking  the 
sap.  \\'lien  approached,  it  leaps  away 
a  sudden  spring,  and  is  lost  lO  view. 


iiul 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


47 


It  is  a  llttk  more  than  oiie-tliinl  of  an  iiicli  l(»ii.i^  (see  Fiji;. 
37),  with  a  three-sided  body,  bhick,  varied  with  eiiestniit- 
brown,  with  a  large  white  spot  on  eaeh  side,  which  e\ton(h'd 
f  forward  becomes  a  band  across  the  front.  There  is  also  a 
I  white  band  across  the  hind  i)art  of  its  back,  and  a  jnotnber- 
I    iiiice  extending  npwanls  on  the  front  part  of  its  body. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 
jj-o_  20. — The  Apple-tree  Tent-caterpillar. 

C/isioaiinpa  Americana  Ilarris. 

This  insect  is  a  native  of  the  more  northern  Atlantic  States, 
and  has  probably  been  carried  westward  in  the  egg-state  at- 
laehed  to  the  twigs  of  yonng  trees.     It  iidiabits  now  almost 


all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Tlie  motii  is  of 
a  pale  dnll-reddish  or  reddish-brown  color,  (trossed  by  two 
ohhqne  parallel  whitish  lines,  the  space  between  these  lines 
being  nsualiy  paler  than  the  general  color,  although  some- 
limes  quite  as  dark,  or  dark(!r.  In  the  male  (Fig.  38)  the 
aiiteiiiia>  are  pectinate,  or  feather-like,  and  slightly  so  in  the 
reinale  (Fig.  oH).  When  fully  expanded,  the  wings  of  the 
li'iiiale  will  measure  an  inch  and  a  half  or  more  across;  the 
male  is  smaUer.  The  hollow  tongue  or  tidui  by  which  mo  lis 
and  butterHies  imbibe  "their  Ibod  is  entirely  wanting  in  this 
s|)e('ies;  iience  it  has  no  power  of  taking  food,  and  lives  but 
a  very  few  days  in  the  winged  state,  merely  long  enough   lo 


n 


48 


ixsKCTs  ixjuiuors  TO  Tin-:  apple. 


if 


provide  for  a  future  ueneration  bv  the  (loi)o.sitioii  of  ymu 
Tlie  moth  remains  at  rest  and  concealed  durint:;  tlic  day,  but 
ix'comes  very  active  at  nicrht,  when  it  enters  liiihted  ronnn 
attracted  by  tlie  t^lare,  and  becomes  so  dazzled  and  bewild  ivi, 
that  it  darts  crazily  about,  here  and  there,  tinimping  it-clf 
against  the  walls,  furniture,  and  Hoor  of  the  room  in  tli^ 
most  erratic;  manner,  then  circles  around  the  lamp  or  gas-li^lit 
with  great  velocity,  finally  dashing  into  the  flame,  wlien,  wiih 
wings  and  antennto  severely  singed,  it  retreats  into  some  nh- 
scure  corner,  11  c  moths  are  most  abundant  during  the  Tum 
two  weeks  in  July. 

Tlic  eggs  are  deposited  during  that  month  upnn 
Fir;.  40.  ilie  smaller  twigs  of  our  fruit-trees  in  ring-like  clus- 
ters, each  composed  of  from  fifteen  to  twenty  rows, 
containing  in  all  from  two  to  three  hundred.  Tlic 
eggs  are  conical  and  about  one-twentieth  of  an  indi 
long,  firndy  cemented  together,  and  coated  with  a 
tough  varnish,  im|)ervious  to  rain,  the  clusters  pn- 
senting  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  40.     In  h'iu, 


41,  at  c,  a  similar  chister  is  shown  with  the  gun 


imv 


covering;  removed,  showini;  the  manner  in  which  ilic 

eggs  are  arranged. 

The  voung  larva^  ai'(^  fidlv  matured  in  the  eo;*' 
before  winter  comes,  and  they  remain  in  this  enclosing!  in  a 
torj)id  state  throughout  the  cold  weather,  hatching  during  the 
first  warm  days  of  spring.  They  usually  appear  during  I  lie 
last  week  in  April  or  early  in  iNFay.  depending  much  on  the 
])revailing  temperature.  Their  first  meal  is  nade  of  poi- 
tions  of  the  gummy  material  with  which  the  egg-masses  aiv 
covered,  and  with  tlie  strength  thus  gained  they  proceed  ;ir 
once  to  work.  At  this  time  the  bnds  are  bursting,  thus  pio- 
viding  these  young  larva3  with  an  abundance  of  suitable  ten(l(  r 
food.  It  sometimes  haj)j)ens,  however,  that  after  tliey  uw 
hatched  cold  weather  returns  and  vegetable  growth  is  tempo- 
rarily arrested.  To  meet  this  emergency  they  have  tlie  ])ower 
of  sustaining  hunger  for  a  considerable  time,  and  will  usually 


live 
but  s( 

iiMihii 
l;ir\a' 

ai'i'oss 


(lay,  but 
I  r()nni< 

in  tlic 
as-Iiti-lit 
-'11,  with 
)m('  (il)- 
1k'  lir.-t 

I  upon 
<e  cliis- 

y  rows, 
Tl,.. 

M     illrli 

with  a 
rs  ])iv- 

II  Fiu. 
::iiiniiiv 
it'll  the 

le  ci^o 
'(!  in  a 
iiir  the 
i,i>-  the 
m  the 
r  por- 
es MIV 

L'cd  ;ir 

s  pi'ii- 
oiKhr 
y  WW 
inipo- 
)o\v('r 
luillv 


f 


ATTACKING    THE  LKAVES.  49 

live  from  ten  to  twelve  (lays  when  wholly  dejirivetl  of  food  ; 
I, lit  severe  Crost  is  fatal  to  them  in  this  tender  condition,  and 
iiiuhitiides  of  them  sometimes  ])erish  from  this  eauso.  These 
larvje  are  tent-muUers,  and  soon  after  birth  they  heirin  to  eon- 
strnet  for  themselves  a  shelter  by  extendini;-  sheets  of  web 
;i<'ross  the  nearest  fork  of  the  twij^  upon  which  they  were 


Fig.  41. 


hatched.  As  they  increase  in  size,  they  construct  additional 
layers  of  silk  over  tho.so  ]>revionsly  made,  attachin*^  them  to 
(lie  neiiihborinii'  twigs,  and  leaving  between  the  layers  «;  '"o 
enough  for  the  caterpillars  to  pass.  The  tent  or  nest  v.  •;  ti 
completed  is  iri'egnlar  in  form,  abont  eight  or  ten  inches  in 
diameter,  and  the  holes  through  which  the  caterpillars  enter 
a.-e  situated  near  the  extremities  c  angles  of  the  nest,  and  into 
this  they  retreat  at  night  or  in  stormy  weather,  also  at  other 


■i  I  'ii 


h\SECTS   L\JURIOiS    TO    THE  APPLE. 

times  wbon  not  f'eedinj^.  In  five  or  six  weeks  they  beeoiue 
i'lill  thrown,  Jiiul  then  measure  about  an  inen  and  tliree-fjuartcrs 
ill  leni!;tli,  and  j)resent  tlie  a))|)('arance  shown  iii  Fit;.  41.  'ilie 
l)(Hly  is  hairv  and  black,  with  a  white  stripe  down  the  back, 
and  on  eacii  side  of  this  central  stripe  there  are  a  number  of 
sliort,  irregidar,  h>ngitiidinal  veHow  Hues.  On  the  si- 
paler  lines,  with  spots  and  streaks  of  ])ale  blue.  The  ....tiir 
side  of  the  body  is  nearly  black. 

These  caterpillars  have  regular  times  for  feeding,  issnln- 
from  the  o})enings  in  their  tent  in  processional  order,  nsuallv 
once  in  tlie  forenoon  and  once  in  the  afternoon.  I.i  verv 
warm  weather  they  sometimes  repose  upon  the  outside  of  the 
nest,  literally  covering  it  and  making  it  aj)pear  quite  black 
with  their  bodiei^.  They  are  very  voracious,  and  devour  the 
leaves  of  the  trees  they  are  on  with  great  rapidity;  it  is  esti- 
mated that  each  larva  when  approaching  maturity  will  con- 
sume two  leaves  in  a  day,  so  that  every  day  that  a  nest  of  such 
marauders  is  j)erniitted  to  remain  on  a  tree  ihere  is  a  sa'"  'o 
of  about  five  hunch'cd  leaves.  Where  there  happen 
several  nests  on  one  tree,  or  if  the  tree  itself  is  small,  they 
ofti'u  strij)  every  vestige  of  foliage  from  it,  and  in  neglected 
orchards  the  tret's  are  sometimes  seen  as  bare  of  leaves  in 
June  as  they  are  iu  midwinter.  As  the  caterpillars  arrive  al 
matiu'ity  they  leave  the  trees  and  wander  about  in  all  direc- 
tions in  search  of  suitable  ])laees  in  which  to  hide  during 
their  chrysalis  stage.  A  favorite  place  is  the  angle  formed  by 
the  projection  of  the  cap-l)v)ards  of  fences  or  fenec-i)Osts. 

I  Fere  they  construct  oblong  oval  cocoons  (Fig.  41,  d)  of  a 
yellow  color,  formed  of  a  double  web,  the  outer  one  loosely 
woven  and  slight  in  texture,  the  inner  one  tough  "ud  thick. 
In  its  construction  the  silk  is  mixed  with  a  pasty  substance, 
which,  when  dry,  becomes  powdery  and  resend)les  sulphur  in 
appearance.  Within  these  cocoons  the  larva:;  change  to  brown 
ehrysalids,  from  which,  in  about  two  or  three  weeks,  the 
moths  escaj)e.  This  insect  feeds  on  many  different  trees,  but 
is  particularly  fond  of  the  apple  and  wild  I'herry. 


I 


>-(iinc, 

within 

.\.M-,:>' 

l;,tc  ll" 

With 
in:iy  1 
toi-n  t 
i-  not 
liunc 
c;isily 
tended 
times  \ 
will  l»e 
partly 


11 


lili 


ATTACK  IS  a    THE   LEAVES. 


61 


.kIi  r 


•t 


j-^;:«| 


Bcmedles. — Since  the  tciit-catorpillar  is  so  easily  detected 
|)v  its  eoMspieiious  nest,  it  need   never  l)eeoine  very  trouble- 
some, as  the  larvie  may  be  easily  destroyed  while  slK'lteriii<r 
within  it.     Thev  st'ldoin  leave'  the  nest  to  feed  until  after  9 
A.M..  and  usnallv  return  before  sundown  ;  hence  the  early  and 
laic  liour.s  of  the  day  are  the  best  times  Ibr  destroyini^  them. 
With  a  suitable  ladder  and  a  u'loved  hand  the  livini;-  mass 
iiKiv  be  seized  and  crushed  in  a  moment,  or  the  nest   may  be 
toiMi  from  the  tree  and  trami)led  under  foot.     Where  a  laddi'r 
is  ni>t   at  hand,  the  nests  may  be  removed  by  a  pole  with  a 
bunch  of  ra^s  tied  around  the  end  of  it.     This  work  is  most 
casilv  done  while  the  larvjc  are  younii',  and   should    be  at- 
tended to  as  soon  as  the  cobweb-like  nests  can  be  seen.    .Somc- 
liiiics  when  the  nest  is  destroyed  a  porti(»n  of  the  caterpillais 
will  l>e  absent  feeding,  and  within  a  few  days  it  may  be  fotiml 
partlv  repaired,  with  the  remnants  of  tlie  host  within  it :  so 
that   to  subdue  them  entirely  repeated  visii-  to  the  orchard 
>hnul(l  be  made,  and  not  a  fragment  of  a  nest  permitted  to 
lemain.    Governments  might  well  enforce  under  [)enalties  the 
(lest ruction  of  these  caterpillars,  as  their  nests  are  so  conspic- 
uiiii-  that  there  can  be  no  excuse   for  neglecting  to  destroy 
them,  and  it  is  unfair  that  a  careful  and  vigilant  fruit-grower 
sliduld  be  compelled  to   sulfer  from   year  to  year  from  the 
nei;lect  of  a  careless  or  indolent  neighbor.     Neglected  trees 
are  soon  stripped  of  their  leaves,  and   become  prematurely 
exhausted  by  having  to  rei)roduce  at  an  unseasonable  time     , 
their  lost  foliage;  with  fruit-trees  this  is  so  great  a  tax  on     i 
their  vital  powers  that  they  usually  bear  little  or  no  fruit  the     ' 
following  season.     The  cig-clusters  may  be  sought  for  and     \ 
destroyed  during  the  winter  months,  when,  the  trees  being 
leafless,  a  practised  eye  will  readily  detect  them.     A  doudy 
(lay  should  be  selected  for  this  purpose,  to  avoid  the  incon- 
venience of  too  nuich  glare  from  the  sky. 

Several  j)arasites  attack  this  insect.  A  minute  Ichneumon 
fly,  about  onc-twenty-tifth  of  an  inch  in  length,  is  parasitic  on 
the  eggs.     By  means  of  a  long  ovipo.^'.^)r  it  bores  through 


H    ■'>■" 


52 


INSKCTS    LXJlIx'/Oi'S    TO    THK   AI'PLK 


Vu:.  A-2. 


tlio  (inter  L''umniy  covsriii^"  mikI  ogi>--sliell,  and  (lepo.'.Its  its  ( L;i,'s 
within  (lie  oi>g  of  the  tciit-caterpillar,  wlicro  tlic  y()nn<;'  <rriilis 
<»("  tlio  parasite  liatt;li  ami  I'wd  njion  the  contenls  of  the  ejiu-. 
shell  of  onr  enemy.  A  small  mite,  very  similar  (o  that  shown 
in  I'ig.  31,  is  alsc.  vt'iy  dcstrnctive  to  these  ej^gs,  eatinu,-  into 
them  and  feedin*;  on  their  oeenpants.     Two  laru'er  Jchneniiiiiii 

ilies  j)i'ey  n|)()n  the  caterpillar,  Piiiijihi 
v(»i(jni,'<ifor  (Say)  (Fi.ii'.  42)  and  Icliinu. 

iitoit  III/ IIS  lirnlle,  as  x^cli  as  one  or  mnn. 

_^-<^V  species  of  'J'aehina  (lies,  two-winded  in- 
i~-^  seets  a  little  laro-er  than  the  eomiiKm 
honse-tly,  similar  to  Fi_<;'.  40.  All  thc-M 
latter  parasites  watch  ('leir  oppoilnnity 
when  the  growing;  eaterpillir  is  feeding, 
and  dej)osit  theii"  eggs  on  or  nnder  the 
skin  of  their  vi(,'tim,  which  shortly  hatch,  when  the  giiili^ 
hurrow  into  the  bodies  of  the  tent-caterpillars  and  I'vvd  (  n 
them,  carefully  avoiding  the  de.-^trnction  of  the  vital  organs. 
The  inlesteu  larva^  usually  reach  maturity  and  construct  their 
cocoons,  hut  atier  a  time,  instead  oi'  the  moth,  one  or  more  of 
thes(  friendly  insects  make  their  appearance.  Several  preda- 
eeous  insects  also  devour  the  larvte  ;  these  are  referred  to  in 
detail  under  Xo.  21. 

No.  21. — The  Forest  Tent-caterpillar. 

C/lNiiii'(tiii/>ii  .s\i//rii!ii'i'  Iliii'ris. 

This  insect  closely  I'csemUIes  t!ie  connnon  (I'nI-caterpillar. 
Xo.  20.  The  moth  (A,  I'^ig.  I.'))  is  of  a  similar  color,  hiii 
pidei",  or  moi'c  yellowish.  The  space  oetween  the  twoohliipic 
lines  is  usually  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  wing,  and  the 
lines  thems(!lves  aiH!  dark  hrown  instead  of  whitish.  In  tli" 
figure,  (I  repH'sents  (he  (\go-clus(er,  c  one  of  the  eggs,  nuK'h 
enlarged,  as  seen  from  the  (op,  'J  a  side-view  of  (he  same. 

The  egL:><  of  ihis  species  may  he  disiinguished  by  their 
almost  ur.il'orm  diiu'ieter  and  by  their  being  cut  olV  s(piarely 
at  each  ( ud.     Th"  number  of  eggs  in  each  cluster  is  usually 


ATTACK! S'i    THE   LHAVEK. 


ry,\ 


Vu;.  [:\. 


fVoin  three  tc  fndi'  Imndred  ;  they  are  whife,  about  onc-twenty- 

jil'th  of  an   Inch   louu",  and  oiie-lortieth  wide,  rounded  at  the 

l.ase,  ji'i-athially  eidari>- 

iiin'  towards  the  apex, 

wheic    they   are    iiiar- 

:^iiii'(l   l»y  a  proiiiineiit 

lini.aud  ha\H'a  suidvcu 

>|i((l  in  the  centre.    The 

(MM,  are   (k'posiled    in 


cireies,  and   wi  >    eae!i 


CO 


W 

eiic  is  seerefe<l  a  small 
(|iKintiiy  of  <-'iuuiny 
iiialtfT,  whieh  liiMuiy 
la-lens  it  to  the  twii;'  and  also  to  the  adjoininsj:  e<»:i;,  and  upon 
liceoiiiino'  dry  forms  aeo:'.t!"i»;  of  hrown  vai'uish  over  the  pale 
vn<X.  Like  file  tent-eaterpiilar.  tile  yoniiL!:  Iarva>  l)ee(»nie  fully 
Inrined  in  the  cliiis  before  winlt'r,  and  remain  within  them  in 
;i  torpid  condition  until  sprinji'. 

The  lar\a^  in  this  instance  also  hatch  about  the  time  of  the 
hnr-iiiii:'  (if  the  buds,  and  in  the  absence  of  food  are  endowed 
wiili  -iinilar  powers  of  endurance.  It  is  said  they  have  been 
kinwii  to  sur\ive  a  fust  of  three  weeks'  duraliv)n.  While 
vnuiiu',  ihev  >pin  a  slight  web  or  tent  auainst  the  side  of  the 
trunk  or  branches  of  the  (r<'e  on  whieh  they  are  situated,  but, 
Irniii  its  pecidiar  color  )r  sliiiht  texture,  it  is  seldom  noticed. 
Ill  diis  early  sta^'c  they  often  manifest  slrann'e  processionary 
liabils,  mai'chiiiii;  about  in  sin(;le  or  double  eolunni,  oi  .'  larva 
Ml  iiiiiiiediately  following;  anothei"  that  when  thus  erossin<2,'  a 
si(|e\^alk  or  othci'  smooth  siu'face  they  a|>pear  at  a  little  dis- 
tance like  black  streaks  or  pieces  of  black  c!ord  stretched 
iieros-  it.  l"'rom  the  liiiK!  they  are  half  };'ro\vn,  until  they 
ajipi'oaeh  iiiaturily,  they  seem  to  have  a  j^rcat  fondness  Ibr 
exercise,  and  deliuht  (o  travel  in  rows  aloui;'  fcnee-boiU'ds, 
wliieh  they  do  at  a  very  brisk  pace  when  in  search  of  food. 

Ill  about   six  weeks   this   larva   becomes   lull   e'rown   (  b'i<:'. 
I  1 1,  and  is  then  an  inch  and   a  Ik'.II'  or  more  in   lenu'th,  of  a 


miOti 


o4 


I.XSKCTS   I.XJURIUiS    TD    THE   A/'l'LK. 


V\i..  4t. 


|):il('-l)liiisli  color,  s|)riiikI(Ml  all  over  with  black  j)oints  jiml 
(lots.  On  the  ba(!k  is  a  row  ol' (en  or  ele\H!n  oval  or  (lianioinU 
sliaped  white  spots,  hy  wliii'h  it  may  he  :it 
onee  (listint^nish<!(l  iVoin  the  comnion  teiii- 
caterpillar,  while  on  the  sides  there  are  palc- 
yellowisl;  sti'ipes,  somewhat  broken,  aiul 
mixed  with  iiray.  U'lie  hairs  on  the  body  aiv 
i'ox-colored,  mixcvl  v.ith  coarser  whitish  hair-. 
Tiie  caterpillars  attain  IViii  growth  ai)out  tin; 
middle  of  Jnne. 

Oecasionidly,  dnrini;'  the  lattt.  ])art  ol' 
JNIay,  when  about  hali' ui^twii  and  cxireinciv 
voracious,  these  larv:e  will  a|)pear  in  pir- 
iect  swarms  and  attract  u'enerai  attenlimi. 
During;  the  latter  pait  of  the  day,  and  iVc- 
rpiently  also  in  the  mcrnino-,  they  collect  on  the  ti'iinks  ainl 
larger  l)ranehes  (»!"  the  trees  in  larye  black  masses,  which  aiv 
so  easily  reached  tliat  they  seem  to  invite  d(  strncti(tn.  While 
|»articiilarly  injurious  to  the  a|)ple,  they  also  attack  variuu> 
species  of  forest-trees,  such  as  oak,  thorn,  ash,  l)asswo(ul,  beech. 
j)linn,  cherry,  walimt,  hickory,  etc.,  and  sometimes  lai'i:i' 
clinn|)s  of  woo<l  may  be  sei'U  in  dune  (piitc  bare  of  Ibliaui' 
iVom  the  <levastation  caused  by  this  insect,  w.hilc  underueaili 
the  ii'roiind  is  covered  with  small  black  urains  of  exuvin. 
Jt  is  often  very  abundant  in  the  West,  and  octiasionally  e(piallv 
destructive  in  the  South,  es|)e(Mally  in  CTeor«iia  and  'rcnuessee. 
When  full  sxrown,  this  larva  spins  a  cocoon  (see  I'^ii;'.  4iM 
closely  resemblin<;  that  of  tin!  tent-catci-pillar,  usually  within 
the  shelter  of  a  leaf,  the  cdois  of  which  ixvo,  jiartly  drawn 
toir*>(her.  Within  siicli  an  enclosure  there;  is  };'en»'rally  one 
cocoon,  but  in  times  of  p;reat  abundance,  iuid  where  the  eii- 
closuri'  is  lai'iic  enout;"ii,  there;  a''e  ol'iei;  (wo  or  three  coe(M)ii> 
toi;'ei!ier.  At  such  periods  almost  esciy  hif  or  fra^nieut  ol 
a  leaf  is  so  occupied,  and,  the  whitish-yellow  cocoons  beinii' 
(»nly  |)ar(ly  hidden,  and  the  leaves  hangiui;'  willi  their  weinhi. 
one  is  impressed  with  the  idea  that  the:  tree  is  laden  wiili  sonic 


^SHJI 


,  1  T'l\  1  CKL\  G    THE   L  KA  I ' ES. 


.JO 


t 


Fia.  4-j. 


st[-ani!;e  sort  of  iViiit.  If  leave:s  ivinnot  be  had  I'or  >lielter,  llio 
oicnoii^  will  1k'  t'oiiiKi  uiidor  tlio  bark  of  trees,  in  every  siiit- 
.,1,1,.  ci'eviee  or  hid"  i;';-i)laoo  in 
j'cncc-,  or  under  Iol'-.  In  two 
,ir  three  day.s  the  enek).-;ed  larva 
,'li;ui^e.s  to  11  ehry.salis  of  a  red- 
(li-.li-l)ro\vn  color,  densely  clothed 
with  short  pale-yellowish  hair, 
and  in  the  eoiir.se  of  two  or  three 
wrrksthe  tnoth  appears,  which, 
like  the  in-tct  last  described, 
No.  i^t),  is  nocturnal  in  its  habits, 
:iii<l  live>  liul  a  lew  days,  \vhen, 
Ii;i\  111^'  provided  i'or  tl\e  contin- 
uance of  its  .species,  it  jjerishes. 
lidtH'd'HK. — The  e_i!;n'-cluster.s 
>ln)uld  be  sou;i,ht  for  and  de- 
~t  roved  durino-  the  winter 
inouilis.  When  the  caterpillars 
nr(!  yomiii',  they  will  dro[),  stis- 
|ieii(icd  by  a  silken  thread,  in 
Miiil-air,  if  the  bnuich  on  which 
I  hey  ai'c  fc'dint;'  be  su(kleidy 
-I  ruck  ;  advantaii'c  may  i)e  taken 
(if  this  lialtil,  and  by  swinu'ini; 
a  stick  around,  the  threads  may 

lie  eatheri'd  in  with  the  larvjc  attached  to  them.  When  the 
caterpillars  iiave  become  half  5ji;rown,  the  trees  shoidd  be 
tre(piently  ins|)ected,  early  in  the  mornine',  ;uid  the  conn;rcoalcil 
masses  crusheil  and  deslroyi'd  with  a  stilV  broom  or  some 
other  (Mpially  suitable;  implement.  Diiriui;'  the  day  they  are 
so  constantly  on  the  move,  that  a  youn^'  tree  lhoroiii>hly 
cleansed  from  them  in  the  morning!;  may  be  crowded  ayain 
helbre  evcninii'.  To  iivoid  the  nece-sily  of  constant  watch- 
iiii:,  strips  of  cotton  biittiiiii',  three  or  four  inches  wide,  HJioiild 
be  tied  around   the  tree  about   hali'-\v«y  up  the  trunk;  thesis 


A 


56 


LXSECTS   I.yjUJilOUS    TO    THE  Al'I'LE. 


IkuuIs  should  1)0  tied  ti<2;litly  in  the  middlo.  Kacli  caterpillar 
is  f'urnislu'd  wit'i  (bur  pairs  of  Hesliy  prologs,  wliicli  nic 
fViiit>;od  with  s'.iiail  horny  iiooks,  and  on  the  insect's  tryiii"- 
to  [)ass  over  the  coUon  these  hooks  g-et  so  entangled  in  tliu 
fibres  that  I'ni'lher  progress  becomes  very  difficult,  and  is 
.seldom  persisted  in.  A  shower  of  rain  will  pack  the  fibres 
of  the  cotton  somewhat,  but  where  the  string  fastening  it  !> 
tied  around  (he  middle,  tiic  upper  iialf  washes  down  and 
makes  a  sort  of  roof  overhanging  the  lower  portion,  which  in 
great  measure  |)rotects  it  from  tlie  weather. 

These  larvje  are  seldom  abun- 

dant  for  manv  years  in  succession. 

for  in   tinu's  of  great  pk'iity  their 

natural     enemies     multiply    with 

X|  amazing    rapidity,     yevoral    jiar- 

asites  destroy  them.     Two  species 

of  Ichnemnon  Hies  prey  on  them, 

also    a   two-winged    Tachina    fly, 

closely  resend)ling  the  lied-tailed 

'Jachina   fly,   Xinionra  fcKctaiin'  (Kirkp.)   (l''ig.    IG),  which 

attacks  the  army-worm,  but  this  fly  is  wiilmut   the  red  tail. 


Fi(i.  47. 


!l 


Fid.   IS. 


A  s|)ecies  i){'  bug  (iremiptcra)  attacks  (he    larvic  just    when 
tiiey  are  eoiisl i  ucting  their  cocoons,  and  sucks  them  empiv, 


ATTACKIXG    THE  LEAVES. 


57 


Fio.    lit. 


wliilc  some  of  tlie  insect-feeding  birds  devour  tliein  ii'rcodily, 

c-niriallv  the  black-billed  cuckoo.     Thei'e  are  several  species 

di'  ni'edaceoiis  insects  belonii'ini;  to  the  (Urnh'uhv,  or  ground- 

hecilcs,  which  are  very  acti\-e  in  their  habits,  ;ind  diligently 

limit  for  them  and  eat  them,  notably  the  Green  Caterpillar- 

jimiter,  (\ff<).s<nii(i  scnitdfor  (Fabr.)  (l<"'ig.  47),  and  the  C'o|)|)er- 

sjxitteil  C'alosoma,  Cdloxohia  c<i/i(huu  (Fabr.)  (Fi<;'.  48).     'i'hey 

aic  sometimes  destroyed  in  j2;reat  numbers  by  a  fungoid  disease, 

which  arrests  their   })roirress  when 

ahout  lull  <i'''o\\ii,  and  the  aU'ectcd 

s|i(('imens  may  be  found  attached  to 

fences  and    trees,  retaining  an   ap-    z:, 

pcarance  almost   natural,  but  when 

handled  tluy  will  often  be  found  so 

iiiucli   (lecaye(l  as   to   burst  with  a 

Liculle  touch.      An  Ichneinnon  Hv, 

I'iiiipfd  pvddUx  ("resson  (Fig.  4i)),  is  a  parasite  on  this  larva, 

while  mites  j)rey  U|)on  the  eggs,  identical   with   those  which 

feed  on  the  eggs  of  the  common  tent-caterpillar. 

No.  22.— The  White-marked  Tussock-moth. 

(h'i/i/i(t  /ciifiis/ii/iiKi  (Sill,  \   Alili.). 

'llio  or<'har(list,  walking  among  his  iVuit-lrces  after  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  or  dining  the  winter  months,  will  frc- 
([iii'iuly  liiid  a  dead  leaf  or  leaves  fastened  iierc  and  there  to 
llie  bi'anches  of  his  trees  ;  on  e.\aminalion,  llies(>  will  usually 
lie  Ibiiiid  to  contain  a  giay  cocoon,  with  in  most  instances  a 
mass  of  eggs  fastened  to  it.  ( )n  breaking  into  this  mass, 
which  is  brittle,  it  will  be  found  to  include  lV(»m  three  hun- 
<liv(|  to  live  hiuidred  eggs,  alioiit  oiie-t wenty-fd'th  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  of  a  white  color,  nearly  globidar,  and  llattened 
Oil  the  u|)|)er  side.  They  are  placed  in  three  or  four  layers, 
the  intei'slices  being  lilled  with  a  frothy,  gelatinous  matter, 
which  makes  them  adhere  securely  together,  and  o\'er  all  is 
a  thick  coating  of  the  stuue  material,  with  a  nearly  smooth 
grayish-whito  Hurfuce,  of   u  cous-ex   form,  which   elTectiially 


58 


I y SECTS  JXJi'RIOUS   TO    THE  Al'/'LK. 


])i't'vcnts  the  lodij^niont  of  any  water  on  it.  The  oijjr-niass  is 
attached  to  an  empty  L>;ray  cocoon,  tlie  f'ornier  abode  of  the 
female  which  deposited  them. 

About  the  nucUlle  of  May  the  eji'tis  liatch,  when  tiie  yoiiii;^^ 
larvJU  at  <»nce  j)n)ceed  to  devour  the;  leaves  of  the  tree  on 
wiiich  thiy  are  jjlaced,  when  distmbed  letting  themselves 
down  by  a  silken  thread,  remaining  suspended  until  danticr 
is  past,  when  they  climb  up  the  thread  and  regain  their 
former  position.  When  mature,  they  are  very  handsome, 
and  present  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  oO,  arc  more  than 

Fig.  00. 


on  II 

w  lie 
cater 
ing 
lurni 
</ th: 
T 
riidii 


an  inch  long,  of  a  bright-yellow  color,  with  the  head  and  two 
small  j)rotuberances  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  biick  of  a  bril- 
liant coral-red.  Along  tlie  back  there  are  four  cream-colored 
brush-like  tufts,  two  long  black  |)lumes  on  the  anterior  ])art 
ol'lhe  body,  and  one  on  the  posterior.  The  sides  are  clothed 
with  long,  fine  yellow  hairs.  There  is  a  narrow  black  oi' 
brown  stripe  along  the  back,  and  a  wider  dusky  stripe  on 
each  side.  There  are  two  broods  during  the  season,  the  fu'st 
completing  their  larval  growth  and  spinning  their  cocoons 
about  the  middle  of  .Inly  ;  the  second  hatching  towards  the 
last  of  July  and  completing  their  growth  by  the  end  of 
August,  the  moths  from  (heso  latter  depositing  the  eggs, 
which  remain  on  the  trees  during  the  winter. 

The  cocoon,  as  already  stated,  is  spun  in  the  leaf;  it  is  of 
a  loose  texture,  gray  in  color,  and  has  woven  into  it  numerous 
liairs  derived  from  the  Ixtdy  of  i\\o  caterpillar.  The  enclosed 
chrysalis  is  ol"  an  oval  form  and  brown  color,  Hometimes  whitish 


4 

•A 


•I 
■A' 


% 


A  TTA  CKl  y  G    THE   L  KA  I  A'S'. 


59 


on  the  under  side,  ami  is  covered  with  short  hairs  (U-  down. 
In  ;il)oiit  a  f()rtni,ijjlit  the  motii  of  the  siimnier  brood  is  hatched, 
wiii'ii  one  iniu'ht  reasonably  exjjeet  that  iVoni  so  haiidsoini'  a 
(•aterj)illar  there  would  ai)i)ear  a  moth  with  some  corrospond- 
jnii;  beautv,  but  any  such  expectation  is  doomed  to  disappoint- 
ininl.  Jn  I'^iji;.  51,  c  shows  the  chrysalis  oi'  the  lemale,  and 
d  that  of  the  male. 

The  female  moth   is  win<>;less,  or  provided  with  the  merest 
rudiments  of  winoj.s;  her  body  is  of  a  light-<;ray  color,  of  an 


Fi.i.  .M. 


V\i\.  .-,;]. 


obloiig'-oval  form,  with  rather  lonj^  Icos^  and  is  distended 
with  eijgs;  indeed,  she  is  more  like  an  animated  bni;  of  e<:;y;s 
than  anythiuij,'  else.  (See  Fi<>'.  o2,  where  she  is  represented 
attached  to  the  empty  eoeoon  from  which  she  has  escaped.) 
After  her  escape,  she  patiently  waits  the  attendaiUH;  of  the 
male,  and  then  lu^nins  to  place  her  etj;<«s  on  the  outside  of 
her  own  cocoon,  fastening-  them  tjiere  in  the  manner  already 
described.  During  this  |)rocess  her  body  contracts  very 
nnich,  ;md  soon  after  her  work  is  linished  she  dro|)s  down 
to  th(!  groiuul  and  dies. 

The  niide  moth  (I*"'ig.  oo)  is  of  an  ashen-gray  color,  llie 
fori!  wings  being  crosst'd  by  wavy  bands  of  a  darker  shade  ; 
I  here  is  a  small  black'  s|)ot  on  the  outer  edge  near  the  ti|),  an 
obli(|ne  blackish  stripi^  beyond  it,  and  a  nunute  white;  ei'csccn* 
near  the  outer  hind  angle.  The  body  is  gray,  with  \\  smtdl 
black  tuft  near  the  base  of  the  abdomen.  The  wiiigH,  when 
expaixled,  measure  about  an  inch  and  a  tpiarter  across. 


I"l 


60 


jySKCTS  IXJi'/i/OCS    TO    TIIK  APPLE. 


Since  the  i'einale  i.s  wingless,  and  invariably  attaches  her 
eggs  to  the  ()ut>i(le  of  her  own  cocoon,  the  insect  can  onlv 
spread  by  the  wanderings  of  the  ca.ter|)i liars,  or  the  careless 
introduction  of  eggs  on  young  trees,  A'o  doubt  the  latter 
has  been  the  most  ])rolilic  source  of  mischief.  Although 
not  usually  very  injurious,  it  becomes  at  tinies  a  perfect  pe>i 
to  the  fruit-grower,  stripi)ing  the  trees  almost  bare  of  leaves 
and  disliii'uring  the  fruit  bv  gnawing  its  surface.  While 
very  partial  to  the  ajtple,  it  attacks  also  the  plum  and  pear, 
and  is  said  to  feed  occasionally  on  the  elm,  majjle,  horse-chest- 
nut, and  oak. 

Rvuu'dlvK. —  riie  increase  of  this  insect  may  be  easily  pre- 
vented by  collecting  and  destroying  the  eggs  during  the  win- 
ter months.  In  gathering  the  cocoons,  all  those  having  no 
egg-masses  attached  should  be  left,  as  they  contain  either  the 
empty  chrysalids  of  the  male  or  the  chrysalids  of  j)arasites. 
Nine  dilVerent  species  of  files,  four-winged  and  two-winge(l, 
are  known  to  be  parasitic  on  this  insect  in  the  catei'pillar  state 

No.  23. — The  Yellow  necked  Apple-tree  Caterpillar. 

Jhitdiiii  iiiiiiislrd  (Driiry). 

The  motl'  of  this  species  was  first  described  by  Mr.  Drury, 
an  eminent  Engli>h  entomologist,  in    177-'),  from  s|)i'cimens 

received  by  him  from  \ew 
York,  it  measures,  when 
its  wings  are  expanded, 
about  two  inches  across 
(>t'e  l^'ig.  T)!),  and  is  of  a 
light-brown  color,  with  the 
head  and  a  large;  spot  on 
the  thorax  chcstiuit-brown. 
On  the  fore  wings  there;  are 
from  tlii'ce  to  five  transverse  brown  lines,  oiu;  or  two  sj)ots 
near  ilie  middle  (sometimes  wanting),  and  the  outer  margin 
also  of  the  same  color.  The  hind  wings  ar(>  pale  yellow, 
without  markings.      When   in  reposi-,  tla;  hinder  |)art  of  its 


liodv 

lllnti 


i 


'% 


<^l: 

C 
J 


',4 


A  TTA  CKL\G    Til  /•;   L  K.  I  I  ES. 


61 


|)()(lv   is   raised    up,  :iiul   the   tore  lei:;s  stretcluul    out.     The 
iiKiths  aj)|)(';ir  iVoiii  the  ini(hlle  of  Juno  until  the  end  ol'July. 

i-]i(|i  rciiiulc  deposits  lier  stock  of  eggs  in  ;i  single  cluster 
(if  fidiii  .-eventv  to  one  hun(h'ed  in  number.  Tiiey  are  white, 
loiuid,  less  than  one-thirtii'th  of  an* inch  in  diameter,  placed 
,-i(le  l)V  side  in  nearly  straight  rows,  and  firmly  cemented  to 
each  othei',  as  well  as  to  the  surface  of  the  leaf  on  which  they 
are  placed.  Those  first  laid  begin  to  hatch  during  the  third 
week  in  Julv,  while  others  ar(!  three  or  four  weeks  later,  so 
that  some  broods  are  neui  full  grown,  while  others  are 
small  and  but  a  few  days  old. 

The  young  larvic  eat  only  the  under  side  and  pulpy  i)art 
of  the  leaves,  leaving  the  veins  and  upj)er  side  untouched,  but 
as  tluy  increase  in  size  and  strength  they  devour  the  whole 
of  the  leaf  except  the  stem.  When  young  they  are  brown, 
striped  with  white,  but  as  they  mature  they  i)ecome  darker 
in  enlor,  with  yellow  stripes  ;  they  attain  their  fidl  growth  in 
al)itiil  five  or  six  weeks,  when  they  are  about  two  inches  long. 
The  head  is  large  and  black,  the  next  seginent,  sometimes 
called  the  neck,  of  a  dull  orange  color,  a  black  stripe  ex- 
tending down  the  back,  and  three  stripes  of  the  sanu!  color 
alteiuating  with  ibur  yellow  stripes  on  each  side.  The  body 
i>  tliirdy  clothed  with  long,  soft,  whitish  hairs.  The  larv;e 
are  invariably  found  clustered  closely  together  on  a  limb,  on 
\rliieh,  beginning  with  the  tender  leaves  at  the  extremity,  they 
gradually  devour  all  before  them,  leaving  the  braiKfh  {)er- 
I'tctly  bai'e.  Its  leafless  condition  soon  attracts  attention,  and 
on  examination  it  is  found  to  bo  loaded  with  those  catcrpil- 
lai's  crowded  together.  The  position  tlu'V  tissume  wl'.en  at 
rest  is  very  odd,  and  is  well  shown  in  Fig.  55  ;  both  ex- 
tremities are  raised,  tlit;  body  being  bent,  and  resting  otdy 
on  the  four  middle  pairs  of  legs.  If  touched  or  tilarmed, 
tluy  throw  u|)  their  heads  and  tails  with  a  jerk,  at  the  same; 
time  bending  the  body  until  the  two  extremities  almost  meet 
over  the  bacik  j  they  also  jerk  their  heads  from  side  to  side. 
They  all  eut  together,  crowded  u[)on  the  under  surface  of 


g| 


62 


hXSECTS  h\ J  Villous    TO    THE  Al^PLE. 


the   leavos,  alon<^  tlio   inargius  of  which   appears  a  row  of 
sliiniiig  black  heatls,  witli  each  nioiitli  busily  engaged  in  di- 

vouring  the  portion  near  it,  and  when 
the  meal  is  finished  they  arrauLrc 
themselves  side  by  side  along  th  • 
branches  which  they  have  strippeil. 
If  one  branch  does  not  afford  food 
enough,  they  attack  another;  and 
when  full  grown  and  ready  to  tran>- 
form,  they  nearly  all  leave  the  tree 
at  the  same  time,  descending  by  night 
to  the  ground,  where  they  burrow- 
under  the  surface  to  the  dej)th  of  from  two  to  four  inches, 
and  after  a  time  cast  their  caterpillar  skins  and  become 
naked,  brown  chrysalids.  They  remain  in  the  pupa  stat(> 
until  the  following  July,  when  iiie  moths  escape  and  takt' 
wing. 

Although  sometimes  very  abundant  and  destructive,  this 
insect  is  not  usually  very  common  ;  some  years  a  few  clusters 
may  be  seen,  and  then  several  seasons  may  pass  before  they 
are  met  with  again.  The  nakedness  of  the  lind)s  they  attack 
soon  attracts  attentiv,.i,  when  the  larva?  may  be  easily  de- 
stroyed by  crushing  them  on  the  tree,  or  by  cutting  off  the 
branches  and  throwing  them  into  the  fire.  A  small  Ichneu- 
mon parasite  is  known  to  |)rey  on  them,  which  may  in  some 
measure  account  for  th(>  irregularity  of  their  appearance. 


f 


No.  24. — The  Red-humped  Apple-tree  Caterpillar. 

r 

(Edcma.sia  coiiriiuia  (Siii.  &  A1>1).). 

This  insect  very  much  resembles  in  habits  the  yellow- 
necked  a|>|)le-trec  caterpillar  (No.  23). 

The  moth  (Fig.  50)  a[)j)ears  about  the  last  of  June.  Tlu- 
fore  wings  are  dark  brown  on  the  inner,  and  grayish  on  tlic 
outer  mai'gin,  with  a  dot  near  the  middle,  a  spot  near  eacii 
angle,  and  several  longitudinal  streaks  along  the  liiud  mai'gin, 
all  dark  brown.     The  hind  wings  of  the  male  are  brownish, 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


C3 


IS 


)!•  (lirtv  wliitc,  those  of  the  i'emule  dii-ky  brown  ;  the  body 
s  li'iht  brown,  tlie  thorax  of  ii  darker  shade.  When  ex- 
naiwlcd,  the  winn's  measure  from  an  inch  to  an  indi  and  a 
(juartcr  across. 

The  female  deposits  her  eggs  in  a  ehister,  on  ihe  under  side 
ota  leaf,  (hn-ing  tlie  month  of  July,  where  theysliortly  liatch 
into  tinv  eaterpdhirs,  whieh  at  first  consume  only  the  sub- 
stance of  the  under  side  ot  i!ie  leaf,  leaving  the  ui)[)er  surface 
uiihrokcii,  but  as  they  increase  in  si/e  they  cat  the  entire  leaf. 
\\  Ikii  not  eating,  they  remain  close  together,  sometimes  com- 
i.lclclv  covering  the  branch  they  rest  upon.  Having  come 
to  maturity,  which  occurs  during  August  or  early  in  Scptem- 
hci',  the  larva  appears  as  represented  in  J^^ig.  o7.     The  head 


\<  coral-red,  and  there  is  a  hump  on  the  back  on  the  fourth 
x'wvi  or  segment  of  the  same  color  ;  the  body  is  traced  lengtli- 
\\i<('  by  slender  black,  yellow,  and  white  lines,  and  has  two 
rows  of  black  j)rickles  along  the  back,  and  other  shorter  ones 
upon  the  sides,  from  each  of  which  there  arises  a  fine  hair. 
The  liinckM-  segments  taper  a  little,  and  are  always  elevated, 
:r-  shown  in  the  figure,  when  the  insect  is  not  crawling.  Tt 
nuMsures,  when  fidl  grown,  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long. 
Tli(>so  eatei  pillars  entirely  consume  the  leaves  of  the  branch 
on  wlii.'h  they  are  placed,  and  when  these  are  insufficient  the 
ailjoining  branches  are  laid  under  tribute.  When  handled, 
(liey  discharge  a  transparent  fhiid  having  a  strong  acid  smell, 
wliicli  (lonl)tlcss  serves  as  a  defence  against  enemies,  especially 
bir<ls,  since  their  habit  of  feeding  o|)enly  in  large  flocks  reu- 
(Ifi's  them  pttrticularly  liable  to  attack  from  these  ever-active 

Iocs. 


■19^ 


64 


INSKCTS    ISjriilOCS    TO    THE  Al'l'LE. 


Fici.  58. 


When  full  <;T()\vn,  tlioy  all  disappear  about  the  same  time, 
(le.sceiidiuiij  from  the  trees  to  the  ground,  where  they  cnii- 
cial  themselves  under  leaves,  upon  or  slii^htly  under  the  mu- 
face,  and  after  a  lon«;'  time  change  to  brown  chrvsalids,  :is 
shown  in  Fig.  58,  and  remain  in  the  piij)a  state  until  late  in 
.lime  or  early  in  Jidy  of  the  following  ycnr,  wlicn 
the  j»erft'ct  moths  api)ear. 

Jn  the  Xorth  there  is  only  one  brood  during  ihc 
year,  but  in  the  South  they  are  said  to  be  douliK- 
brooded.  They  are  very  generally  distril)Uted,  but 
seldom  abundant,  and,  while  preferring  the  apple, 
feed  also  on  the  plum,  cherry,  rose,  thorn,  and  |>(  ar. 
As  thev  maintain  their  gregarious  habits  dining  their  eii- 
tire  larval  existence,  they  can  easily  be  gathered  and  destroycil, 
cither  by  cutting  off  the  lindj  ami  burning  it,  or  bv  dislod^- 
iiig  tlicm  by  suddenly  jarring  the  limb,  when  they  fall  to  the 
ground  and  may  be  tram|)led  under  foot.  These  larvte  are 
also  destroyed  by  parasites  belonging  to  the  family  of  Ichneu- 


mons, 


but  it 


IS  not  yet  known  to  what  species  we  are  i 


n( 


lebt 


('(I 


for  this  friendly  help. 


clost 

Wi'lKl 

ill  M 
it  i- 
iii(i(<' 
iiiciii. 
cliicl 
WW  \\ 
T 


Nos.  25  and  26. — Canker-worms. 

Anisoplerijx  vernala  (Peck),  and  A.  ponicturia  Harris. 

These  are  two  distinct  species  of  insects  which  have  been 
confounded  under  the  common  name  of  canker-worm,  and,;is 
their  habits  and  aj)pearance  are  so  similar,  it  will  be  conveiii 
cut  to  treat  of  them  under  one  heading.  The  moths  from  the 
h[^w\qs  poineUiria  leave  the  ground  chiefly  in  the  fall,  those  of 
venuitd,  partly  in  the  fall,  but  more  abundantly  in  th<    ^prii;^. 

A.  pohtddria,  known  as  the  l*\ill  C'aidcer-w.  ill  liivt 

claim  our  attention.     I^ate  in  the  season,  wl  .my  of  the 

leaves  have  fallen,  and  severe  frosts  have  cut  (  vthir  that 
is  tender,  a  walk  in  the  woods  or  through  the  orchai  i  on  a 
sunny  afternoon  is  not  void  of  interest.  Here  and  there  slen- 
der, d(>licate,  silky-winged  moths  may  be  seen  flitting  about, 
enjoying  the  sunshine.     On  capturing  one  and  exannning  it 


■**<- 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


Oo 


.,"« 


;W 


^1 


closely,  Nve  find  it  to  be  almost  trans|);ireiit,  and  one  is  led  to 
wonder  wlivso  trail  t^ereatnre  siiould  seleet  so  blealc  a  season 
in  MJiieh  to  appear;  but,  delieatc;  as  its  structure  seems  to  be, 
it  is  nevertheless  one  of  the  hardiest  of  its  raee,  requiring-, 
indeed,  a  considerable  de<;ree  of  cold  for  its  perfect  develop- 
nicnt.  These  are  the  male  moths  of  the  eaidcer-worm,  and 
chiellv  those  oi' pometaria,  the  fall  canker-worm.    'J'he  iemales 


arc  wini^less. 


Fig. 


fhe  eu'i^s  of  this  species  [a  and  b,  Fii^.  59)  are  flattened 
a!>i)ve,  have  a  central  puncture  and  a  brown  circle  near  the 
honlt'i',  ai-e  laid  side  by  side  in 
regular  ma.-ses  (r,  Fig.  50),  often 
;i-  many  as  a  hundred  together, 
and  generally  placed  in  exposed 
situations  on  the  twigs  or  branches 
(»t'  the  tree.  They  usually  hatch 
about  the  time  when  the  young 
leaves  of  the  apple  push  i'roni 
tht'  I  Hid,  when  the  little  caidcer- 
wonns  cluster  uj)on  and  consume  the  tender  leaves,  and,  on 
the  ;ipproach  of  cold  or  wet  weather,  creep  for  shelter  into  the 
bi'>om  of  the  exjianding  bud  or  into  the  opening  flowers. 
The  newly-hatched  caterpillar  is  of  a  pale  olive-green  color, 
with  the  head  and  horny  part  of  the  second  segment  of  u  very 
pale  hue.  When  full  grown,  it  measures  about  an  inch  in 
length.  ])resenting  the  aj'pearance  shown  at/.  Fig.  59  ;  in  the 
i^anie  figure,  c  represents  a  side  view  of  one  of  the  segments 
of  the  body,  enlarged  so  as  to  show  its  mnrkings.  'J'hese 
caterpillars  are  called  loopers,  because  they  alternately  loop 
and  extend  their  bodies  when  in  motion.  They  arc  also 
known  as  measuring-worms.  They  vary  in  color  from 
iireenish  yellow  to  dusky  or  even  dark  brown,  with  broad 
loui^itudinal  yellowish  or  j)aler  stripes  along  each  side.  When 
1  t  eating,  they  usually  assume  a  slilF  j)ostin'e,  either  flat 
and  i)arallel  with  the  twijis  on  which  thev  rest,  or  at  an  ani>;le 
of  about  forty-five  degrees;  in  either  case,  since  they  closely 

6 


I 


oi; 


jysHCTs  jxjf.iiiovs  TO  Till':  ai'Pli:. 


rowoiublo  ill  (\i\ov  the  hiaiicli  on  v.liicli  lluT  rest,  they  ii>ii- 
ally  cIihU'  detoction.  W'Ik  ii  full  grown,  tlicy  Icuvct  tlic  tivis 
oi*^lici"  by  crccpi.ii;'  down  tlio  (nuik  or  l)y  letting:;  lliciiiscKi s 
down  by  silken  tlnvads  iVoni  the  hfanclics.  Wdicn  thus  sii-- 
|:endo(l  in  uroat  nnni! hts,  as  is  iVcMjuiMitly  the  ease,  under  lli" 
linihs  ot"  trees  overhanuini:;  roads  and  sidewalks,  they  heeoinc 
a  ui'eat  annoyan(!e,  espeeially  to  sensitive  ])eo|)le,and  are  ol'tcii 
swept  oiV  by  passinj]:;  vehieles,  and  in  this  manner  sonietinii  - 
distrihnted  over  a  eonsidenddt!  area. 

Ilavinj;-  reat  lied,  the  ground.,  <'„-y  l)urri)\v  int<»  it  to  a  depth 
of  from  two  to  six  ine!ie>,  wheic  ihey  make  a  rathe  touuli 
eoeuou  of  bull-eolored  silk,  interwoven  with  particles  ol' 
('■■u'th.  The  chrysalis  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  of  a  liglii 
gi'ayish-hrow  n  color,  that  ol'  the  niah'  slender  and  I'urnished 
with  wing-cast's,  that  of  the  female  larger  and  without  wing 
cases.  'I'he  ehrysalids  remain  in  the  ground  throughout  tlir 
stuiiiner,  and  th(>  moths  usually  aj»j)ear  on  tho  v.ing  (hiring  the 
mild  weather  which  succeeds  the  lirst  severe  frosts  in  autumn. 

'I'he   female  moth  of  each  spoeiis  is   without    wings,  and 
sluggish  ill  movement,  with  a  very  odd  spider  lik<'  a|)|)earancc. 

(Sec  A,  Fig.  t.n.)    With 

V       ^      r:'    V^^  "^^^        . -"^  -^^  cii-s,  ■  sh,>     dra-s     her 
,.>N  ^ir-i.        Ksi%.  ^r-..^-^*^^^j. ^.^  ,        weary   way  along   in  a 

most  ungainly  manner 
niilil  she  reaches  tin 
l»ase  of  a  suitable  tree, 
up  which  she  cliiiibs,  and  there  awaits  the  arrival  ol'  lli(\  male 
ller  iiody  is  of  a  uniform  shining  ash  color  above,  and  gray 
Ix'iieatli  ;  it  is  from  three  to  four  tertlis  of  an  inch  in  lenglli. 
The  fore  wings  of  the  male  (I'^ig.  (>(),  <i)  iiic  of  a  brownish- 
gray  coh.r,  very  glossy,  and  are  crossetl  by  two  rather  irregu- 
lar whitish  bauds,  the  outer  on(!  enlnrging  near  the  ii])c\, 
\vliert\  it  forms  a  large  ])ah>  spot.  The  hind  wings  are 
grayisli  brown,  with  a  faint  central  blackish  dot  and  a  iiioii' 
or  less  distiftcl  whitish  band  crossing  them. 


il   6 


CO   ''nVi'"",. 


ha- 

■:;j 

.,  i; 

ll  i  lie 

% 

ihc. 

<s 

'■;« 

of  a 

fj 

>. 

lil.Ml 

(lilt  1 

1^. 

ai'r:i! 

-■^^ 

■i* 

hiuu 

(•rev 

hale! 

I 


:^^ 


■a 


i 


ATTACK  I. \('    TJiK   LEAVES. 


G7 


Anisoplcrp' vcniata,  \i\n)\yn  as  tlio  Sprinn'  ( ^ankor-worm, 
has  ail  oval-sliajKxl  0)i,g,  sliowii  at  6  in  l"'i<j;.  (il,  liiglily  \i\ng- 
inl'ud;  the  iiatmal  size  is  shown  in 
ihc  small  cluster  adjoin in<;' ;  tliev  arc  ''  "'•  '''• 

of  a  very  delicate  texture  and  pearly  i^^^^  i,^:-l~j 
lustre,  and  are  lai<i  in  masses  with- 
out auv  reirularity  or  order  in  their 
ainuiijjenient,  olten  a.?  nuiny  as  a 
hundred  together,  usually  liiddtMi  in 
crevices  of  the  bark  of  trees.  They 
hateli  at  the  same  time  as  the  other  .«pecies. 

The  young  eater[)illar  is  of  a  dark  olive-green  f)r  brown 
cmIup,  with  a  black  shining  head,  and  a  liornv  plate  ot"  the 
>aMK!  color  on  the  to|)  of  the  next  segment;  they,  too,  are 
al>out  an  inch  long  when  lull  grown,  and  present  then  the 
appearance  shown  at  ff.  Fig.  01.  In  the  same  ligure,  c  rep- 
I csents  a  side  view,  and  d  a  back  view,  of  one  of  the  segments, 
enlarged  so  as  to  show  their  markings  more  distinelly. 

W'Ik'U  full  grown,  this  ealei'pillar  elosoly  resend)les  that  of 
the  other  s|»eeics,  and  the  body  is  e(pially  variabh?  in  color. 
Ill  ihis  lilt!  head  is  mottled  and  s|)otted,  and  has  two  paki 
triuisverse  lines  in  front;  th(!  body  is  longitudinally  striped 
with  many  narrow  pale  lines;  along  the  sides  it  becomes 
(lc(!per  in  color,  and  down  the  middle  of  the  back  are  some 
l)la(!kis!i  spots.  Their  habits  are  similar  to  thosi;  of  the  other 
species,  and  they  attain  full  growth  about  the  sanu;  lime. 

'i'li((  <'hrysali(ls,  which  are  found  about  tlu;  sanu!  depth 
under  gi'oinid,  are  similar  in  color  to  those  of  pomrhirid,  but 
llic  cocoon  is  nmch  more  fragile,  and  is  (jasily  torn  to  j)iee,OH. 
Sometimes  the  moth  esea|)es  from  tlie  (ihrysalis  in  theautumn, 
bill  more  frecpKMitly  during  the  first  warm  days  ol'  spring. 

The  abdomen  of  the  t'emale  {h,  Fig.  (12),  as  well  as  tiuvt  of 
ihc  male,  has  in  this  spe-aos,  upon  the  hinder  margin  of  each 
of  the  rings,  two  transverse  rows  (tf  stilV  reddish  s|»ines  ;  at 
'/  ill  the  fignn;  is  represented  a  joint  of  the  abdomen,  en- 
larged, showing  tluise  spines.     The  female  also  has  a  retractile 


j| 


jySECTS  ISJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLi:. 


Ss« 


Hms8>' 


ovipositor,  shown   in  the  li^iire  at  c;  this  is  wanting  in  tlic 
otiier  species  ;  c  represents  a  jxtrtion  ot'  one  of  )ier  anteniiie. 

TJie  lore  win<>\s  of 
the  male  are  pak>r  tiuui 
in  poitid<i)''ut,'A\n\.  more 
transparent;  they  are 
ash-eoh)rcd  or  brown- 
ish gray,  and  of  a  silky 
ap|)earanee.  X  broken 
whitish  band  crosses  the  wings  near  the  outer  margin,  aiid 
three  interrupted  brownish  lines  between  that  tu.d  the  base  ; 
there  is  an  ol)li(iuc  black  dash  near  the  tip  of  the  fore  wings, 
and  a  nearly  continuous  l)laclv  line  at  the  base  of  the  friny;r. 
The  hind  Avings  are  plain  pale  ash  color,  or  very  light  gray, 
with  a  dusky  dot  about  the  middle. 

licmcd'uK. — To  attatdv  an  enemy  with  success  it  is  essential 
that  we  know  his  vulnerable  poinLs.  In  this  instance,  sinc(! 
ihe  fenudis  are  without  wings,  if  they  can  be  prevented  from 
crawling  up  the  trees  to  dejjosit  their  eggs,  a  great  point  will  be 
gained.  Various  measures  iiave  been  employed  to  secure  this 
end,  all  belonging  to  one  or  other  of  two  classes, — first,  those 
that  prevent  the  ascension  of  the  moth  by  entangling  her  feel 
and  holding  her  there,  or  by  drowning  her;  second,  those 
which  look  Id  a  similar  end  by  ])revcnting  her  from  getting  a 
foothold,  and  causing  her  to  I:  11  repeatedly  to  the  ground 
until  she  becomes  exhausted  ai)d  dies.  Jn  the  first  class  is 
included  tar,  mixed  with  oil  to  jirevent  its  drying,  and  applied 
either  directly  around  the  body  of  the  tree,  or  on  strips  of  old 
canvas  or  still'  paper,  about  liv(>  or  six  inches  wide,  and  tied 
in  the  middle  with  a  string;  refus(!  sorghum  molasses,  |)rinler's 
ink,  and  slow-drying  varnishes,  are  used  in  a  similar  manner. 
'I'in,  lead,  and  i-ubber  troughs,  to  contain  oil,  also  belong  to 
this  class  of  I'cmedies,  and  have  uU  been  used  with  uiore  or 
less  success.  Jn  the  use  of  any  of  the  first-named  sticky 
substances,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  they  must  be  lve|)t 
sticky  by  freipient  renewal  of  the  surface  in  mild  weather,  uv 


i 


4 
I 

I 


till 

as 
lc;i 
rrli 
to 

a  \' 

ai'i' 

>\\v 

I. 

we 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


;:i 


)r 

.V 


the  a|)i)lic:ition  will  be  useless;  they  slioiikl  also  be  applied 
as  early  as  the  latter  part  of  October,  and  ke[)t  on  until  the 
leaves  are  expanded  in  the  ibllowing  spring.  It  must  also  be 
rcincnibered  that  some  of  the  moths,  defeated  in  their  attempts 
to  climb  the  trees,  will  deposit  their  eggs  near  the  ground,  or 
aii\  where,  in  faet,  below  the  barrier,  and  that  tiie  tiny  yonng 
worms  hatoheil  from  thenj  v,'ill  pass  without  difHeulty  through 
a  verv  small  opening.  Ileuee,  whether  troughs  or  b;mdages 
are  used,  care  nmst  be  taken  to  jill  up  all  the  irregularities  of 
.-m'faec!  in  the  baric  of  the  tree;:,  so  that  no  oi)enings  shall  be 
loft  through  whieh  they  may  pass.  Cotton  batting  answers 
well  in  most  eases  for  this  ])urpose. 

Till'  sei'ond  (ihiss  of  remedies  consists  of  various  ingiMiioiis 
devices,  in  the  way  of  collars  of  metal,  wood,  or  glass  fasten('<l 
aioinul  the  tree  and  sloping  downward  like  an  inverted  funnel. 
These,  although  they  prevent  the  i>u)tlis  from  ascending  the 
tree,  olfer  but  littli;  obstatde  to  the  ])rogress  of  tlie  yonng 
(■alei'|)illars  unless  the  ojienings  between  the  collar  and  the 
tfci'  are  carcriiily  packed,  ai-d  hence  they  often  fail  of  entire 
success.  Those  belonging  to  the  first  class  are  said  to  be  the 
.sin-est  and  best,  and  while  it  must  be  admitted  that  it  involves 
iiiiich  time  and  labor  to  renew  so  often  aiu'  for  so  long  a  jjoriod 
(he  lar  or  other  sticky  application  so  as  to  make;  it  an  cfrectual 
harrier  to  the  ascent  of  the  insect,  still  it  will  pay,  wherever 
the  canker-worm  aboiuids,  to  give  this  matter  the  attention 
re(piisite  to  insiu'c  success.  The  limited  pinver  of  motion 
possessed  bv  the  female  usuallv  conlines  this  insect  within 
narrow  limits,  ansl  \\q\uv.  it  is  local  in  its  attacks,  sometimes 
alioimdin'i;  in  one  orchard  and  beinur  scareelv  known  in  a 
neighboring  one;  but  when  it  has  obtained  a  footing,  and  is 
iiegle(!ted,  it  usually  nudtipli(>s  j^rodigiously.  Strong  winds 
will  >om(  times  carry  the  larva*  from  one  tree  to  another  iu>ar 
hv.  When  the  worms  lu'c  onc(!  on  the  tree,  if  th(^  \vvv.  is 
small,  they  may  be  dislodged  by  jarring,  when  they  all  drop, 
suspended  in  mid-air  by  silken  threads;  then,  by  swinging  a 
stick  above  them,  the  threads  may  be  collected  and  the  larvie 


laMimiaiMm 


V 


INSECTS  IXJUHIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


V 


broii};lit  to  tlie  ground  and  destroyed.  Fall  ploughing  has 
been  recommended  to  destroy  the  ehrysalids  hv  turning  them 
up,  wlien  they  are  likely  to  be  either  killed  by  exposure  or 
devoured  by  birds.  Hogs  also  are  very  useful  in  destroyin;^ 
this  i)est  by  rooting  up  the  ehrysalids  and  eating  them. 

These  insects  liave  many  natural  enemies.     A  small  mite, 
Xof/irics  ucivo)'u.s  Packard  (Fig.  03),  destroys  the  eggs.     A 

mi  mite  jiarasitic  fly  deposits  her  egg> 
^vithin  tlie  eggs  of  the  canker-worm  and 
destroys  them.  In  the  larval  state  they 
are  i)reyed  on  by  a  small  Ibur-wingcil 
lly,  a  species  of  Microgaster,  which,  afdM' 
having  fed  upon  its  victim  to  i'ull  growth, 
eats  its  way  out,  and  constructs  a  small 
oval  white  cocoon  altachcd  to  the  bodv 
of  the  cater[)illar.  A  species  of  Tachiiia, 
a  two-winged  llv  similar  to  Fig.  4G,  No. 


Kui.  c,;}. 


>1 


is  also  a  jiarasite  on 


thes 


e   worms. 


i'red 


iceous  msecits 


also  feed  upon  them,  especially  the  Green  Catci-pillar-hunlii' 
(Fig.  47),  the  Copper-spotted  Calosoma  (Fig.  18),  and  the 
Rapacious  SoMicr-hug,  ^Sill<^(l  (Vmdoiia  (Say)  (Fig.  (M).     The 


h  i- 
rlini 

.vl 

sllMIC 

;l1si> 


|i 


Fid.  01. 


Fraternal  Potler-wasp,  KiimcnoH  fratrnni.^  Say  {<t,  Fig.  ()5), 
stores  (he  cells  lor  her  young  with  canker-worms,  often  ])laciiig 
as  many  as  iiftci'ii  or  twenty  in  a  single  cell,      in  the  ligure,  at 


ATTACK  no    THE   LEAVES. 


n 


h  is  shown  the  clay  cell  of  tliis  insect  entire ;  iit  c  tlio  same  cut 
tlii'oii'jjii,  showing'  lu)\v  it  is  packed  with  these  larvrj.  These 
cells  are  sonietinies  attacheil  to  phmts  aiul  sonutinies  con- 
structed under  the  h)osc  bark  of  trees.  Insect-eating  birds 
;iIso  devour  hirge  numbers  of  canker-worms. 

These  insects  are  not  coniined  to  the  aj)i)le-tree :  ebn- 
(lecs  are  freijuently  eaten  bare  by  them;  thev  attack  also 
the  pluni,  cherry,  linden,  and  many  other  trees.  They  are 
eoiiiiiinn  ill  the  Eastern  and  \\\'stern  States,  and  also  in  some 
|);iii<  111'  Cana<la. 

No.  27.--The  Fall  Web-worm. 

Hi/j)Iniiiiri(i  tcxiur  lliirris. 

Alter  the  webs  of  the  tent-caterpillars  have  been  carelully 
removed  in  the  s[)rino;,  and  the  fruit-grower  is  perhaps  (lattcr- 
\\\\f  himself  with  the  idea  that  his  troubles  in  this  dinn'tion 
nrc  about  (tvei-,  towards  the  end  of  summer  lu;  m;iy  be  mor- 
tified to  find  his  trees  again  adorned  with  webs  enclosing 
swaiiiis  of  hungry  caterpillars,  devouring  the  Ibliage.  Thi,  is 
the  fall  w(>b-worin,  an  insect  totally  diHerent  in  all  its  stages 
iVoiii  the  common  tent-caterpillar.  The  moth  (»f  this  species 
deposits  her  eggs  in  broail  patches  on  the  under  side  of  tlu; 
leaves,  near  the  end  of  a  branch,  during  the  latter  part  of 
Mav  or  e;iily  in  dime.  These  hatch  in  the  monlli  of  dune, 
-liilv,  or  August  ;  during  the  earlier  period  in  t!ie  warmer 
(li-(riet-.  and  later  in  the  (bolder  ones. 

As  sniiii  as  (he  young  larva;  appear  they  begin  to  eat,  iind  to 
>pin  a  well  over  themselves  for  protection.  'i'li(>y  devour  only 
llie  pulpy  |)orti()n  of  the  leaves,  leaving  th(>  veins  and  skin  of 
tiie  under  sui'face  untouched.  While  young,  they  are  of  a 
|iali'--yellowi.sh  color,  sparingly  hairy,  with  two  rows  of  black 
marks  along  (he  body,  \^'lu!n  full  grown,  (hey  are  an  iii(;li 
('!•  iiio)-e  ill  Icngdi,  and  vary  greatly  in  their  markings;  some 
examples  an;  pale  yellow  or  giHienish,  others  much  darker  and 
<•!' a  bhiish-blattk  hue.  'Hie  head  is  black,  and  (here  is  a  broad 
dii'^ky  or  blackish  stri[)e  down  the  back  ;  along;  each  side  is  a 


72 


INSECT.J  ISJURIOUS    TO    THE  Al'PLi:. 


'A 


Fui.  06. 


yellowish  band,  .spccklod  more  or  less  with  blaek.     The  body 
is  covered  with  long  straight  hairs,  grouped  in  tufts,  arisin^^r 

from  small  black  or  orange-yel- 
low protuberances,  of  which  thcri; 
are  a  number  on  each  segment. 
The  hairs  are  sometimes  of  u 
dirty  white,  with  a  few  black 
-'  ones  intersj)ersed,  sometimes  red- 
dish brown  ;  they  are  hingest 
towards  the  extremities  of  the  body.  Unlike  the  common 
tent-caterpillars,  these  la^'vos  do  not  wander  from  their  nests 
to  Iced  until  nearly  full  grown,  but  extend  the  web  over  their 
whole  feeding-gromid,  constantly  enclosing  fresh  portions  of 
the  branch  occupied,  until  sometimes  the  web  covers  a  space 
several  feet  long,  the  whole  enclosed  portion  having  a  scorched 
or  withered  look,  as  if  it  had  been  blighted.  When  nearly 
at  their  fidl  growth,  they  suddenly  abandon  their  social  habits 
and  scatter  far  and  wide,  feedint>;  on  almost  anv  t2;re('n  thiii^ 
thev  meet  with.  Thev  are  verv  active,  and  riui  briskly  when 
disturbed. 

DiM'ing  September  and  October  these  caterpillars  descend 
to  the  ground  and  burrow  a  short  distance  under  the  surface, 
or  creep  under  crevices  of  bark  or  some  such  shelter  above 
ground,  where  they  form  slight  cocioons  of  silk,  interwoven 
with  hairs  i'rom  their  bodies.  Within  these  cocoons  tluy 
soon  change  to  chrysalids  of  a  dark-brown  color  (Fig.  67). 

Fia.  07.  Fia.  08. 


V* 


smooth,  polished,  and  faintly  punetaled,  with  aswcilling  about 
the  middle.  In  this  condition  they  remain  until  the  following 
year. 

The  moth  (Fig.  ()<S)  is  of  a  nnlk  white  color,  without  spots  ; 


fre(|i 
pea  I'll 
feede 
clierr 


i 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


73 


tlie  ;uiteiina3  are  gray,  those  of  the  male  doubly  feathered  be- 
low, tliosG  of  tlie  female  with  two  rows  of  iniiuite  teeth  only; 
{\\i-  lV(tiit  thighs  arc  tawny  yellow,  the  feet  blackish  l)i-o\vn. 
Wluii  the  winii'S  are  expanded  they  measure  about  one  and 
a  quarter  inches  across.     The  moth  Hies  only  at  night. 

In  the  Northcru  United  States  and  Canada  there  is  oidy 
one  brood  of  this  insect  in  the  season,  but  in  the  Soutli  it  is 
frcfjiientlv  double-brooded,  the  iirst  brood  of  the  larvto  ap- 
pearing in  June,  the  second  in  August.  It  is  a  very  general 
I'ccder;  besides  the  apple,  it  also  eats  the  leaves  of  tlu;  plum, 
ciuTry,  pear,  hickory,  ash,  elm,  willow,  oak,  beec;!),  i)utton- 
wood,  grape,  currant,  blackberry,  raspberry,  and  clover. 

From  their  birth,  the  web-si)inning  habits  of  these  larvse 
promptly  lead  to  their  detection,  and  as  soon  as  seen  tney 
should  be  removed  by  cutting  off  the  twig  or  braiu'h  and 
(lestroving  it;  if  bevond  ordinarv  reach,  the  branch  niav  l)e 
cut  oil'  by  attaching  a  pair  of  pruning-shears  to  a  pole  and 
pulling  one  handle  with  a  string.  As  they  remain  constantly 
inider  the  web  for  so  Icjng  a  period,  the  removal  of  the  branch 
insures  in  most  instances  the  destruction  of 
the  whole  colony. 

No  parasites  have  yet  been  recorded  as 
preyiug  on  them,  but  many  carnivorous  in- 
sects devour  them.  The  Spined  Soldier-bug, 
l\)(Jmis  t^plnosus  (Dallas)  (Fig.  (>i)),  attacks 
them,  piercing  their  bodies  with  its  beak 
and  sucking  them  empty.  This  i'riendly  insect  is. represented 
in  the  iigure  at  b,  with  one  pair  of  wings  extended,  the  othei" 
clo.scd ;  at  a,  a  magnified  view  ol'  the  beak  is  given. 


No.  28. — The  Cecropia  .Emperor-moth. 

Plahjsamia  Cecropia  (liiiui.). 

Among  the  many  beautiful  insects  native  to  this  country, 
(here  are  none  which  excite  more  delight  and  astonishment 
than  the  Cecjropia  nu)tli.  Its  .size  is  enormous,  measuring, 
when  its  wings  are  spread,  from  live  to  seven  Inches  a"ross, 


f!i 


74 


lASECrS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   AI'l'LIJ. 


1 


while  its  beauty  is  siieh  as  to  oliann  all   hcliolders.     Flo;,  70 
ijjivcs  a  very  ^ood  rej)rc,sontatioii  of  this  niagiiiticciit  motli. 


Botli   the .  iVoiit  and   hind   wings  arc  of  a  rich  brown,  the 
anterior   pair  grayi.sii  shaded  with   red,  (he   [xisterior  inoie 


pi 


..ti'.>irwt^» 


L 


I  line, 


ATTACKISG    THE  LEAVES. 


to 


uiiiroriiilv  l)r()\vii,  and  about  the  middle  ol"  each  of  the  wing's 
i-  a  nearlv  ki(hiey-shaped  white  spot,  shaded  more  or  loss  with 
ivd,  :ind  margined  with  blaek.  A  wavy  (hill-red  band  crosses 
(.ai'li  of  the  wings,  edged  within  witli  white,  the  edging  wide 
and  distinct  on  the  hind  wings,  and  more  ov  less  faint  on  the 
ficiit  pair.  The  enter  edges  of  the  wings  are  of  a  pale  silUy 
blow  II,  in  which,  on  the  anterior  [)air,  runs  an  irregular  didl- 
biarlv  liiH>,  which  on  the  hind  wings  is  replaced  by  a  double 
broken  baiul  of  the  same  hue.  The  front  wings,  next  to  the 
slinulders,  are  dull  red,  with  a  curved  white  and  black  band, 
and  near  their  tips  is  an  eye-like  spot  with  a  bluish-white 
cn-ceiii.  The  upper  side  of  the  body  and  the  legs  are  dull 
red,  with  a  wide  band  behind  the  head,  and  the  liirnhn*  e<lges 
of  tlic  rings  of  the  abdomen  white;  the  under  side  of  the 
Ijodv  is  also  marked  with  white. 

Diu'ing  the  winter  months,  when  the  apple-trees  are  ieaf- 
Ic--,  the  large  cocoons  of  this  insect  are  frequently  fouml 
liriiily  attached  to  the  twigs;  they  also  occur  on  many  other 
trees  and  shrid)s,  for  in  its  ('aterj)illar  state  it  is  a  very 
general  i'eeder.  The  cocoon  (F.\^'.  71)  is  about  three  inches 
long  and  an  inch  or  more  broad  in  its  widest  jtart,  pod- 
shaped,  of  a  rusty-gray  or  brownish  color;  it  is  formed  cd" 
two  layers  of  silk,  the  outer  one  not  unlike  strong  brown 
paper,  and  within  this  a  ([uantity  of  loose  silken  fibres  covei- 
iiiii  an  imior,  oval,  closely-woven  cocoon,  containing  a  large 
hrown  chrysalis.  Snuglv  enclosed  within  this  double  wrap- 
per.  I  he  chrysalis  remains  uninjured  by  the  variations  of 
temi)erature  diu'ing  the  winter,  l^ate  in  May,  or  early  in 
.lime,  the  pu[)a-case  is  ruptured  by  the  struggles  of  its  occu- 
jiMiit,  and  the  newly-born  moth  begins  to  work  its  way  out 
(»r  the  cocoon;  to  lessen  (he  labor,  a  fltnd  is  secreted  from 
;il>iiiil  the  mouth,  which  softens  the  fibres;  then  a  tearing, 
seiaping  sound  is  heard,  made  by  the  insect  working  with  the 
claws  on  its  lore  feet,  pulling  away  the  softened  threads  and 
packing  thenj  on  each  side  to  make;  a  passage  I'or  its  body. 
Tlie  i)lace  of  exit  is  the  smaller  end  of  the  (iocoon,  whic-h  is 


b_ 


76 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE    APPLE. 


more  loosely  made  tluiii  any  other  part,  and  through  whieh,  at'icr 
the  internal  obstacles  are  overcome,  the  passage  is  etllrtc  1 

without  nuich  furtiier  trouble.    Fii>t 
through   the   opening  is   thrust  the 
front    pair   of    bushy-looking   I^  nrs. 
the  shar[)  claws  of  which  fasten  on 
tiie  outside  structure;  tiion  with  an 
effort  the   head    is  drawn    forward, 
disphvying  the  bcautifid  feather-like 
antennic;  next  the  thorax,  on  wiru'li 
are  borne    the  other    two   pairs   (if 
legs,   is    liberated,    and    Hnally   tlic 
escape    is    completed    by   the   with- 
drawal of  the  abdomen.     An  odd- 
looking  creature  it  is  at  first,  widi 
its  large,  plump,  juicy  body,  and  its 
thick,  small  wings  not  much  larger 
than   those   of  a  liumble-bee.     'i'lic 
insect    now   seeks   a   good    location 
where  the  wiiiffs  may  hano;  down  in 
a  position  favorable  for  expandiiin, 
when   in  a  short  time  they  undergo 
a  marvellous  i^rowth,  attaininu"  their 
full  size  in  from  half  an  hour  to  an 
hour. 

Soon  after  tiieir  exit  these  moths 
seek  their  mates,  and  shortly  tin 
female  begins  to  defjosit  her  eggs,  a 
process  which  occupies  considerable 
time,  since  there  are  two  or  three 
hundred  to  dispose  of,  and  they  are 
usually  laid  in  pairs,  firmly  fastened  with  a  glutinous  material, 
on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf  of  tin;  tree  or  shrub  which  is  U) 
form  the  future  food  of  the  caterpillar.  The  egg  is  nearly 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  ahnost  round,  of  a  dull  creamy- 
white  color,  with  a  reddish  s[)ot  or  streak  near  the  middle. 


The 


1 

(lays, 

meal 

shiniii; 

the  sai 

ra))id, 

too  tig 

At  cac 

■•; 

ill  an 

M 

reprcse 

ATTACKING   THE  LKAVK^. 


^^■g'>^, 


%% 


TIic  (lunition  of  the  egg-state  is  usually  from  a  week  to  ten 
(lavs,  when  the  young  larva  eats  its  way  out,  making  its  first 
meal  of  the  empty  egg-shell.  At  first  it  is  blaelc,  with  little 
siiiniiig  black  knohs  on  its  body,  from  which  arise  hairs  of 
the  same  color.  AVith  a  ravenous  appetite,  its  growth  is  very 
rapid,  and  I'rom  time  to  time  its  exterior  coat  or  skin  becomes 
too  tiii'lit  for  its  comfort,  when  it  is  ruptured  and  tiirown  off. 
At  each  of  these  changes  or  moultings  the  caterpillar  appears 
ill  ail  altered  garb,  until  finally  it  assumes  tiie  appearance 
rejirc^ented  in  Fig.  72.     It  is  a  gigantic  creature,  from  three 


Fit 


1 1  III;'. 


to  four  inches  long,  and  nearly  as  thick  as  a  man's  tlunnb; 
its  color  is  |)ale  green  ;  the  hn-ge  warts  or  tuberciles  on  the 
third  and  fourth  segments  are  coral-red,  the  others  on  the 
back  are  yellow,  except  those  on  the  secontl  and  terminal 
.segments,  which,  in  common  with  the  smaller  tubercles  along 
the  side,  are  blue.  During  its  growth  from  the  diminutive 
creature  as  it  esca])es  from  the  egg  to  the  monstrous-looking 
lull-grown  specimen,  it  consumes  an  immense  amount  of  vcge- 
tai)le  I'ood  ;  and  especially  as  it  api)roaches  maturity  is  this 
voracious  ap|)etite  aj)parent.  Where  one  or  two  have  been 
])laced  on  a  young  apple-tree,  they  may  in  a  short  time  strip 
it  entirely  bare;  the  loss  of  foliage  during  the  growing  period 


78 


INSECTS  IXJriilOUS    TO    Till-:  APPLE. 


h 


])revent.s  the  proper  ripening  of  the  wood,  and  often  endangers 
the  life  of  the  tree. 

Remedies. — The  natural  increase  of  this  insect  is  great,  and 
wise  provisions  have  been  made  to  keep  it  within  due  boiuids. 
Being  so  conspicuous  an  object,  it  often  forms  a  dainty  iik  al 
for  the   larger   insectivorous    birds;    there  are  also  eneniiis 

which  attack  tiie  egg  and 
'■  '"■  young    larva,  and    sevcnil 

species  of  parasites  which 
,  live  within  the  l)ody  of 
'  the  caterpillar,  and  finallv 
destroy  it  either  in  the  lar- 
val or  the  chrysalis  state; 
it  is  believed  that  fully 
four-fifths  of  the  larvre 
perish  in  this  manner.  The 
largest  o^'  these  pprasites, 
and  perhaps  the  commonest 
of  them  all,  is  the  Lony;- 
tailed  0])hion,  0})hion  iiki- 
cruruiii  (Fiinn.)  (Fig.  73), a  large,  yellowish-brown  Ichneumon. 
The  female  of  this  Hy  deposits  her  eggs  on  the  skin  of  her 
victim,  where  the  young  larvfe  soon  hatch,  and,  eating  their 
way  to  the  interior,  prey  upon  the  fatty  j)ortions  of  the  cater- 
j)illar.     Ai'ter  the  latter  has  attained  full  growth,  formed  its 

cocoon,  and  become  a  chrys- 
alis, the  enclosed  para-ite 
causes  its  death.  When  iull 
grown,  the  larva  of  this  jiar- 
asite  is  a  large,  fat,  footless 
grub  (Fig.  74),  which  spins 
an  oV)long-oval  cocoon  with- 
in the  Cecroj)ia  chrysalis,  and  escapes  as  a  fly,  sometimes  in 
the  autumn,  but  more  frequently  in  the  following  spring. 
A  two-winged  fly,  a  species  of  Tachina  (Fig.  46),  is  also  veiy 
frequently  found  as  a  parasite  on  the  caterpillar.     The  larva 


Fk).  74. 


niiied 


also  fe( 


■— M 


ATTACK  I XG   THE   LEAVES. 


79 


of  this  pai'a>ite  is  a  fat,  fleshy,  Ibotless  grub,  of  a  traiisliu'cnt 
vcll(»\v  color,  and  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  A  third  para- 
site is  a  sn)all  four-winged  liy,  known  as  the  (  Vcropia  (,'halcis- 
tlv,  Smicra  mar'm  (Uiley)  (Fig.  75).     In  tin;  figure  the  ffy  is 


Fi...  7.'). 


I'^Ki    7i5. 


Fio. 


^~\ 


iiiitcli  nuiL'uified  ;  the  short  lines  at  the  side  show  its  natural 

size,     A  fourth  friendly  liclper  is  an  Icliueunion  fly,  known 

nm\v['    the    name    of    the 

(Vcropia   Cryptus,  Cri/pfus 

e.ftrematis    Cresson,    which 

infests  the  C'ecroj>ia  larva 

in  iiwat  niuubers,  filling  its 

chrysalis   so  entirely  with 

its    thin,    papery    cocoons 

(hui    a    transverse    section 

i)ours  a  strong  resemblance 

to  a  piece  of  lioney-comb. 

(Sec  Fig.  70.)    The  flies  of 

this  parasite  escape  in  June, 

the  female  presenting   the 

appearance  shown  in   Fig. 

77,  where  it  is  niiK^h  mag- 

nilied,  the  short  line  at  the  side  showing  its  natural  size. 

Another  two-winged  parasite  is  Gai'rdx  anchnra  Loew. 

While  very  partial  to  the  apjile,  the  larva  of  Cecropia  will 
also  feed  on  the  cherry,  plum,  pear,  maple,  willow,  lilac,  Eng- 


80 


IXSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   APPLE. 


\'\A\  alik'r,  red  ciu'niiit,  and  lia/d  ;  also  on  llu,'  liickoiy,  birch, 
elm,  hi  iiey-l()eu;st,  harheny,  hawthorn,  and  elder, 

Durint;  the  winter  their  cocoons  should  he  looked  for  and 
destroyed  ;  the  lar\  ;e  also  may  In;  subdued  i)y  hand-pickinjj;, — 
ilu^ir  work,  as  well  as  their  r.ppeai'auee,  beinj:;  so  conspieuuiis 
iliai  tliev  are  readilv  detected. 


¥>A\.  78. 


>-^^^^ 


No.  29. — The  Unicorn  Prominent. 

(.'telodiisii.-i  nniciiniis  iSm.  \-  Alil).\ 

Thc^  larva  of  tliis  moth  is  a  very  siniiular-Iookiiijij  creature. 
(See  Fill,'.  78.)    It  is  re<ldish  brown,  variei^ated  with  white,  on 

the  hack,  with  a  lari;e  brown  head  ;  the 
sides  ol'  (he  second  :uid  third  .^^eginonts 
are  ^reeu,  and  i'rom  the  toj)  of  the 
Iburth  a  prominent  horn  is  projected, 
'riierc'  :u'e  on  the  body  a  lew  short 
liairs,  scarccdy  visible  to  the  naked  eye  ; 
tlic  j)osterlor  se<.!;ment,  with  the  hindcrmost  pair  of  feel,  i^ 
always  raised  when  the  insect  is  at  rest,  but  it  <;enerally  uses 
tiuvc  feet  in  walking'.  In  .VuL.',ust  and  September  tliis  lar\a 
may  lie  found  nearly  full  ^■rown.  At  first  catini;'  a  nolcli, 
about  the  si/e  of  its  body,  in  the  side  of  the  leaf  on  which  It 
i.s  feeding,  luid  j)Iaeiug  it.self  in  (his  notch,  with  the  humps 
on  its  body  somewhat  reseinl)lin<jj  the  irrt'gularities  in  the 
margin  ol'  lh(>  ])artly-ealen  leaf,  it  is  not  easily  (lete(!ted. 
J'jvenlually  il  consumes  ihc  entire  leaf,  except  !i  small  portion 
of  the  base.  When  mature,  it  measures  from  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  (piai'ler  in  ienglh,  and,  while  generally  solitary  ni 
its  habits,  sometimes  three  or  four  are  found  together  eating 
tlic  leaves  of  the  sani(>  twig.  IJesides  the  ap|)le,  it  i'eeds  mi 
tlie  i)lum,  d'  gwood,  rose,  ahhir,  and  svinterberry. 

When  full  grown,  which  i^  lowai'ds  the  end  of  Re])tomber, 
it  descends  from  the  tree,  and  under  fallen  Iea\'cs  on  the 
ground  constructs  a  thin,  almost  transparent,  jiapery  coeooii, 
wi'h  bits  of  leaves  attached  to  the  outside.  A  consideraltl" 
time  elajises  after  lh(>  cocfjon  is  formed  before  the  caterpillar 


i 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


81 


(,'liaii"'c'S  to  a  brown  chrysjilis.  The  inotli  docs  not  appeal- 
until  tine  following  suiunier,  anil  is  nio.st  eoninion  in  July. 
(See  Fi^^  79.) 

The  fore  wings  are  light  brown,  variegated  with  patches 
ol'  trnienish  white,  with  many  wavy  linos  of  a  dark-bi-ow  n 
(nli>r,  two  of  which  enclose  a  small 
whitish  space;  at  l!ie  base  there 
i-  a  shoi't  blachish  mark  near  the 
middle;  the  tij)  and  the  outer  hind 
margin  ai'c  whitisli,  tinged  with 
ivd  in  the  males,  and  near  the  outer 
liiiid  angle  there  are  two  hhwk 
(lushes  and  one;  small  white  dash.  The  hind  wings  of  the 
male  are  dirty  white,  with  a,  dusky  spot  on  the  inner  hind 
angle,  those  of  tlui  female  sometimes  entirely  dusky.  The 
hody  is  brownish,  with  two  narrow  bla<'k  bands  across  the 
frdiit  part  of  the  thorax.  When  the  wings  are  expanded, 
this  moth  measures  I'rom  an  incb  aiid  a  (piarter  to  an  inch 
and  a  Jialf  across.  It  is  (l()id)le-br<)(td(!d  in  the  South,  the 
moths  of  the  first  brood  apjx.'aring  early  in  .)inu',  those  of 
the  second  in  August;  in  the  North  it  is  also  sometimes 
dodhle-brooded. 

This  insect  is  rarely  present  in  suHicicnt  tunnbers  to  do 
atiy  material  damage  ;  ai.  1  it  seldom  attracts  the  notice  of  the 
fiiiit-grower,  uidess  by  die  singular  appearance  of  the  cater- 
pillar and  its  re:oa* 'cabl(>  cond)ination  of  c(dors.  No  para- 
sites hiivo  yet  been  re-'orded  as  pnyingon  it,  though  doubtless 
it  sulTcrs  in  this  way  in  coiumou  with  most  other  insects, 


no 


No.  30,— The  Turnus  Swallow-tail. 

Vapilio  luriius  I, inn. 

Every  one  must  luivo  j^een  the  large  lin-nus  swallow-tail 
l)utti'rllv  floatiiiix  about  in  the  warm  days  of  June  and  dulv, 
eiijoving  the  .'•unshiuc,  drinking  from  the  wayside  pool,  or 
:-ippiiig  th(>  honey  from  llowcrs.  It  is  one  of  our  largest  and 
hiuid.somest  butterllies,   mea.'^uring,   when    its   wings  ai'e  ex- 


m 


j.\si:cTs  jyjujuurs  to  the  M'Pi.f.. 


piiiul'"!,  about  (our  iiiclics  across.  (Sec  Fig.  80.)  The  wiiios 
areol'a  rich,  pale  loiiioii-ycllov  color,  baiuh'tl  and  hordci'cd 
with  hhicU  ;  on  the  I'orc;  wings  arc  lum-  hhiciv  bars,  the  inner 
one  extending  entirely  across  tliu  wing,  the  outer  ones  hc- 
('(»inii!g  shorter  as  tliev  approach  tlie  api'.\.  The  front  inai- 
gin  is  edged  with  hhicU,  and  tlio  outer  margin  has  a  wid^' 
border  of  the  same,  in  winch  is  set  a  row  of  eiglit  or  nim 
pale-yi'Mow  spots,  the  h)wer  ones  less  distinct. 


''9. 


Vxii    MO 


The  hind  wings  are  crossed  by  a  streak  of  bhick,  which  is 
abnost  a  continu"lion  of  the  iinier  band  on  the  'ore  wings; 
there  is  a  short  bhick  streak  a  little  beyond,  and  a  wide  black 
border,  wideidng  as  it  approaches  the  iiniei"  angle  of  the 
wing.  I^nclosed  within  this  bolder,  and  towards  its  (inter 
cilgc,  arc  six  luindai'  spots,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  reddish, 
the  others  yellow  ;  above  autl  about  these  spots,  ami  especially 
towards  the  iinier  ungle  of  the  wing,  tlii'  black  bordering  is 
thickly  powdered  with  blue  scales.  The  onlcr  nuirgin  of  the 
hind  wings  is  scalhtped  aixl  partly  edged  with  yellow;  the 
iiuicr  margin  is  bordered  with  brownish  black  Ibr  about  two- 


W 


A  T  TA  CKING    Til  E  L  E.  I  I  'KS. 


.s;i 


m 


F* 


tliir(I>  ul'  its  k'li^tli,  i'ollowcd  hv  a  snuill  vcIIdw  paU'li,  wliidi 
i-  >iic('i('(k'(l  by  a  lai'<2;('r  l)lack  spot,  centred  witli  a  crescent  dI" 
l)li!c  atoms,  and  bounded  below  by  an  iri'e<;'idar  i'ed(li>li  >|»()t, 
iiiai'uined  witbin  with  yellow.  The  hind  wings  terminate  in 
two  K)n«i'  black  (ails  edj^'ed  on  the  insiik;  with  yellow.  'J'he 
IkkIv  is  black  above,  mar<;ined  with  pale  yellowish;  below, 
Ncllowish  streaked  with  black.  The  under  surface  of  the 
wiii^s  resend)les  the  up])er,  but  is  |)aler. 

This  insect  passes  the  winter  in  the  ehi-ysalis  state,  and  ap- 
pears fu'st  on  the  win<z;  i'roin  tlui  middle  to  the  end  of  Mav, 
Itiit  becomes  moic  plenlifnl  durinj;' the  latter  |)ari  o|  -liine.tnd 
e;irl\'  in  .Iidy.  The  etrys  arc  deposited  siiiii'ly  <>"  the  leaves 
dl'  ilie  apple  and  other  trees  and  shrubs  (»n  which  the  larva 
(vv<.h\  they  are  about  f)ne-( wenty-foiirtli  ol'au  inch  in  dianu!- 
ti  I',  nearly  round,  of  a  dark-j^reen  c(tlor,  with  a  smooth  sur- 
I  !''( ,  In  ai»oul  ten  or  l>velveday>  the  eu^s  benin  to  clian^c 
ct.ior,  becominii,'  darker,  and  i?rowin;;'  verv  dark  Just  bel'oro 
the  c.-cape  of  llie  larva'.  The  vci'y  youn^^  caterpillars  are 
black,  roughened  with  small  brownish-black  tubercles,  with 
the  first  segment  thicki'iied,  of  a  did!,  glossy  tkish  (folor,  a 
|H'oiiiinent  tiesliy  tid)ercle  on  each  side,  and  a  j)ateh  </f  while 
ell  ili(3  seventh  and  eighth  segments. 

When  lull  grown,  it  ap|)ears  as  in  Fig.  81.  It  is  then 
IVom  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  int'liuH  long,  with  a  rather 
liirge  reddish-brown 
IicikI,    and    a    green  ^_^ 

body,  which  is  thick-  ;>J*^^'!i^-W.- 

est  towanis  the  head  f^^/lvT 

<"'■>■•     ^>"  <•'<'  ii'i- ■*  ■■   ^'""■'"■'ms^iii^^^i^^y...... 

tenor  Heginenis   (he 

green  is  ol"  a,  darker  sbiade,  but  paler  on  thy  sides  of  the 
body,  and  partly  covered  with  a  whitish  bloom.  On  ilu; 
(ront  edge  of  (lie  first  Hcginent  is  a  I'aised  yellow  fold,  which 
slighdy  ovc'rhangs  (he  head,  and  from  which,  wlien  irri- 
Ui(«'d,  the  hirva  protrudes  a  yellow,  lieshy,  forked  organ,  at 


Kid.  SI. 


84 


JXSIJCTS   JAJiliJOrS    TO    THE   AJ'J'Li:. 


""■■m 


mm 


tlic  stiinc  tiiiu'  ,ui\iiig  ofl'  a  (lis:ii>;rec'ablL'  odor,  wliicli  is  (loiil)i. 
less  used  as  a  means  of  deience  against  its  eneniies.  On  each 
side  of  the  third  segment  is  an  eye-like  spot,  nearly  oviil, 
yellow,  enelosed  hy  a  ring  of  blaelc,  (-er/.i-ed  witii  a  small 
elongated  blue  dot,  whieh  is  also  set  in  blaek.  On  the  hindii- 
portion  of  the  fourth  segment  is  another  raised  yellow  ioM. 
bordered  behind  with  rich  velvety  blaek  ;  the  latter  is  sei  n 
only  when  the  larva  is  in  motion.  On  the  terminal  segmeiii 
there  is  a  similar  fold,  ilattened  above,  with  a  slight  })roiii- 
beranee  on  eaeh  side.  On  the  fifth  segment  are  two  blih' 
dots,  one  on  eaeh  side,  and  there;  are  traces  on  the  hindt  r 
segments  of  similar  dots,  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows. 
The  imder  surface  is  paler  than  the  upper,  with  a  whiti>li 
bloom. 

When  the  caterpillar  is  about  to  change  to  a  chrysalis, 
whii'h  is  usually  diUMUg  the  early  part  of  August,  the  coler 
of  the  body  grows  gradually  ilarkei-,  until  it  becomes  dark 
reddish  brown,  with  the  sides  nearly  black,  and  the  biii!' 
dots  become  nuich  more  distinct.  Having  selected  a  suitable 
spot  in  whii'h  to  pass  the  chry.sdis  state,  it  spins  a  web  oC 
silk,  into  which  the  hooks  on  the  hind  legs  are  (irmly  fastened  ; 
then,  having  jireparcd  and  stretched  across  a  silken  band  er 
loop  to  su|)i)ort  its  body  in  the  middle,  it  casts  its  larval  skin, 

and  remains  a  dull-brown  chrysalis,  of  the 
form  shown  in  Fig.  82,  until  the  following 
spring. 

This  insect  is  very  widely  distributed, 
being  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  'I'iie  caterpil- 
lar feeds  on  a  number  of  dilVerent  trees, 
but  chielly  allecis  tin;  apple,  cherry,  thorn, 
and  basswood.  As  it  is  always  .solitary  in  its  habits,  it  i> 
never  likely  to  causi!  much  injury.  South  of  lVnnsylvani;i 
(he  female  of  tiiis  species  of  butterfly  usually  loses  its  yellow 
color  and  becomes  nearly  black,  while  the  other  ,sex  retains 
its  nurmal  hue. 


Fui.  W. 


ii& 


I 

4 


ATTACK  I  SO    THE   LEAVES. 


85 


u 


No.  31.— The  Blind-eyed  Sphinx. 

Sin  rri  nihil  ft  >\vivrii/>is  (Sin.  \'  Alth.). 

I)uriii<i'  SoptemUor,  and  sometimes  as  late  as  the  hegiiininj^ 
ot' October,  there  may  be  loiind  occasionally  oii  the  apple-tree, 
f'ccdinu;  on  the  leaves,  a  thick,  <'yliii(irical  ('aterj)illar,  about  two 
and  a  h;dt'  inches  lon<i;,  with  a  u'l-ecn  triani«;nlai'  iioad,  bordered 
with  white,  an  apple-<2;reeM  body,  paler  on  the  back,  but  deeper 
iiK'oJor  alon,<>'  the  sides,  with  its  skin  roiiti'hened  with  niiniert)tis 
white -ti])ped  ^rannhitions,  hiivin«>;  a  stout  lioi-n  on  the  hinder 
part    of   its    back,   of   a 

hluish-ijreen   color,  wirii  J''"'-  ^■'>- 

x'vtii  obli(pie  sti'ipes  on 
cncli  side,  oC  a  pale  yel- 
low, th(^  last  one  of  a 
hriixhter  vellow  than  the 
uilici's  and  exteudini;'  to 
the  base  of  tlu!  horn. 
This  is  the  larva  of  the 
hliiid-eyed  sphinx,  represented  in  1*^1^-.  So. 

Wh<n  full   Lirown,  it  h'aves  the  tree  and   buries   itself  iu 

FiQ.  S4. 


the  earth,  wliere  it  ehauees  lo  a  chrysalis  of  a  chesmut-brown 
eolor.  smooth,  witli  a  short  termiiud  spine. 

The  moth  (l^^i^.  84)  appi'jirs  from  May  to  .lulv.    Mit  diicllv 


g0  INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 

in  June,  and  is  very  liandsome.  The  body  is  fawn-eolored  ; 
on  the  top  of  the  th.orax  is  a  eliestnnt-eohired  stripe,  and  on 
tlie  abdomen  a  dark-brown  line.  The  front  win<^s  are  lawn- 
colored,  clouded  and  striped  with  bntwn  ;  the  hind  wings  arc 
rose-coloxnl  in  the  middle,  with  a  brownish  patch  at  tiic 
tij),  crosf-ed  by  two  or  three  short  whitish  lines,  and  haviiiii 
near  the  inner  an^le  a  black  spot  with  a  pale-blue  centre. 
This  moth  nieasnres,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  about  thiNc 
inches  across. 

It  is  c()mj)aratively  a  rare  insect,  and  has  never  been  known 
to  cause  any  serious  injury.  While  partial  to  the  apple-ti'ec, 
the  caterpillar  will  also  feed  on  the  |)linn  and  wild  cherry. 
The  moth  remains  hidden  during  the  day,  but  becomes  very 
active  at  dusk. 


No.  32.— The  Apple  Sphinx. 

S]>Jihix  (i())(liiis  i'viun. 

'[  his  insect  belongs  to  the  same  family  as  No.  31,  viz.,  the 
yphingida",  or  Sphinx  family,  and  there  is  a  general  re- 
semblance between  the  two  sj)ecies  in  all  their  stages.  The 
larva  of  the  aj)ple  sphinx  is  a  thick,  cylindrical,  ap|)le-greeii 
worm,  about  two  and  a  hr.lf  inches  long,  with  a  reddish-brown 
horn  projecting  from  the  hinder  ])art  of  its  back,  and  with 
seven  oi)li(pie  stri|)es  along  each  side,  of  a  violet  color,  mar- 
gined behind  with  white. 

I  (ate  in  the  autumn  it  leaves  off  feeding  and  buries  itsell' 
deeply  in  the  earth,  where  it  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis 
with  a  short  detached  tongue-case.  Here  it  remains  until 
the  following  season. 

The  perfect  insect  is  a  strong,  narrow-winged  moth,  which 
appears  on  the  wing  from  the  latter  part  of  May  to  the  cmhI 
of  .[iMie.  (I'ig.  ■'^•k)  Its  fore  wings  are  dark  brown,  vai'ieil 
with  ash-gray,  vith  bhuik  streaks  within  the  V(;ins  uid  n 
white  dot  near  the  middle,  resting  on  a  long  black  line.  The 
hind  wings  are  gray,  with  a  bind  across  the  middli',  and  ;i 
wide  maruinal  band  (.f  black.     The  iVinges  of  the  wings  are 


»,i,'iU't».i.'-. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


87 


wliito,  the  head  and  thorax  bhu;kish  brown.  The  abdomen 
is  dark  gray,  with  a  central  l)hieU  line,  and  alternate  black  and 
irravisli  bands  partly  encircling  it.     When  the  wings  are  ex- 


Fid.  85. 


panded,  the  moth  measures  from  three  to  three  and  a  half 
inches  across.     This  also  is  a  night-liyer. 

No.  33. — The  American  Lappet-moth. 

Gastropaclia  Americana  llarriH. 

This  sii\gnlar  insect  is  found  in  the  larval  state  in  Julvand 
August,  resting  in  tiie  daytime  on  the  twigs  or  limbs  of  the 
:ip|»Ie-trcc,  feeding  at  night.  Its  body  is  broad,  convex  above, 
and  perfectly  flat  beneath,  and  when  at  rest  it  closely  resem- 
l)li's  a  natural  swelling  of  the  bark.  Ft  is  of  an  ash-gray 
color,  fringed  close  to  the  under  surl'aiH'  on  each  side  with 
infts  ol'  blackish  and  gray  hairs  s|)ringing  iron)  pi-ojeiiting 
inbcrcles.  On  the  hinder  ])ai't  of  the  (hii'd  segrucut  there  is 
a  bright-scarlet  velvety  band,  and  a  similar  one  o'l  tlu;  fourth 
segment,  neither  of  which  is  seen  except  when  tlu;  larva  is 
in  motion.  On  the  second  segment  there  arc  two  small  tu- 
bercles on  eacih  side,  and  one  on  each  side  of  (he  r(>maining 
segments;  from  these  tubercles  are  given  out  tufts  of  grayish 
liaii-s  mingled  with  whiU'  ones.  'V\n\  under  side  of  (he  bo<ly 
isorange-eolorccl,  with  a  central  rowof  dianu)nd-sliapcd  black- 
isji  spots.      In  general  ajjpearauce  it  nuich  resembles  l<"'ig.  87. 


1 


88 


IXSECTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE   Al'PLE. 


Wln'ii  ready  to  transform,  it  attaelios  it.selt"  to  a  limb  ami 
there  encloses  itself  in  a  gray  eoeoon,  which  aj)|)ears  like  a 
slight  swelling  of  the  liinl),  and  in  this  enclosure  it  changes 
to  a  brown  chrysalis,  in  which  state  it  remains  until  the 
month  of  June  following,  when  the  j)erfeet  insect  (vscapes. 

The  moth  (Fig.  <SG)  is  of  a  tawny  reddish-brown  color, 
with  the  hinder  and  inner  edges  of  the  fore  wings  and   the 

outer  edges  of  the  hind  wings 
notched ;  the  notches  are  mar- 
gined with  white,  JJoth  pairs  of 
wings  are  crossed  by  a  rathei- 
broad,  interrnjjted,  whitish  band, 
not  very  clearly  shown  in  the 
tignre,  which,  on  the  anterior 
wings,  does  not  always  extend  tn 
the  front  margin.  In  the  female  the  jxile  bands  and  dark 
lines  are  sometimes  wanting,  the  wings  being  almost  entirely 
of  a  red-brown  color.  The  moth  measures,  when  its  wings 
are  expanded,  from  ;ui  inch  and  a  half  to  an  inch  and  thi'ee- 
(puirters  across. 

The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  leaves  of  the  apple  tree;  late  in 
June,  and  are  very  j)retty  ol)je(!ts  under  a  magnifying-glass. 
They  measure  about  one-twentit'th  of  an  inch  long,  are  oval, 
flattened  at  the  base  and  also  above,  and  a  little  thicker  atone 
end  than  at  the  other.  In  (iolor  they  are  white,  with  peculiai' 
bhuik  markings;  at  each  end  is  a  cresceut-shaj)ed  stripe,  with 
a  dot  below  it,  and  on  both  the  flattened  surfaces  there  are 
markings  like  (yes,  each  formed  by  an  oval  spot  in  the 
centre,  with  a  curved  .stripe  above'  and  a  shorter  straight  one 
below  ;  between  and  j)arallel  to  the  two  eyebrow-like  marks 
(here  is  another  black  stripe.  The  whole  surface  is  covered 
with  a  net-work,  the  meshes  of  which  are  iri-egnlar,  with  a 
depressed  dot  in  the  centre  of  each.  This  insect  feeds  also 
ou  the  <'hen'y  and  the  oak.  Jt  is  not  at  all  common,  an<i 
probably  will  never  be  a  source  of  much  annoyance  to  the 
fruit-grower. 


,T;%t,«i»««Tinyi'xv>-»— ■ 


^. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


89 


No.  34. — The  Velleda  Lappet-moth. 

To/i/i/c  velleda  (Stoll). 

Tlio  ('aterj)ill;u'  of  lliis  spt'cics  is  very  siii)il;ir  in  ;i|)[)('ariuico 
Miul  liiil)it,s  to  that  of  llu'  American  Lappcjl-iuc^tli,  No.  o."], 
with  some  slight  (lin'crciK'es  in  I'olor  and  markings.  The  t"till- 
i;rii\\n  hii'va  is  two  inches  oi'  moi'c  in  length,  with  a  small, 
Hat  head,  nearly  hidden  beneath  two  j)rojecting  tiit'ts  of  hair 
jiinn  the  second  segment.  It  is  represented  partly  grown  in 
Fin-.  S7.  The  body  is  bluish 
iiiav,  with  manv  I'aint  paler 
longitndinal  lines  ;  across  the 
upper  part  of  the  fourth  seg- 
iiu'iit  there  is  a  narrow  velvety 
l)hick  band,  more  conspicuous 
when  the  caterpillar  is  in  motion.  On  each  .segment  above 
there  a.re  two  wai'ts  with  short  black  hairs,  of  which  those  on 
the  foiu'th  segment,  anterior  to  the  band,  are  most  prominent. 
Tlii'i-e  are  a  few  short  black  and  grav  hairs  scattered  over  the 
hodv.  The  side  i'ringes  which  border  the  body  close  to  the 
under  siu'face  are  composed  of  spreading  tufts  of  light-gray 
mingled  with  black  hairs,  of  luiequal  length,  [)roceeding  IVom 
warts  nearly  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long.  The  under  side  is  of 
a  pale-red  or  orange  color,  with  black  spots.  This  caterpillar, 
when  at  rest,  closely  resembles  the  color  of  the  twig  to  which 
it  is  attached,  and  hence  is  difficidt  to  detect.  It  reaches 
maturity  during  the  month  of  'July,  and  is  found  on  tlu^ 
cherry  and  elm,  as  well  as  on  tlu!  apple. 

Tlie  cocoon,  which  is  usually  attatihed  to  one  of  the  branches 
of  the  tree  on  whi(!h  the  larva  has  led,  is  ubout  un  inch  and 
a  half  long  and  half  an  inch  wnde,  oval,  convex  above,  and 
tlattened  on  the  luidcM'  side  ;  it  is  of  a  brownish-gray  color, 
with  a  few  blackish  hairs  interwoven  with  the  silk. 

The  moth  (Fig.  88)  is  usually  Ibund  in  August  and  Sej)- 
tcmber.  It  has  ti  large,  thick,  woolly  body,  of  a  white  color, 
variegated   with    bluish   gray ;   its   l(>gs  are   thick   and   very 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   APPLE. 


hairy.     On  the  fore  wings  are  two  hroad,  chirk-gray  bands,  in- 
tervening l)etween  three  narrow,  wavy,  white  bands;  the  veins 

are   white    and    j)roniinent.      The 
hind  wings  are  gray,  with  a  white 
hind  borch'r,  and  aoross  the  niiihllc 
UmmM^*        tliere    is    a    broad,   faint,   whitish 
•"A  ^^^^  band.     On  the  top  of  the  thonix 

is  an  obhmg,  bhiekisli-brown  spof, 
widenini;  behin(h  The  males  arc 
not  nnifli  more  than  half  the  size  of  the  females;  the  former, 
when  tlieir  wings  are  exj)an(led,  measure  about  an  ineh  and  a 
half  a(!ross,  the  latter  nearly  two  and  a  half  inehes.  hWn; 
that  last  described,  this  is  a  rare  insect,  and  one  never  liUely 
to  appear  in  snflieient  numbers  to  be  troublesome. 

No.  35. — The  Oblique-banded  Leaf-roller. 

Cacoecia  rosaceana  (Iliirris). 

'I'his  moth  is  a  member  of  a  very  large  family  of  small 
moths  called  Tortrices,  or,  ])opularly,  leaf- rollers,  because 
their  larvae  have  the  habit  of  rolling  uj)  the  leaves,  or  por- 
tions of  them,  forming  hollow  cylinders,  firmly  fastened  with 
silken  threads,  in  which  they  live,  and  where  they  are  j)artly 
protected  from  birds  and  other  enemies.  Most  of  these 
insects,  when  disturbed,  slij)  (piickly  out  of  their  enclosure 
and  let  themselves  down  to  the  ground  by  a  fine  silken  thread, 
and  thus  frecpiently  escape  danger. 

Soon  after  the  buds  of  the  a|)|)le-tree  begin  to  open,  tiie 
caterpillars  of  the  obliijue-banded  leaf-roller  commence  tlieir 
labors.  They  coil  np  and  fasten  together  the  small  and  tender 
leaves,  whicli  thus  furnish  them  at  once  with  shelter  and  food. 
A\'hen  full  grown,  they  are  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
in  length,  of  a  pale-green  or  yellowish-green  color,  sometimes 
reddish  or  brownish,  with  the  lica<l  and  top  of  the  fii'st  seg- 
ment brown  ;  there  is  usually  a  darker  green  stripe  along  the 
bacik,  and  a  few  smooth  dots  on  each  segment,  from  each  of 
which  there  arises  a  short,  line  hair.      In  I'^'ig.  89  this  larva  is 


sh 
ill 
ro 
sk 
ill 


ATTACKISG    THE   LEAVES. 


91 


shown  somcwliat  lua^iiirted ;  also  tlie  chrysalis,  which  is  about 
ilic  natural  size,  licsidos  consuming  the  leaves,  this  jeaf- 
rollci"  is  vcrv  iond  of  (inawing  the 


skin  of  tiie  youui;:;   fruit,  ant 


to 

I   such 


Fio.  S't. 


iihraded   spots  soon    hecoiuc   brown 
and  rusty,  and  sometimes  crack. 

When  mature,  the  larva  lines  the 
inner  surface  of  its  d\veHing-|)laco 
with  a  web  of  silk,  and  then  changes 
to  a  chrysalis  of  a  dark-brown  color. 
(See  Fig.  80.)  Towards  the  end  of 
.June,  or  early  in  »Iuly,  with  the  help  of  some  little  thorns 
(111  the  hinder  segments,  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself  half- 
way out  of  the  nest,  and  shortly  after  tlu;  imprisoned  moth 
escapes. 

This  is  a  short,  broad,  flat  moth,  resembling  a  bell  in 
outline  when  its  wings  are  closed  (see  Fig.  90);  but  when 
expanded   (Fig.  91),  they  ap[)ear  arched  on  the  front  edge, 


Fig.  90. 


^^91 


Fio. !U. 


curving  in  a  contrary  direction  near  the  tip.  The  body  is 
reddish  brown,  the  fore  wings  of  a  light  cinnamon-brown 
color,  crossed  with  little,  wavy,  darker  brown  lines,  and  with 
three  broad,  oblicjue,  dark-brown  bauds,  one  of  which  covers 
the  base  of  the  wings  and  is  sometimes  indistinct  or  want- 
ing; the  second  crosses  the  middle  of  the  wings;  and  tli(> 
third,  which  is  broad  on  the  front  edge  and  narrow  behind, 
is  near  tlu^  outer  hind  margin.  The  hind  wings  are  ochre- 
yellow,  with  the  folded  part  next  to  the  body  blackish. 
AV^hen  the  wings  are  expanded,  the  moth  measures  about  an 
inch  across.     The  cater[)illars  are  found  on  the  apple,  pear, 


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92 


L\si-:(rrs  ixjcniors  to  riii:  ai'/'lk. 


pliiiii,  |»('!i('li,  cliciTv,  rose,  riisphcrrv,  i^oosclxTry,  ciirnuif, 
sti'iiwlHTrv,  and  |)n)l)iil>ly  sonic  other  plants,  slinibs,  aiul  tnrs. 

li'ciih  lic^-.—  ln  llic  larval  stale  fliis  insect  is  infested  by  a 
parasite,  a  species  ol'  Iclinetinion.  A  siniile  |)arasite  almost 
fills  tli(!  I)()(ly  (»!'  tlie  caterpillar,  and  yet  the  latter  li'oes  on 
actively  I'eedinii-,  and  <;'r<»\\s  to  inatnrity  withont  showing-  any 
si^ns  of  inennvcnionce.  When  about  to  enter  the  chrysalis 
state,  the  occnpant  eats  its  way  ont  of  the  body  of  its  victim, 
wliicli  shrinks  np  and  dies,  and  the  parasite  spins  a  cocoon 
within  the  Icaly  enclostii'c,  and  forms  a  chrysalis  nearly  as 
larn;e  as  that  of  the  leaf-rtillcr,  from  which,  in  <\\U'.  time,  a 
fonr-wini>;ed  lly  esca|)es. 

The  depredations  of  this  foe  ai'c  sonH'times  sorions,  more 
especially  when  it  selects  as  its  abode  the  terminal  branches 
of  the  tree,  and  thns  checks  its  nrowth.  N\'lienever  |)raeti- 
cable,  the  curled  and  twisted  ebistcrs  ol'  leaves  sIdiiM  be 
pinched  and  the  larva'  crnshed  ;  if  out  of  reach,  syrininin^- 
with  powdered  hellebore  ..nd  water,  in  tlu^  proportion  of  an 
(tnnee  to  ii  pailfnl  of  water,  or  with  Paris-o-reen  and  water,  in 
the  pro|)oKion  of  a  teaspo(»nfiil  to  a  pailfnl  of  water  will 
destroy  many  of  them. 

No.  36. — The  Lesser  Apple-leaf  Folder. 

Tii'ds  Diiiliravdiu!.  ( lii!  Hanm). 

The  eaterpillai"  of  this  .species  is  a  small  greenish  worm, 
smooth,  with  a  pale-brown  head  and  whitish  markiniis. 
Those  of  the  lirst  bn»od  make  their  appi-araneo  with  the 
o|)eninu;  foliage  in  sprinu; ;  the  opp(«>iie  edtics  of  the  tender 
leaves  are  drawn  tonether  upwards,  and  fastened  with  h  silken 
web,  thns  Ibrininu;  ii  roof  over  the  insect,  which  serves  the 
double  purpose  of  shelt(>r  and  protection.  The  second  brood, 
hatchiiii;'  later  in  the  season  from  e<i<j;s  laid  on  the  surface  of 
the  mature  and  less  yielding!;  leaf,  do  not  dr.aw  its  edn'cs  lo- 
jj;e(her,  but  simply  (lonstruel  a  web  over  the  siu'faee  of  the 
loaf.  When  miitiir(>,  the  caterpillar  cats  oil'  the  upper  cuticle 
of  part  of  u  loiif,  and  brings  the  (idges  togethijr,  tying  thoin 


th 

wi 

sUI 


ATTACKISa    THE   LEAVES. 


d;] 


with  .silken  ilircads,  and  then  lines  the  en('h>.snre  with  tine 
wiiite  sill<. 

Within  this  <Miri('(l  leat"  the  hirva  chaniies  to  a  hrown 
chrysalis,  alxtiit  three-tenths  of  an  inch  loni;.  Sonic  ot'  the 
scy;tnents  ot"  the  body  arc  Inrnishcd  with  minnte  spines,  and 
thi'  posterior  extremity  with  two  hooks,  bent  downwards, 
with  which  the  |>npa  works  itself  half-way  out  ot"  tiu'  enclo- 
sure before  the  niotii  escapes. 

The  moth  is  abont  one-third  of  an  inch  lonjr,  and  measures, 
when  its  win^s  are  spread,  half  an  inch  or  more  aero-s.  Its 
head,  thorax,  and  l"(»re  win«^s  are  ot"  a  brii^ht-oramic  color, 
the  hind  win<;s,  body,  atid  1cjj:s  whitish,  \\\i\\  a  silken  lustre. 
The  lirst  moths  ap|)ear  early  in  the  season,  in  time  to  deposit 
their  eggs  on  tin;  young  foliage  as  it  bursts  \\w  buds;  the 
second  brood  a|>pear  during  the  latter  half  of  .luly. 

This  insect  sometime;!  oeenrs  in  great  nnml«;rs,  destroying 
the  leaves  of  apple-trees,  particularly  young  trees,  giving  them 
I  lie  appearance  of  being  s(!orehed  by  lire.  When  it  bi'comes 
necessary  to  destrov  then),  tht;  remedies  im-ntioned  under  No. 
30  should  be  promptly  applied. 


No.  37. — The  Leaf-crumpler. 

I'/ii/ris  iiiiU(jrn(lla  l/clli-r). 

The  fruit-grower  will  fre(piently  find,  on  examining  his 
a|»ple-trees  in  wintci",  clustei's  oi"  curious  little  eases,  jiartly 
hidden  by  ]»ortions  of  crinnpled  and  withered  leaves.  The 
cases  (Fig.  O'i,  ca,  h)  reseml)le  long  miniature  horns,  wide  at 
one  end,  tapering  almost  to  a  point  at  the  other,  and  twisted 
in  a  very  odd  manner.  'I'he  withered  leaves  are  lirinlv 
fastened  to  the  cases  and  to  the  twig  i)y  silken  threads,  and 
the  case  itself,  which  is  attached  to  tlu^  bark  of  the  twig  on 
which  it  is  placed,  is  curiously  constructed  of  silk  inter- 
woven with  the  dried  castings  ot"  the  artificer.  The  inner 
siuTace  of  the  ease  is  whitish  and  smooth,  the  exterior  rougher 
and  of  .1  yellowish-brown  color. 

These  odd   little  ctises  are  the  work   of  the  larvio  of  tiie 


94 


lySKCTS  ISJVIUOVS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


Leaf'-criiniplcr,  tlie  young  of  wliicii  :i|)|)('ar  late  in  tlie  snni- 
nier  and  attain  about  one-third  of  tlu'ir  growth  hcfore  winter 

sets  in,     ^Vt'ter  constnut- 
"■■  '^""  ing  iheir  places  of  alxxlc, 

they  remain  in  them  all 
winter  in  a  torpid  .state. 
Fig.  J*.']  represents  one  of 
these  eases  well  covered 
with  withered  leaves.  As 
soon  as  tiie  warmth  of  a 
spring  snn  causes  the  l)uds 
to  expand,  the  cater|)illar 
resumes  its  activity,  and, 
leaving  its  ease  in  search 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


95 


1)V  the  early  part  of  June  its  j^rowtli  is  eompleted.  It 
then  shuts  itself  up  in  its  case  and  changes  to  a  reddish-hrowu 
chrvsalis,  about  four-tenths  of  an  ineh  long,  from  which,  in 
about  two  weeks,  the  perfect  moth  escapes. 

When  its  wings  are  expanded,  the  moth  (see  d,  Fig.  92) 
measures  about  seven-tent!is  of  an  inch  across.  Its  fore 
wings  are  pale  brown,  with  patches  ;ind  streaks  of  silvery 
white,  the  hind  wings  plain  brownish  white;  the  under  side 
of  both  wings  is  paler.  There  is  oidy  one  brood  diu'ing  the 
vcMr,  the  moths  depositing  their  eggs  during  Jtdy. 

Remediefi. — One  would  imagine  that  a  caterpillar  protected 
as  this  one  is,  within  its  (^ase,  wouhl  be  secure  from  all  ene- 
mies, but  it  is  not  so;  a  small  Ichneumon  fly  is  a  parasite 
upon  it ;  so,  also,  is  a  two-winged  Taehiiia  Hy,  TacJuna  phijcifu' 
(Le  JJaron),  which  closely  resend)les  the  common  house-fly. 

It  is  not  often  that  this  insect  is  very  numerous  in  any  one 
orchard,  but  where  it  is  abundant  it  sometimes  inflicts  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  damage,  consuming  the  young  foliagt; 
and  materially  retarding  the  growth  of  the  tree.  The  only 
way  to  destroy  them  is  to  pick  the  cases  with  the  (!rum|)led 
leaves  off  the  trees  during  the  winter  and  burn  or  crush 
them.  Jiesiiles  the  ai)p!e,  it  feeds  on  the  cherry,  (pi i nee, 
and  plum,  and  occasionally  on  the  peach. 


No.  38.— The  Eye-spotted  Bud-moth. 

Tinduceni  nreUaiut  (Scliiir). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  insect  sele<!ts  the  opening  bud  as  its 
|)oint  of  attack.  Ft  is  a  small,  cylindrical,  naked  larva  (s(>e 
Fig.  9  4),  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  ol' a  pale, 
dull,  brownisji  color,  with  small  warts  on  its 
bo(ly,  from  which  arise  flue  short  hairs;  the 
head  !uid  the  top  of  the  next  segment  are 
black.  Its  tenement  (ionsisis  of  a  dried, 
blackened  leaf,  |)ortions  of  which  tu'e  drawn 
together  so  as  to  nitdie  a  rude  case,  the  (uni- 
tral  part  of  which  is  lined  with  silk.     It   is  very  partial  to 


Fio.  'M. 


§|i  INSECTS  INJURIOIS    TO    Till-:   AI'l'LK. 

tlio  blossoms  aiul  iiowlv-roriivot;  fruit,  thorobv  oaiisiuir  srroai 
(lisappoiiitmoiit  to  fViiit-^rowcrs,  who  have  jjerliaps  waited 
iiaiieutlv  for  vears  tor  the  tVuit  of  some  new  or  interostiiiL'' 
variety,  aiul  have  their  ho[)es  excited  by  soeiiij^,  it  may  be,  a 
sinj^le  buiu'h  of  blossoms  set  well  and  apnear  promisiiijx, 
when  this  mischier-niaker  commenoes  its  depredations  on 
the  youiii:;  fruit,  drawinti;  the  several  portions  toirether  with 
threads  of"  silU,  and  partly  devourins^  them.  It  sometimes 
contents  itself  with  injurin<ij  the  leaves  oidy,  drawiiii^  oin' 
after  another  around  its  small  inside  ease  until  there  is 
formed  a  little  cluster  of  withered  and  blackeni'd  leaves. 
Another  of  its  tricks  is  to  j^naw  a  hole  into  the  top  of  the 
branch  from  which  a  buneii  of  blossoms  issues,  and,  tunnel- 
ling it  down  the  centre,  cause  its  death. 

Titese  larvte  ai'c  nsuallvfull  tirowu  bv  the  middle  of  June. 
Avlieii  they  change  to  dark-brown clnysal ids  within  their  nests, 
from  which  the  j)erfect  insects  escape  in  Jidy. 

The  moth  (  Fij»;.  1*4)  measiu'cs,  when  its  wiiij^s  are  expanded, 
about  half  an  inch  across.     Jt  is  of  an  ash-<>rav  color.     Thr 


fore  win<rs  ha\e  a  whitish-tn'av 


band 


across  tlie  mi( 


Id! 


anil 


there  arc  two  small  eye-like  spots  on  each  of  them,  one,  lU'ar 
the  tip,  composed  of  four  little  black  marks  on  a  light-brown 
ground,  the  other,  near  the  hiiid  angle,  formed  l)y  three 
inimUe  black  spot.s  arranged  in  a  triangle,  with  sometimes 
a  black  dot  in  the  centre.  The  hind  wings  are  dusky  brown. 
The  attacks  of  tiiis  insfvt  arc  not  restricted  to  the  ap|»le; 
it  is  injurious  also  to  the  cherry  and  ])lum.  Small  aiul  in- 
significant as  it  appears,  it  is  capabhf  of  much  mischief.  Tln' 
only  remedy  suggt'sted  is  to  pull  off  and  (iriish  the  withered 
cliistcM's  of  leaves  containing  the  caterpillars  or  chrysalids 
early  in  the  spring. 


No.  39.— The  Apple-bud  Worm. 

Fjccopnis  inaldiin  Feniald. 

This  insect,  recently   recorded  as  injurious,  has  seriously 
injured  the  apple-trees  in  the  orchards  of  N(»rthcrn  Illinois, 


ATTACKIXG    TIN-:    LEAVES. 


97 


l)v  (IcvouriiiL;  the  t(>nniiiiil  buds  on  tlio  hraiiclu's.  In  tin? 
l;irv:tl  stat(!  the  niiscliicr  is  duni';  ii  is  tluMi  a  small  palc- 
i>Tt'cni>li  or  vcllo\visli-u;roeii  {'at('r|)illar,  soinotinu's  tiiiijctl  witli 
pink  on  the  back.  Its  head  is  yellowish,  with  a  black  dot  on 
each  side,  and  there  is  a  patch  or  shield  of  a  yellowish  eoloi- 
on  tli<'  n|>per  part  ot'  the  iie.vt  setxinent. 

The  ei:>;s  from  which  these  larvie  hatch  an;  deposited 
>in"lv  upon  the  terminal  buds.  The  voniiu;  larva,  after  de- 
vonrinii;  the  bud,  fastens  the  leaf-stalk  of  one  of  the  leaves 
•rrowinu'  near  the  tip  to  the  side  of  the  branch,  aii<l  thus 
fiirm?'  for  itself  a  soi't  of  burrow  l)etween  the  leal-stalk  and 
the  branch,  in  which  it  hides  dnriuii"  the  day,  issninn'  from  its 
retreat  at  nii^ht  to  feed  on  the  leaf  so  secured.  When  this  is 
consumed,  il  is  said  U\  feeil  for  a  time  on  tlu'  newly-formed 
wood,  and  sometimes  eats  its  way  a  shoi't  distance  into  the 
t\\  i^'.  'i'he  caterpillar  about  this  time  deserts  its  bui'row  on 
the  branch,  and  couKfructs  a  yellow,  woolly  twbe  or  case  upon 
one  of  the  leaves,  in  which  it  lives,  issuiuii;  at  niti'ht  to  ['vr{\  as 
lierelofore,  and  when  the  leaf  on  which  it  is  placed  is  almost 
cuMsnmcd,  the  larva  draj^s  the  eas(>  to  an  adjoiniui;-  leaf.  As 
il  approaches  maturity,  it  becomes  of  a  dark  llesh-color  ;  its 
body  is  marked  with  a  number  of  small  shiniuj;'  spots,  and 
its  head  and  the  horuv  shield  oil  the  next  seji'ment  are  black. 
When  full  f^rown,  it  measures  about  half  an  inch  in  leuiith; 
it  then  closes  its  ease  with  a  silken  lid  and  chan<i-es  to  a  chrys- 
alis within  it,  fronj  which  the  moth  a[)[)ears  sibout  a  week  or 
ten  days  later. 

The  fore  wiii<;s  of  the  inotli  are  white,  mottled  and  s|)otted 
with  areenish  brown;  there  is  a  larj^e  t!;rayish-brown  spot 
at  till'  tip,  mottled  with  white,  and  another,  towards  the  base 
of  lh(>  winjr,  of  a  darker  shadt; ;  the  front  edae  is  nioltlcd 
with  grayish  brown.  The  hind  win^s  xxw.  dusky.  Tiiere  is 
only  ou(>  brood  of  these  insects  duriuu;  the  year. 

Tile  tips  ol'  the  infested  branches  usually  die  back  as  far 
as  the  base  ol'  the  lirst  peri'ect  leaf,  where  a  new  bud  forms, 
which  takes  the  place  of  the  terminal  bud,      As  the  brancii 


{)H 


L\si:(TS   LW/lJiJors    TO    TIIK   Al'l'/J-:. 


I"  ' 


from  this  now-f'onnod  \nu\  is  late  in  slartinir,  and  (Iocs  not 
jjrow  straight,  tlic  iiijiirv  caused  by  this  in>o<'t  inti'rl'oivs  seri- 
ously witli  the  tii'owth  ot'  the  tree,  iMid  also  mars  its  beauty. 

A  small  lehueuiuon  Hy,  Microdiiscdriiioiflo^  Cresson,  attacks 
this  hud-worm,  deposit in<>;  an  ejrj^  in  the  body  of  each  eater- 
pillar,  which,  hatchinj^,  produces  a  footless  ma_u;<i;ot,  that  lives 
within  the  body  of  the  cater|)illar  until  it  is  al)ont  ready  t<> 
l)Ccome  a  chrysalis,  when  the  mairt^ot  issues  from  its  body  and 
the  larva  dies.  The  parasite  spins  within  the  silUeii  cast!  of 
its  host  a  toui^h  white  cocoon  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
lonir,  i'rom  which  the  j)erfect  fly  issues  in  about  a  foi'tniiiht. 

Where  these  insects  are  very  troublesome  they  may  be  de- 
stroyed by  syriiiiiintr  the  trees  with  Paris-i^reen  or  London- 
purple  mixed  with  water,  in  the  [)ro|)()rtion  of  (Hie  or  two 
teaspoonfuls  of  the  i)oison  to  two  gallons  of  water.  Their 
nund)ers  may  also  be  lessened  by  hand-pickinu;,  gathering- 
them  while  still  in  their  burrows  near  the  tops  of  the  twig 


.gs. 


I*^ 


Fig.  %. 


No.  40. — The  Green  Apple-leaf-tyer. 

Tod.s  CimlcifUa  (Uiloy). 

This  is  a  small  yellowish-green  caterpillar  (<f,  Fig.  95), 
with  a  horny  iiead  and  neck  of  a  deej)er  yellowish  shade,  the 
head  being  luarked  with  a  crescerit-siiaped   black   mark.      It 

belongs  also  to  the  leaf-rollers 
or  leaf-folders,  and  draws  the 
'^  edges  of  th(!  leaf  together,  as 
shown  in  th(>  figure  at  r/,  and 
lives  within  the  fold.  In  feed- 
ing, it  eats  the  leaf  entirely 
through.  It  is  a  very  nind)le 
little  creature,  and  when  dis- 
turbed wriggh's  (piickly  out  of 
its  ease  and  drojwtothe  ground. 
The  larva  changes  to  a  brown 
chrysalis  (A,  Fig.  1)5)  within  the  fold  of  the  leaf,  which  is 
lined  with  silk.     When  the  time  approaciies  for  the  moth  to 


ATTACKISa    THE    LEAVES. 


90 


('S(':i|K',  the  clirysalis  wriiii^lcs  itself  so  far  out  that  tlie  head 
MiMJocts  h(  voiid  the  enclosure,  as  siiowii  at'/,  soon  after  which 
the  moth  appears. 

Tlie  front  wings  of  the  moth  (c,  Fi<>'.  95)  are  of  a  t;h)->y, 
(I:iik  ash-tfray  color,  the  hind  win<:;s  a  little  paler  ;  when  its 
winiis  are  spread,  it  mi'asures  about  an  inch  across. 

This  insect  closely  resembles  No.  30  in  all  its  diiHreiit 
stai^cs,  and  it  is  i  robable  that  both  insects  are  sliijjhtly-modihcd 
Iniiiis  of  the  same  s[)ecies. 

No.  41. — The  Apple-leaf-sewer. 

Phoxoplcn's  iinlxx'iihtna  (OliMii.). 

In  the  perfect  state,  this  insect  is  a  smsdl  moth  beloni;inu: 
to  the  Tortricidio,  or  Fieaf-rollers.  It  passes  the  winter  in 
the  larval  condition  in  roUed-up  apple-leaves  which  lie  on 
the  trround.  Early  in  April  the  larvic  chan<>e  to  chrysalids, 
1111(1  about  ten  days  afterwards  the  moths  begin  to  appear, 
and  contiiuie  to  issue  for  several  weeks. 

The  n»oth  is  white,  with  brown  markings,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
I'd,  at  c.     The  eggs  are  laid  in  Jinie,  and  the  larva  is  found 


Fia.  9(5. 


tliroughout  the  siunmer  and  autinnn  on  apple-leaves.  It 
folds  the  leaves  together,  as  shown  at  h  in  the  figiu'e,  making 
the  edges  meet,  so  that  the  whole  leaf  forms  a  hollow  case, 
within  which  it  lives  and  feeds  on  the  softer  tissues.  The 
larva  is  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  with  a  yellow  head,  and 


100 


jysECTS  JAJURIOUS    TO    THE   APPLE. 


with  a  liorny  .sliiold  on  tlio  next  sej^ineiit,  a  little  darker,  with 
ii  blade  (lot  on  each  side.  On  each  of  the  reniainini;  segments 
there  are  a  number  of  pale,  shining,  raised  dots,  from  every 
one  of  which  arises  a  single  hair.  On  the  approach  (>f  winter 
the  larva  lines  its  chamber  with  silk,  and  falls  with  the  leaf 
t<»  the  grouixi,  where  it  remains  unchangeil  until  early  the 
loUowing  spring,  when  it  becomes  a  yellowish-brown  chrys- 
alis. As  the  time  apj)roaches  for  the  escape  of  the  moth,  the 
chrysalis  wriggles  its  way  through  the  j)artly-decayed  leal- 
case  at  the  back,  and  |)rotrudes  as  shown  at  6  in  the  figure, 
.soon  after  which  the  moth  escapes. 

This  larva  sometimes  prevails  to  such  an  extent  as  seri- 
ously to  injure  the  foliage  of  aj)ple-trees  ;  in  such  cases  the 
most  obvious  remedv  is  to  gather  carefully  in  the  autumn 
all  the  fallen  leaves  with  the  enclosed  larvte  and  burn  them. 


No.  42. — The  Apple-leaf  Skeletonizer. 

re)ii])elia  Hammondi  Uilcy. 

This  insect  occurs  in  the  larval  state  in  the  autumn,  ami 
sometimes  during  tiie  sununer  also,  and  is  especially  injurious 
to  young  orchards  and  nurseries,  uiving  the  foliage  a  rustv. 


blighted  appearance,  caused 


hV 


th 


th 


le  larva  (levournig  tiie  green 
pulpy  parts  of  the  upper  snr- 
iae(>  of  tiie  leaves  and  leaving 
the  closely-netted  veins  with  the 
under  skin  untouched.  The 
larva  (Fig.  97,  a)  is  of  a  pale- 
brownish  color,  about  half  iiii 
inch  long,  with  darker  lines,  a> 
shown   at  /;,  where  one  of  the 


segments    is 


l.iiihl 


v  mairm 


fio<l 


sometimes  the  color  assumes  a 
greenish  shade.  Behind  tiie 
head  there  are  four  shiny-black  tubercles,  as  shown  at  c,  in 
the  figure,  also  magnilied.     'i'ho  larva  covers  the  surface;  ol' 


ATTACK  I  SCi    THE   LEAVES. 


101 


tlic  loal"  with  loos(!  silky  throuds,  attaclicd  to  wliicli  will  l>e 
ritiuul  a  iiiimbcr  <»t"  small  hlaclv  <;rains  ot'  ('.\cirint'iititi(»tis 
iiiattor,  and  uiuIlt  this  roiiirh  foveriiij'  the  larva  iVeds.     It 


sometimes   leeds  smijly  and   someUmes    in    ;i;i't)Ups  ;    in 


tl 


10 


l;i(ter  case  a  number  of  the  leaves  are  drawn  together,  and 
(lie  larva;  live  and  feed  within  this  shelter. 


Th 


di 


dl 


le   enrvsalis   is  nsnallv  lornied   anioiiLj   tlie   leaves   m   a 


th 


very  slight  coeoon,  and   is  about  a  f|narter  ot  an  inch  Ion 


aiK 


1   of 
ili 


I   i)aie 


i-br 


own   color, 


TI 


le  winter   is   j)assed    in   the 


chrysalis  stat'?,  and    tiio  moths  aj)|)ear  diirin 


th 


d> 


M. 


IV  or 


lUllc 


fiillowing. 

When  its  wings  arc  spread,  tlie  moth  measures  nearly  half 
an  inch  across;  it  is  of  a  deep  piirplish-gray  color,  with  a 
glossy  surface,  ;ind  has  two  silvi'ry-gray  bands  across  the 
wings,  as  shown  in  the  lignrc,  at  <1,  where  it  is  magnilied;  the 
cross-lines  l)elow  the  fignre  indicate  the  natural  size. 

lieincdicx. — 'I'his  pest  may  be  subdued  by  hand-piclving  if 
begun  in  good  season.  It  is  preyed  on  by  two  species  of 
small  Ichneumon  flics,  and  bv  several  carnivorous  insects. 


No.  43. — The  Many-dotted  Apple-worm. 

Kolophana  iiudami  (Kitcli). 

In  June,  and  again  in  August  or  .September,  there  is  somc- 
liines  found  on  ai)j)le-leaves,  in  considerable  nnmbers,  a  rather 
(liick,  cylindrical,  ligiit-green  worm,  an  inch  or  more  in  length, 
with  five  white  longitndinal  lines  and  numerous  whitish  dots. 
These  are  the  larvie  of  Nohpluina  iiidhitui.  They  eat  irregular 
notches  in  the  margins  and  holes  in  the  middle  of  the  leaves, 
and  do  not  feed  in  groups,  but  arc  solitary  in  their  habits, 
scattered  among  the  foliage.  riioy  begin  to  appear  about 
ilie  last  of  May,  and  live  openly  exposed  on  the  under  side 
of  the  loaves,  without  forming  any  web  or  fold  in  the  leaf 
for  protection.  On  reaching  maturity,  which  for  the  early 
brood  is  about  the  bust  of  June,  the  larva  selects  a  leaf  and 
draws  together  a  jwrtioti  of  it  with  silken  threads,  forming  a 
hollow  tube,  within  which  it  spins  a  slight  silky  cocoon  and 


]0l> 


jysKcis  lyjviuuvs  to  Tin-:  ai'I'LE. 


fliaiiiTt'.-j  t»»  a  brown  clirvsalis.  In  this  iiiiu-tivc  coiKlitioii  tlie 
insect  remains  for  three  or  four  weeks,  sometimes  longer,  when 
the  moth  appears. 

Tlie  moth  (Fig.  9<S)  is  a  very  j)retty  ohjeet.  Its  i.irc  wiii^> 
are  ash-<;rav,  whiti.-h   towards  the  outer  maruin,  and  crossed 

by  tliree  irreguhii'  hiack  lines,  which 
ai"(,'  faint  or  indistinct  towards  tlie 
inner  edge;  near  the  miihlle  of  the 
wing  there  is  often  a  round,  whitish 
spot,  with  a  hhick  (h)t  in  the  middle. 
The  hind  wings  are  (hdl-whitish,  dusky  towards  the  tip>. 
Beneath,  hoth  wings  an;  of  a  silvery-wiiitish  luu;,  sprinkh'd 
with  bhickish  (h>ts  towards  the  outer  edges.  W'iien  the 
Avings  are  expanded,  they  measure  from  three-quarters  ol'  an 
inch  to  an  inch  or  more  across. 

The  Hrst  moths  ap|)ear  early  in  sj)ring,  and  attach  their 
egiis  to  the  young  foliage;  the  second  brood  appear  in  .Inly. 
These  attach  their  eggs  to  the  leaves,  and  proiluce  larvte 
in  August  and  September,  which,  when  their  growth  is  com- 
pleted, change  to  chrysalids  within  the  folded  leaves,  m> 
already  described,  and  are  carried  to  the  ground  with  tin 
fall  of  the  leaves  in  autumn,  where  they  j)ass  the  winter  in 
the  pupa  state  and  ))roduce  moths  in  the  following  spring. 

These  larvie  I'eed  also  on  cherry,  peach,  elm,  poplar,  and 
other  trees.  Tiiey  are  seldom  sufficiently  numerous  to  be 
troublesome,  but  if  at  any  time  a  remedy  is  required  thev 
mav  be  destroyed  bv  syringing  the  !'"ves  with  Paris-green 
or  hellebore  mixed  with  water,  as  reconunended  for  No.  80. 
AVhen  the  trees  on  \vhich  thev  are  feeding  are  suddenly 
jarred,  the  larvje  will  drop  to  the  ground,  and  by  taking 
advantage   of    this    peculiarity    they    riiay   be  captured  and 

destroyed. 

No.  44. — The  Palmer-worm. 

Yps'ilnphits  pditirtel/iis  (Harris). 

This  larva  ajjpears  on  apple-trees  during  the  latter  ]>art  of 
June,  and  at  times  is  excessively  numerous  and  destructive. 


, I TTA  (  h'lya  Tin:  i. /;. 1 1  es. 


103 


Jt  lives  in  socictios,  makiiiir  its  lioiiu'  in  a  tiuiss  of'  lialt'-catcn 
niitl  lirowiit'il  leaves,  drawn  to^t'tlicr  i)y  silken  threatls,  tVoni 
wliieli  it  (lr()|)s,  wlien  the  tret;  or  hraneli  is  jaiTi'd,  suspended  in 
tlie  air  1)V  a  tliiead  of  silU.  Tlio  larva  is  of  a  pale  yellowish- 
oreen  color,  with  a  diisUy  or  Maekish  stri|)e  aloiiir  each  side, 
(lined  ahove  hy  a  narrow  whitish  stripe  ;  there  is  also  adnskv 
line  alont;  the  middle  of  the  hack.  Its  head  is  shilling;  yel- 
jiiw,  anil  the  top  ol"  the  next  segment  is  ot"  th(!  same  color; 
on  each  rintr  tiiero  are  several  small  black  dots,  from  each  of 
which  arises  a  line  yellow  hair.  While  yonnij,  the  caterpillars 
eat  only  the  green  l>nlpy  tissue  of  tiie  leaves,  leavinu;  the  net- 
work of  vi'ins  entire  ;  later  on,  they  consume  tlu  ■  hole  of 
the  leaf  except  its  coarser  veins.  They  also  iVe(pieni;;  gnaw 
holes  or  irregular  t'avities  in  tlu'  young  apples.  Tliese  larva* 
I'eed  on  the  leaves  of  the  cherry  as  well  as  thos    "f  the  appl<'. 

When  full  L:"own,they  are  about  iialf  an  inch  long,  'i'hey 
then  change  to  chrysaiids  within  the  mass  ot"  eatoii  leaves  oc- 
cnpi  I  by  the  larvte,  and  ordinarily  spin  a  slight  cocoon  in  a 
lold  of  a  leaf,  but  when  they  are  very  abundant  the  Ibliage 
is  so  entirely  consinned  that  they  have  to  lo<)k  for  shi'lter 
elsewh(!ro.  Their  chrysaiids  are  then  often  f(jund  under  dry 
leaves  on  the  surface  of  the  groun<l,  in  crevices  in  the  bark  of 
the  tree,  and  in  other  suitable  hiding-places.  The  ciirysalis 
is  about  a  (piarter  (»f  an  inch  long;  at  first  it  is  of  a  tawny- 
yellow  color,  which  gradually  changes 
to  a  darker  hue.  In  ten  or  twelve 
days  the  j)erfect  insect  is  produced. 

The  moth  (Fig.  01))  is  of  an  ash-gray 
color.  The  fore  wings  are  sprinkled 
with  black  atoms,  aud  havefoiu'  black 
dots  near  tiie  middle,  and  six  or  seven 
smaller  ones  alony;  tiie  hinder  marijin. 
The  hind  wings  are  dusky  above  and  beneath,  with  a  glossy 
a/.ure~blue  reflection,  l)lackish  veins,  and  long,  dusky  fringes. 
The  antennoe  are  alternately  striped  v.ith  black  and  white. 
Sometimes  the  fore  winj;s  are  of  a  tawny  yellow,  in  other 


Fi(i.  '.to. 


I 


104 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   APPLE. 


specimens  they  are  tinged  with  piirj)li.sh  red,  and  in  some  tlio 
dots  are  faint  or  eulirely  wanting.  Tliey  rest  with  tlieir  h)nn-, 
narrow  wings  folded  together  and  laid  tlat  nj)on  their  haeks. 

Remedies. — Showering  the  trees  with  whale-oil  soap  and 
water  has  been  reconiniended,  but  the  use  of  Paris-green  and 
water,  as  direetcd  for  No.  35,  would  j)rove  more  elleetual ;  the 
water  would  dislodge  many  of  the  larvie,  and  the  remaindci' 
would  be  destroyed  by  eating  the  poisoned  leaves. 

In  the  year  1791  the  orchards  and  forests  of  Xew  Eniilaiid 
were  overrun  with  this  larva,  and  many  of  the  trees  |)erishe(I. 
Jt  was  at  that  time  that  the  inseet  received  the  p()i)ular  name 
of  Palmer-worm,  which  it  has  ever  since  retained.  Another 
remarkable  visitation  occurred  in  1853,  which  exteniled  all 
over  the  Eastern  States,  and  also  over  the  eastern  part  of  tlic 
State  of  New  York.  It  was  first  observed  about  the  middle 
of  June,  and  so  rapid  was  the  destruction  it  occasioned  tliiii 
in  a  few  days  it  was  everywhere  the  leading  topic  of  conver- 
sation and  was  generally  regarded  as  a  new  and  uidcnown 
insect.  The  trees  attack(>(l  assumed  a  brown  and  witiuM-eil 
api)earance,  looking  as  though  they  had  been  scorched  bv 
fire.  Ap])le-trees  and  oaks  snlfered  most,  but  nearly  all  oIIkt 
trees  and  shrubs  were  more  or  less  injured.  The  weather  was 
dry  and  hot  previous  to  and  during  this  pei'iod,  but  on  the 
liOth  of  June  copious  rains  fell,  when  tin;  worms  sud(U'nI\- 
disappeared,  the  rain  doubtless  dislodging  them,  and  perhaps 
drowning  a  large  number  of  tliem.  'I'he  fruit-crop  in  those 
sections  that  year  was  almost  destroyed,  from  tiio  trees  losing 
their  leaves  l)v  this  insect.  The  following  year  tliev  were 
(piite  scarce,  and  since  then  they  have  not  a|»|)e;ir((l  in  such 
iilarming  numbers. 

Ther«!  are  two  other  insects  found  on  th(!  apple-leaves  re- 
sembling the  Palmer-worm,  and  having  similar  habits,  which 
are  described  by  Dr.  Asa  I'^ilch  as  distinct,  but  which  are 
probably  varieties  only  of  th(>  common  Palmer-worm.  One 
of  these  is  described  iw  **the  comrade  Palmer-worm,  C/iain- 
chiliin  ('ou(iihcr)i(tf(((iis,'^     The  larva  of  this  is  fotuid  in  com- 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


105 


paiiv  witli  the  coniinon  Palmer-worm,  iVom  wliicli  it  ditU'rs 
oiilv  ill  luiviiiu;  the  lieml  and  the  ii[)j)er  ))ai't  of  the  second  seii;- 
iiientof  a  })olished  hhiek  color.  The  iiiotii  of  this  hlack-iieaded 
larva  ditf'ers  from  the  common  Palmer-worm  moth  chiefly  in 
the  ground-color  of  the  wings,  which  are  dark  brown  on  the 
imier  half,  with  the  outer  half  white,  the  latter  sometimes 
tinged  with  tawny  yellowish.  The  otlier  insect  is  des<'i'il)e(l 
as  "the  tawny-striped  Palmer-worm,  Ch'ffnclil/us  iiKi/ijo/i- 
cl/ns,''  and  is  a  slender,  pale-yellowish  larva,  similar  in  size 
to  the  ordinar\  Palmer-worm,  with  a  tawny-yellow  stripe 
along  each  side  of  the  hack,  broadly  margined  above  and 
IkIow  with  white.  The  head  is  j)ale  yellow,  and  there  are  a 
lew  minute  dots  scattered  ov(!r  the  siM'face  of  th(>  body,  from 
each  of  which  arises  ;•  tine  hair.  It  aj)|)ears  during  the  early 
part  of  July,  which  is  a  little  later  than  the  common  I'almer- 
worm,but  has  j)recisely  similar  habits.  TJie  moth  is  ash-gray 
and  ,u;lossy,  often  with  a  jjurplish-rcd  retlection,  and  dilfers 
from  the  moth  of  the  common  sj)ecies  in  that  the  fore  wings 
arc  not  spriidvled  with  blac^k  atoms,  and  in  having  in  addition 
to  the  dots  on  the  fore  wings  a  tawny-ycllow  band  towards 
the  tij>s,  edged  with  whitish  in  I'ront.  Shoidd  these  prove  to 
be  distinct  and  at  any  time;  troublesome',  the  treatment  sug- 
gcsted  for  the  common  l*almer-worm  will  be  eipially  ai)plica- 
blc  in  either  case. 


No.  45. — Climbing  Cut-worms. 

These  are  the  caterpillars  of  various  night-Hying  moths, 
!Uid  are  well  known  to  horticulturists  and  gardeners  every- 
where. Most  of  tile  species  itre  ]»articularly  destructive  to 
yoinig  cabbage-plants  and  similar  voiuig  and  tender  vcge- 
tation,  cutting  or  severing  the  plants,  when  but  three  or  foiu" 
incluw  high,  just  al)ov(!  or  lu'low  the  ground,  from  which  habit 
tiiey  derive  their  common  name.  'I'hey  are  active  only  at 
night,  remaining  concealed  dining  the  day  ju^t  under  the 
surface  of  the  eai'th  in  the  immediate  neighlxtrhood  of  their 
I'eeding-grounds.     Some  of  the  species  are  known  as  climbing 


]0G 


jxsixTs  rxjuniois  to  the  apple. 


Fio.  100. 


ciit-wonns,  and  liavo  tlio  lialiit  of  ascondiiiu-  fruit-trees  at 
iiiiilit  and  eoniinittini^  threat  havoc  aiuoiiu-  tlie  expaiidiiii^  Imds 
and  vouni;  foliaLje,  and  it  is  to  these  that  we  here  pai'tietihirlv 
refer.  Oreliards  having  a  lij^ht,  sandy  soil  are  mneh  more 
lial)le  to  attack  than  those  with  astitVand  heavy  soil,  W'Ik  re 
the  bnds  and  foliaj;eof  trees  or  vines  are  l)einL!;  destroyed  with- 
out apparent  cause,  eliinhinii'  cnt-wornis  shoidd  be  searched 
for,  when  the  lnrkin<>;  foes  will  nsnally  l)e  found  buried  in 
the  soil  ntit  far  from  the  base  of  the  trees  or  vines  injin-cd. 

'J'hc  several  species  of  cliinbino;  tut-wornis,  while  dilTei'inif 
in  si/e,  color,  and  markings,  are  mneh  alike,  being  all  smooth, 
nakeil  larva'  of  some  shade  of  gray,  green, 
brown,   or   black,  with   y-ravish   or  duskv 
markings. 

The  Variegated  Cut-worm,  Ac/rotls  saii- 
c!(t  (irid)ner).  One  of  the  eggs  of  this 
species  is  represented  in  Fig.  KH),  much 
enlarged  ;  also  a  patch  of  the  same,  num- 
||/  bering  several  hmidreds,  on  a  twig.  The 
egg  is  round  and  Hattened,  of  a  pinkish 
color,  and  very  prettily  ribbed  and  orna- 
mented. These  are  often  laid  on  twigs  of 
the  api)le,  cherry,  ant!  j)each. 

'J'he  young  liirvio,  when  hatched,  arc 
very  small,  and  of  a  dull-vellowish  coloi-, 
with  darker  spots.  At  fu'st,  it  is  said,  they  do  not  hide  them- 
selves under  tlu;  ground,  but  ac(|uire  this  habit  after  their 
fu'st  moult,  which  takes  place  about  a  week  after  they  are 
hatched.  They  become  lull  grown  before  the  middle  of  June, 
when  they  ])resi'nt  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  101,  which 
shows  the  larva  as  at  rest  ;  when  extended  and  in  motion,  it 
is  nearlv  two  iin'hes  long.  'J'h(>  figure  at  the  side  ri'presents 
the  head  magnilied,  showing  its  markings  more  distinctly. 
The  lull-grown  larva  is  of  a  dull  ilesh-color,  mottled  with 
brown  and  black,  with  elongated  velvety  black  markings  on 
caeii  side. 


u 


ATTACKING    TlfK  LEAVES. 


107 


When  mature,  the  larva  enters  the  j^round,  where  it  forni.s 
an  oval,  .smooth  cavity  (see  Fig.  102),  within  whieh  it  changes 


Fio.  101. 


Fhi.  102. 


to  a  chrysalis  of  a  deep  inahogany-hrown  color,  pointed  at 
the  extrLiiiity. 

Within  a  few  days  the  moth  (Fig.    lO."))  api)ears,  which 
measures,  ^vhen  its  wings  are  expanded,  about  an  inch  and 
three-quarters  across.     The 
fore  wings  are  of  a  grayish-  i'"'-  l'>-''- 

hi'own  color,  marked  with 
hrownish  hlack ;  the  hind 
wings  are  white  and  pearly, 
shaded  towards  the  margin 
\\  ith  pale  brown. 

The  Dark-sided  Cut- 
worm, Af/roti.s  ( hcliratui  lli- 
ley,  is  another  of  the  climbing  species.  The  caterpillar  ((/,l*''ig. 
104)  is  a  little  over  an  inch  in  length,  of  a  dingy  ash-gray 
color  above,  much 
dark(>r  along  the  sides 
of  the  body.  The 
chrysalis,  which  is 
formed  under  ground, 
is  about  seven-tenths 
of  an  inch  long,  of  a 
yellowish-brown  color, 
with  darker  brown  markings.  The  nuth  is  light  gray,  marked 
and  shaded  with  brown. 

The(!limbiiig('ul-worm,  Ai/rofisKiutiidi'iis  iviley.    The  larva 
of  this  insect  is  a  verv  active  climber,  and  does  a  great  deal  of 


108 


INSECTS  IXJUIilOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


injury  to  fruit-trees.     It  is  represoiitcd  in  Fi^^  105  in  the  act  of 

(levourinsr  the  buds 


'l\w  family  of  cut-worms  is  a  hir^c  one,  and  embraces 
nuniy  other  (h'structive  species,  but  none  of  tliem,  except 
thoHG  above  mentioned,  are  Unown  to  have  the  liabit  of 
elimbiujLj;  trees.     Some  of  tlie  other  injurious  species  will  be 


ATTACKING    THE  LKAVES. 


109 


Fra.  107. 


referred   to  when   treating  of  the   insects  wliieli    injiiro   the 
strawberry. 

Remedies. — One  of  the  most  effectual  remedies  auainst  the 
(']iml)ii)«>:  cut-worms  is  to  fasten 
strips  of  tin  or  zinc  around  the 
tree,  cut  in  such  a  way  as  to 
form,  wiien  applied,  a  sort  of 
inverted  finniel ;  this  forms  an 
cU'ectual  barrier  to  their  ascent. 
TJiey  may  also  be  collected  by 
vi;  itinij;  the  trees  after  <lark  and 
jarring  or  shaking  them  over 
sheets  spread  on  the  ground.  It  has  also  been  suggested  to 
(HiT  holes  about  the  trees,  or  on  one  side  of  them,  with  nearlv 
perpendicular  sides,  when  the  cut-worms,  being  clumsy  in 
their  movements,  are  very  likely  to  fall  into  them,  and  will 
not  be  able  to  get  out  again.  Sprinkling  the  foliage  with 
J^iris-grecn  or  hellebore  mixed  with  water,  as  reconnnended 
for  Xo.  35,  would  no  doubt  poison  them. 

There  are  several  parasites,  both  Ichneumons  and  Tachina 
flies,  which  attack  cut-worn)s  and  greatly  lessen  their  numbers. 
Some  of  the  carnivorous  beetles  (see  Figs.  47  and  48)  also  feed 
upon  them. 


No.  46. — The  Lime-tree  Winter-moth. 

Hybernia  tUian'n  Harris. 

The  caterpillar  of  this  spcniies  is  a  span-worn),  not  unlike 
the  canker-worm,  but  larger  and  dilferently  marked.  The 
h(!ad  is  dull  red,  with  a  V-shaped  mark  on  the  front;  the 
body  yellow  above,  with  many  longitudinal  black  lines  ;  the 
Milder  side  is  paler.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about  an  inch  and 
a  (piarter  long.  Besides  the  apple,  it  feeds  on  basswo(id,elm, 
and  idckory.  The  larva)  hat(  h  early  in  the  s|)ring,  and  some- 
times prove  very  desti'uciive  to  the  foliage.  Jn  Fig.  10(S  they 
are  represcMited  both  feeding  and  at  rest.  They  complete  their 
growth  about  the  middle  ol'  June,  when,  letting  themselves 


i?   ** 


no 


JNSKCTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  AI'I'LE. 


down  from  the  trees  by  a  silken  thread,  they  burrow  into  the 
<i;round,  forming  a  little  oblong  cell,  five  or  six  inches  below 
the  surface,  within  whieh  the  change  to  a  chrysalis  takes 
place,  and   from  which   the   moth  usually  comes  out  late  in 


Fiii.  108. 


(\'tol  er  or  early  in  November,  but  occasionally  this  hitter 
change  does  not  take  place  until  spring. 

The  male  moths  have  large  and  delicate  wings  (see  Fig. 
108)an<l  feathered  antenuie.  The  fore  wings,  which  measure, 
when  expanded,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  a(a'oss,  are  of  a 
rusty-buff  color,  sprinkled  with  brownish  dots,  and  with  two 
ti'ansverse  wavy  brown  lines,  the  inner  one  often  indistinct, 
while  between  the  bands  an<l  neai"  the  edge  of  the  wiiig  there 
is  generally  a  brown  dot.  The  h  nd  wings  are  paler,  with  a 
sniidl  brownish  dot  in  the  middle;  the  body  is  similar  in  color 
to  the  fore  wings. 


ATTACK  I  so    Tin-:   LEAVES. 


Tlic  f'onuile,  also  .shown  in  Fij;.  108,  is  u  wingless,  spider- 
like  croatnre,  witli  slender,  thread-like  antenna;,  yellowish- 
w  hitt.'  bodv,  s[)rinUle(l  on  the  sides  with  black  dots,  and  with 
t\v()  black  spots  on  the  to|)  of  each  ring  except  the  last, 
which  has  only  one.  The  head  is  black  in  front,  and  the  legs 
:ire  rin^-'cd  with  black.  She  is  fnrnished  with  a  jointed  ovi- 
positor, which  can  be  protrnded  or  drawn  in  at  [)leasnre,  and 
iVmn  which  the  eggs  are  deposited.  As  soon  as  the  tenudes 
Icivc  the  gronnil,  they  climb  np  the  trees  and  await  the 
attendance  of  the  males. 

'file  eggs  are  oval,  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  and  covered  with 
a  net-work  of  raised  lines.  They  are  laid  in  little  clusters 
here  and  there  on  the  branches. 

As  the  habits  of  this  insect  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
canker-worm,  the  remedies  recommended  for  the  latter  will 
prove  equally  efficient  in  this  instance. 

No.  47.— The  White  Eugonia. 

I'jll(/'llli(l,  SKh.silJIKiyilt   (|[llIlIH'l'). 

This  insect  has  only  recently  bticn  reported  as  injurious  to 
the  foliage  of  the  apple.  It  has  long  been  known  as  de- 
structive to  shade-trees,  particularly  the  elm.  From  a  (!om- 
iniinication  to  the  "Canadian  Kntomologist,"  vol.  xiv.  p.  oO, 
l»v  Mr.  Charles  li.  Dodge, of 
Washington,  D.C,  it  appears  *''"•  ^^'^• 

that  the  larva  of  this  moth 
has  become  exceedingly  in- 
jurious to  a[)pl(!-trees  in  some 
parts  of  (iri'orgia. 

The  moth  is  pure  white, 
and  measures,  when  its  wings 
are  s|)rea<l,  about  an  iiu'h  and 
a  hall'  across.  In  the  male 
tlie  antemneare  i)eetinated  or 
toothed  (l''ig.  iOU  represents  a  male);  in  the  female  they  are 
much  less  toothed.     Wiien  resting  on  the  trees,  these  moths 


112 


lASECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


\  M 


Fio.  110. 


are  easily  disturbed,  and  on  the  slightest  alarm  drop  to  tlio 
ground  for  protection. 

The  eggs  are  usually  deposited  on  the  under  side  of  (lie 
limbs,  near  the  tops  of  the  trees,  in  patches,  consisting  often 
of  many  hundreds,  arranged  in  roAvs  closely  crowded  togellici-. 
Thev  are  smooth,  irreu;ularlv  ovoid,  slio-htlv  flattened  on  tlic 
sides,  rounded  at  the  bottom,  while  the  toj>  is  depressed, 
with  a  whitish  rim  or  edge,  forming  a  perfect  oval  ring.  'Hk 
euu"  hatches  about  the  1st  of  iSfav. 

The  caterpillar  (Fig.  110)  is  dark  brown,  with  a  largo  reij 
licad ;    the   terminal  segment  is  also   red.     It  lives  in  this 

stage  about  forty  days,  and  then  changes 
to  a  chrysalis,  in  which  condition  it  re- 
mains about  ian  days,  when  tlie  moth 
S^  escai)es.  This  insect,- when  very  abiui- 
dant,  devours  the  leaves  of  almost  every 
variety  of  tree,  bush,  and  shrub. 

AVhero  abundant,  they  may  be  ])oisoned,  and  the  orchaid 
])rotected,  by  syringing  the  trees  with  Paris-green  and  water, 
in  the  })roportion  of  a  teaspoon  ful  of  the  poison  to  two  gallons 
of  water. 

No.  48. — The  Hag-Moth  Caterpillar. 
Phohcfron inthecium  {'^\\\.  &.  \])]).). 

The  cate.  |.illar  of  this  moth  is  a  curious,  slug-like  creature, 
of  a  dark-brown  color,  flattened,  oblong,  or  nearly  square  in 

form,  with  curious,  fleshy  a|)|H'nil- 
ages  protruding  from  the  sides  of 
its  body.  The  three  middle  ones  arc 
longest,  measuring  about  half  :iii 
inch  long,  and  have  their  (mkI-; 
curved.  When  this  larva  is  handled, 
the  fleshy  horns  become  detached, 
'^J'i  and  when  spiiuiing  its  <!ocoon  it 
detaches  them  and  fastens  them  to 
the  outside.  Fig.  Ill  gives  a  side  view  as  well  as  a  l)a(!k  view 
of  this  larva.     It  feeds  on  the  cherry  as  well  as  the  apple. 


FlQ.  111. 


ATTACKING    Till-:   LEAVES. 


113 


Tlio  cocoon  is  .small,  round,  and  conn)act,  usually  fastened 
[n  ;i  limb  or  twig  of  the  tree  on  wliieli  the  larva  has  fed. 

TJie  moth  escapes  in  about  ten  days.  It  is  of  a  dusky- 
luown  color,  the  front  win^s  variegated  with  pale  yellowish 
l)i()\vn,  and  crossed  by  a  narrow,  wavy,  curved  band  of  the 
Slime  color,  edged  near  the  outer  margin  with  dark  brown,  and 
having  near  the  middle  a  light-brow  spot.  When  its  wings 
;iiv  expanded,  it  measures  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
(iiiaitcr  across.  It  is  an  insect  which  lias  always  hitherto 
Ihcm  rare,  and  is  never  likely  to  do  nuich  injury. 


No.  49.— The  Saddle-back  Caterpillar. 

Emprelia  stimulea  Cleinous. 

This  caterpillar,  which  ir,  represented  in  Fig.  112,  a,  a  back 

view,  h^  a  side  view,  is  often  found  feeding  on  apple-leaves, 

al-o  (.n  those  of  the  cherry, 

,  •;  Fio.  1112. 

(riMjx",    raspl)erry,    currant, 

iwe,al tinea,  Indian  corn,  and 
sumach.  Jt  is  of  a  reddish- 
brown  color,  rounded  above, 
llattencd  beneath,  armed 
with  ])rickly  thorns,  which 
arc  longest  on  thefourtii  and 
tenth  segments,  and  with  a 
hriiiht  pea-green  p:-  tch,s(»mc- 
what  resembling  a  saddle  in 
form,  over  the  middle  portion  of  the  body,  centred  with  a 
broad,  cllijjtical,  reddish  spot,  the  red  spot  and  green  patch 
hotli  being  edged  with  white.  The  thorns  with  which  the 
liddv  is  armed  sting  like  a  nettle  when  applied  to  the  back  of 
\\\r  hand,  or  any  other  part  where  the  skin  is  tender,  and  the 
parts  touched  swell  with  watery  pustules,  the  irritati(Mi  being 
a('((>m|)anied  with  nuich  itching.  The  under  part  of  the  body 
of  the  larva  is  f1esh-c(jlored  ;  there  are  three  pairs  of  thoracic 

leg-:,  but  the  thick,  tleshy,  abdt)minal  legs  found  in  most  other 

8 


1   ; 
!  I 


T^ 


114 


jysKcTs  jyjriiiors  to  the  apple. 


Fid.  nn. 


caterpillars  arc  wanting  in  tills  spceits,  and  the  larva  gli(k< 

alony;  with  a  snail-like  motion. 

Tiie  cocoon  is  rounded,  almost  .spherical,  and  is  surronndcd 

with  a  loose  silken  wel). 

The  moth  (Fig.  113)  ai)pears  on  the  wing  from  the  middlr 

to  the  end  of  June  ;  hut   it  is  a  rare  insect,  and  is  seUlom 

captured  even  hy  collectors.  The 
wings  are  of  a  deep,  rich,  reddish, 
velvety  brown,  with  a  dark  streak 
about  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings, 
extending  from  the  body  half-way 
across,  and  on  this  is  a  golden 
si)ot ;    there  are  also  two  golden 

sj)ots  near  the  apex  of  the  wing.    When  the  wings  are  spread 

they  measure  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  across. 

In  the  larval  state  this  insect  is  preyed  on  by  a  small  Lli- 

neumon  fly,  and,  never  being  abundant,  other   remedies  are 

not  needed  to  subdue  it. 


No.  50. — The  Apple-leaf  Miner. 

Tiacheria  maHfoHeUa  demons. 

The  larva  of  this  insect  lives  within  the  leaf  of  the  apple- 
tree,  between  the  upper  and  the  under  skin,  devouring  the  sot't 
tissues,  and  burrowing  an  irregidar  chaiuiel,  which  begins  as 
a  slender  white  line,  dilating  as  the  larva  increases  in  size, and 
ultimately  becoming  an  irregular  brownish  j)atch,  sometimes 
extending  to,  or  over,  the  place  of  beginning.  The  caterpillar 
is  of  a  pale-green  color,  with  a  brown  head,  and  the  next  seg- 
ment brownish. 

When  about  to  change  to  a  ]Mipa,  the  leaf  is  drawn  into  a 
ibid,  which  is  cai'pctcd  with  silk,  and  in  this  encrlosuro  the 
chrysalis  is  formed,  the  change  occurring  during  SeptemlHi'. 
When  the  leaf  i'alls,  its  occui)ant  falls  with  it,  and  remains  on 
the  ground  within  the  foldeil  leaf  until  the  following  May. 

The  moth  is  a  tiny  creature,  measuring,  when  its  wings  are 
spread,  a  little  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  acro.ss.     The 


-.■ui'r..-:^-v..y..u:i:j/.i:'jv..^-i.H«.;..«3At.'MCn.ifcjnM 


ATTACh'IXG    TIIF   LEAVES. 


115 


jure  \vin"'s  are  of  a  shining  dark  brown,  snffnscd  with  a  tinge 
of  i)nri)le,  and  slightly  du>ted  with  dull-yellowish  atoms.  The 
liiiul  wings  are  dark  gray. 

This  insect  also  mines  the  leaves  of  the  wild  crab-apple, 
ilitl't'rent  species  of  thorn,  the  blackberry,  and  the  ra-ipbcrry, 
but  ha-s  never  been  known  to  do  any  material  injury. 

No.  51. — The  Apple-tree  Case-bearer. 

Colcop/iora  malivorella  Uiloy. 

With  the  opening  of  spring  there  will  sometimes  be  found 
on  tilt'  twigs  of  apple-trees  curious  little  pistol -shaped  cases  as 
«;liown  at  a,  Fig.  114.     Each  of  these  (»n  examination  will  be 

Fiu.  114. 


■r. 
Ill 

ro 


t'oiMul  to  contain  a  larva,  possessing  the  power  of  moving  fron» 
phice  to  place  and  carrying  its  protecting  case  with  it.  These 
cuMS  arc  very  tough,  almost  liorny  in  their  texture,  and  seem 
10  be  proof  against  the  attack  of  insect  enemies.  As  the  buds 
lu'siin  to  swell,  the  cases  will  be  found  here  and  there  sticking 
on  them,  while  the  active  little  foe  within  is  busily  devouring 
their  interior.  In  this  way  many  of  the  fruit-buds  are  de- 
.stfovcd,  nothing  but  hollow  shells  beiny;  left.  As  the  season 
advances,  the  c^iterpillars  leave  the  twigs  and  fiisten  on  the 


ir^ 


m 


jysKCTs  ixjvinors  to  tiiE  apple. 


loaves,  oil  which  they  also  teed,  sometimes  rexliiciiifij  them  i 
mere  skeletons.  Late  in  June  the  change  to  chrysalis  takes 
place,  anil  the  moths  appear  on  the  wing  in  July.  They  flv 
at  night,  anil  deposit  their  eggs  on  the  leaves;  these  eggs  hutch 
during  August  and  September,  the  larvjv  living  and  feedinu' 
on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  until  frost  comes,  when  before 
the  leaves  fall  they  migrate  to  the  twigs,  and,  fastening  their 
od<l  little  cases  firmly  with  silken  threads,  remain  torj)id  urn II 
the  following  spring;  then,  aroused  to  activity  by  the  tir>t 
warm  days,  they  attack  the  swelling  buds,  as  already  (k'scribed. 
The  larva  (7;,  Fig.  114)  is  of  a  ])ale-yellow  color,  with  a  faini 
rosy  tint,  a  bhujk  head,  and  a  few  short  hairs  on  its  body.  Tii 
the  figure  it  is  much  magnified  ;  the  hair-line  adjoining  shows 
its  natural  size;  c  represents  the  chrysalis,  and  d  the  niotli, 
both  enlarged.  The  wing?  if  the  moth  are  brown,  with  white 
scales,  head  and  thorax  white,  abdomen  whitish,  all  dotted 
with  bi-own  scales.  The  wings,  when  expanded,  measure  a 
little  more  than  half  an  inch  across. 

No.  52. — The  Resplendent  Shield-bearer. 

Anpidisca  splcmlorijcrellii  (,'lemeus. 

Occasionally  there  may  be  found  on  the  limbs  of  apjilc- 
trees  during  the  winter  clusters  of  little  oval  seed-lik(!  bodies, 
as  shown  at  <J,  Fig.  llo;  these  on  exa?nination  will  be  louiid 
to  be  fm'med  of  miiuitc  portions  of  apple-leaves,  and  on  open- 
ing one  of  them  it  will  be  seen  to  contain  a  small  yellowish 
larva,  or,  if  the  season  be  advanced,  perhaps  a  chrysalis. 

PiuMiig  the  month  of  May  a  very  small  but  very  beautiful 
moth  escapes  from  each  of  these  enclosures.  The  moth  is  rep- 
resented at  /;  in  Fig.  115,  much  magnified.  Its  head  is  golden, 
the  antenna^  i)rown,  tinged  with  gold  ;  the  fore  wings  from  the 
l)ase  to  the  middle  are  of  a  leaden  gray  with  a  nu.'tallic  lustre, 
and  from  the  middle  to  the  tip  golden  ;  a  broad  silvery  streak 
extends  from  the  front  edge  to  about  the  middle,  margined 
with  a  dark  color  on  both  sides;  there  are  also  other  streaks 
and  spots  of  silvery  and  dark  brown.     The  hind  wings  are 


^T^^Tln^-^l^fAll.) irf'^V j^ij WJli yK .aW^ ldFiJffii-.y^ V^H;TrA.»V'*Un  11  .MltiiiMJ .  HW^linin 


ATTACKING    THE    LEAVES. 


117 


of  :i  rich  deep  gray  iniirginecl  with  a  long  ycllowish-browii 
tVinfc.     It  is  an  active  little  oroatiire,  riiimiii<;'  about  on  tlie 
u|)i)er  surl'aee  of  the  leaves   in  the  sunshine,  with  its  wings 
closclv  lolcled  to  its  body. 
The  efgs  are  laid  on  the  apple-leaves,  and  the  young  larva 


Fiu.  115. 


iiil 

'I'- 
ll!! I, 

he 
re. 

larc 


-t« 


when  hatched  penetrates  to  the  interior  of  the  leaf,  mining  it, 
leaving  the  upper  and  under  surfaces  unbroken,  but  forming 
Ml'icr  a  time  an  irregular,  dark-colored  blotch  upon  the  leaf. 
When  mature,  it  forms  from  the  leafy  blotch  its  little  case, 
and,  crawling  with  it,  fastens  it  securely  to  a  near  twig  or 
branch  of  the  tree.     At  this  period  the  larva  presents  the 


I  1 


itKaaaaJM 


118 


Ii\SECTS   ISJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


appearaiu'O  shown  at  b,  and  is  then  abont  one-eighth  of  an 
inch  long,  and  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  with  a  dark  head. 
Shortly,  contracting  within  its  case,  it  appears  as  shown  at  c. 
and  iinally  transforms  to  a  chrvsalis,  as  seen  at  /'in  the  ihnwv 

There  are  two  broods  during  the  season,  the  moths  apj)iai- 
ing  in  May  and  again  in  July  and  August,  the  first  brood  of 
the  larva}  being  found  in  June,  the  set-oud  brood  at  the  latter 
end  of  the  season. 

lic^ncdu's. — A  minute  parasitic  fly,  sliown  at  h  in  Fig.  1  lo, 
attacks  this  tiny  creature  and  destroys  it.  (All  these  figiu-es, 
except  that  of  the  leaf,  are  much  magnified,  the  short  lines 
at  the  side  or  below  showing  the  natural  si/e.)  Should  these 
insects  prevail  to  such  an  extent  as  to  require  man's  inter- 
ference, the  cases  nught  be  scraj)ed  from  the  branches  and 
destroyed  during  the  winter,  or  the  limbs  brushed  with  the 
alkaline  wash  or  the  mixture  of  sul[)hur  and  lime  recom- 
mended for  the  woolly  a})])le- louse,  ]S'o.  9. 

No.  53. — The  Apple-leaf  Bucculatrix. 

Jhiccuhitrlx  ppinlJhIicUa  Clciiions. 

Tin'  larva  of  this  insect  feeds  externally  on  the  leav(>s  of 
apple-trees,  and  is  very  active,  letting  itself  down  from  the 
tree  by  a  silken  thread  wlnn  di-^turbed.  When  full  grown, 
it  is  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  brown  head  and  a  dark 
yellowish-green  body,  its  anterior  portion  tinged  with  re(ldi>li, 
and  having  a  few  short  hairs  scattered  over  its  surface. 

A\'lien  lull  grown,  the  cater[)illar  sj)ins  an  idongated,  whili>h 
cocoon,  attached  to  the  twig  on  the  leaves  of  which  il  has 
been  feeding;  this  cocoon  is  ribbed  longitudinally,  as  shown 
at  />,  l''ig.  1  H),  and  within  this  enclosure  the  larva  changes  to 
a  brown  chrysalis.  The  second  brood  is  found  late  in  the 
autumn,  the  insect  remaining  in  (he  chrysalis  state  during  the 
winter.  The  moths  issue;  the  following  spring,  when  they 
lay  eggs  for  the  first  brood  of  caterpillars,  which  are  I'onud 
injuring  the  foliage  during  the  month  of  June. 

The   fore  wings  of   the  moth  (c,  Fig.  IIG)  are  whitish, 


ATTACK  I SG    THE   LEAVES. 


119 


has 
own 

to 

tlu' 
thr 

[uiul 

Itisli, 


I 


Fid.  Il(> 


tiiHi-cd  with  pale  yeUow,  and  dusted  with   brown.     On  the 

miiltlli-'  of  tiic  inner  margin   is  a  lartre,  oval  patch  of  darlc 

brown,         form  i  no-, 

when  the  wings  are 

closed,    a   couspiou- 

,)  IS.    nearly     ronnd 

spot ;  th<»re  is  a  wide 

streak   of  the  siime 

hue     op|)osite,     ox- 

teiiiling  to  the  front 

niarii'in,  and  a  dark- 

l)ro\vn  spot  near  the 

(ij).     In    the    fignre 

till    moth   is  shown 

hiulily  magnilied.     Sometimes  tins  insect  appears  in  immense 

Miitnbers,  and  then  becomes  injurious. 

Juiimlicx, — As   the  cocoons   of   the  second   brood   remain 

attached    to  the    trees    all    winter,   abundant   opj)ortunity   is 

nll'onled  to  destroy  them.    Any  oily  or  alkaline  liquid  brushed 

over  them  will   usually   i)enetrate  and   destroy  the  enclosed 

inject.      A  minute   parasitic;  fly  is  destructive  to  this  ])est, 

and   the  cocooiis   may  often  be  found  perforated  with  small 

round  holes  at  one  end,  through  which  thest;  tiny  friends  have 

escaped. 

No.  54. — The  Apple  Lyonetia. 

Lyondia  mcrnUlla  Piu^kard. 

This  is  a  tiny  moth,  but  a  very  beautilul  <»u<\  which   np- 
pcMrs  early  in  the  summer;  its  wings,  when  expanded,  meas- 
nre  only  one-filth  of  an  inch  across.      It  is 
.shown,  nuieh  magnilied,  in  Fig.  117.     T' e 
lore  wings  i\\\\  of  a,  light  slate-gray  on  the 
inner  half,  while  the  outer  half  is  bright 
<ii';uige,    enclosing    two    white    bands,    one 
arising  on  the  front  edge,  tlu;  other  on  the 
inner    margin,   l)oth    nearly    meeting    in   the  middle  ol'   the 
wing;  these  white  bands  are  margined  (xternalb'  with  black. 


120 


ly SECTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


There  is  a  conspicuous  black  spot  near  the  fringe,  from  wiii(^h 
arises  a  pencil  of  black  hairs. 

The  larva  (Fig.  118),  which  feeds  on  apple-leaves,  is  small, 
Hattened,  and  of  a  green  color.     It  constructs  from  the  skii, 

of  the  leaf  a  flattened,  oval  case,  in 
Fi(i.  118.  Fid.  110.     ^vi,i^.i,  it  lives  ;  the  case  is  o\\cn  at  eacji 

/''^T/^  [    end,  and  is  drawn  about  by  ihe  I:u'v;t 
("  //^^l    as  it  moves  from  place  to  place.     The 


^ P^^jt^  case  is  re[)resented  in  Fig.  119.  (lioth 
.^^im'-  case  and  larva  are  magnified.)  Tho 
larva  becomes  full  grown  about  the 
end  of  August,  and  attaches  its  cocoon  to  the  bark  of  lh(>  li-cp 
on  which  it  is  feeding,  changing  there  to  a  chrvsalis,  in  which 
condition  it  remains  until  the  following  si)ring. 


No.  55. — The  Rosy  Hispa. 

Odoiifiifd  yi)sr<(  (Wol)or). 

This  is  a  small,  flat,  rough,  coarsely-punctated   beetle,  lis 

wing-covers  forming  an  oblong  s(iuare,  as  shown  in  Fig.  TJu; 

there  are  three  smooth,  raised,  longitudinal  lines  on  each  nf 

them,  spotted  with  red,  while  the  sj)aces  between 

Fid.  I'JO.     jirc  deej)ly  punctated  with   doul)lc  rows  of  dots. 

T!ie  head  is  small,  the  antenna'  short,  thickened 

toNv'ards  the  end,  and  the   thora.x    rough  idxive, 

striped  with  deep  red  on  each   side.      The  nndi  r 

side  of  the  bodv  is  usuallv  darker  in  color,  some- 

times  bhu'kish.     This  beeth!  is  found  iVmn   the 

latter  i)art  of  May  until  the  middle  ol"  done,  :\\u\ 

deposits  its  eggs  on  the  leaves  of  the  apple-d'ce.     These  are 

suiall,  rough,  and  of  a  blackish  coloi",  fastened  to  the  snrt'aee 

of  the  leaves,  sometimes  singly  and  souictimes  in  clusters  of 

four  or  five. 

The  lai'va',  when  hatched,  eat  their  wiiy  into  the  interioi- 
of  the  Liaf,  wher(>  they  feed  upon  its  green,  pulpy  suhstani'c, 
leaving  the;  skin  above  and  below  enlii'c,  which  soon  turns 
brown  and  dry,  forming;  a  blister-like  spot.     The  lurva,  when 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


121 


full  grown,  wliicli  is  usually  during  the  month  of  July,  is 
about  onc-lifth  of  an  incii  long,  oblong  in  fo m,  rather 
broader  before  than  behind,  flattened,  .soft,  and  of  u  yellowisli- 
white  color,  with  the  head  and  neck  blackish  and  of  a  horny 
consistence.  Each  of  the  thn^e  anterior  segments  has  a  pair 
of  legs;  the  other  segments  are  provided  with  small  fleshy 
warts  at  the  sides,  and  transverse  rows  of  little  rasp-lik(^ 
points  above  and  beneath. 

The  cater[)illar  changes  to  a  chrysalis  within  the  leaf,  iVnm 
which,  ill  about  a  week,  the  j)erfect  insect  escapes.  WMthin 
these  blister-like  spots  the  larva,  pupa,  or  freshly-transformed 
beetle  may  often  be  found.  This  insect  never  occurs  in  suf- 
ficient mimbers  to  be  a  source  of  much  trouble. 


li 


No.  56.— The  Cloaked  Chrysomela. 

Ghiptoscelis  crijpticiis  (Stiy). 

This   is  another    beetle   which  devours  the  foliagi^  of  the 
apple-tree,  also  that  of  the  oak-tree.      It   is  of  a  thick,  cylin- 
drical form,  about  oiio-third  of  an   inch  long,  with   its  head 
Slink  into  the  thorax,  and  the  thorax  narrower  than 
(he  body,      it  is  of  a  j)ale  ash-gi'ay  color,  from  being  •'''«'•  l-'- 
entirely  covered    with    short    whitish    hairs.      'I'he     \      / 
closed  wing-covers  have  a  small  notch  at  the  top  of 
tlieir  suture.    At  thejunct  ion  of  the  wing-covers  with    ^' 
(he   thorax   there   is  a  dusky  spot.     This  insect  is 
rcpresent(>d  in  l-'ig.  121. 


No.  57. — The  Apple-tree  Aphis. 

A/i/lis  llhlll   I'lllll". 

During  the  winter  (liei'c  n)ay  often  be  found  in  the  crevices 
iind  cracks  ol'  the  bark  of  the  twigs  of  (he  ap|>le-ti'ee,  and 
also  about  the  l)ase  of  the  buds,  a  uunduM"  of  very  minute, 
oval,  shining  black  eggs.  These  are  tlu'  I'ggs  of  the  apple- 
tree  a|)his,  known  also  as  tlu'  apple-leaf  nphis,  A/tlii.^  iiutfi' 
foliu'  {'"itch.     They  a!'(«  deposite(l   in  the  autnnni,  and  v.'hen 


122 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   APPLE. 


first  l;ii(l  are  of  a  light  yellow  or  tureen  col(jr,  hut  griuUially 
become  darker,  and  tiiiallv  black. 

As  soon  as  the  buds  beoin  to  expand  in  the  s])ring,  these 
eggs  hatch  into  tiny  lice,  which  locate  themselves  n[)on  thi; 
swelling  bnds  and  the  small,  tender  leaves,  and,  inserting  their 
beaks,  feed  on  the  juices.  All  the  lice  thus  hatched  at  this 
|)erio<l  of"  the  year  are  females,  and  reach  matnrity  in  ten  or 
twelve  days,  when  they  commence  to  give  birth  to  living 
young,  j)rodncing  about  two  daily  for  two  or  three  weeks, 
alter  which  the  older  ones  die.  The  young  locate  about  the 
parents  as  closely  as  they  can  stow  themselves,  and  they 
also  mature  and  become  mothers  in  ten  or  twelve  days,  and 
are  as  prolilic  as  their  predecessors.  They  thus  increase  so 
rapidly  that  as  fast  as  new  leaves  expand  colonies  are  ready 
to  occupy  them.  As  the  season  advances,  some  of  the  females 
acquire  wings,  and,  dispersing,  found  new  colonies  on  other 
trees.  When  cold  weather  approaches,  males  as  well  as 
females  are  j)r(Hhiced,  and  the  season  closes  with  th<!  deposit 
of  a  stock  of  eggs  for  the  continuance  of  the  species  another 
year. 

When  newly  born,  the  aj)ple  aj)his  is  almost  white,  but 
soon  becomes  of  a  pale,  dull  greenish  yellow,  'i'he  mature; 
females  are  generally  without  wings;  their  bodies  arc  oval  in 
form,  less  than  (inc-tcnth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  pale  yellowish- 
green  col  or,  often  st  ri  | )(.( 1 
with  deei)er  gi'cen.  'fhe 
eyes  are  black,  honey- 
tubes  green,  and  there  is 
a  sh(trt,  tail-iik(>  appen- 
dage of  a  black  color. 
The  accompanying  il- 
lustration (Fig.  122)  of 
a  winged  maleand  wing- 
less female,  highly  juag- 
iiilied,  shows  the  struc- 
tiiiH!  and  shtipe  of  tlie  insect;   its  beak,  wliich   proceeds  i'rom 


Fid.  \'2-2, 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


123 


the  uiuler  side  of  tlie  head,  is  liero  hidden  from  view  in  tiie 
iiialo,  but  can  be  seen  in  the  female. 

Tlie  winged  females  and  the  males  are  very  sin)ilar  in  color. 
The  head,  thorax,  and  antcnnje  are  black,  with  the  neck  usually 
oreen.  The  abdomen  is  short  and  thick,  of  an  oval  form 
and  bright-i»;reen  color,  with  a  row  of  black  dots  along  each 
side;  the  nectaries  and  tail-like  appendage  are  black;  the 
\vin«s  are  transparent,  with  dark-brown  veins. 

Most  of  the  insects  belonging  to  this  lamily  are  provided 
with  two  little  tubes  or  knoos,  which  project,  one  on  each 
siile,  from  the  hinder  part  of  their  bodies;  these  are  called 
hn;iey-tubes,  or  nectaries,  and  from  them  is  secreted  in  con- 
>.mlerable  quantities  a  sweet  fluid.  This  fluid  falling  upon 
the  Ie;ives  and  evaporating  gives  them  a  shiny  ai)pearauce,  as 
il'  coated  with  varnish,  and  for  the  purpose  of  feeding  u[)oii 
this  sweet  deposit,  which  is  known  as  honey -dew,  different 
sj)ecies  of  ants  and  flies  are  found  visiting  them.  Ants  also 
visit  the  colonies  of  aphides  and  stroke  the  insects  with  their 
antenna;  to  induce  them  to  part  with  some  of  the  sweet  liquid, 
which  is  greedily  sipped  up.  This  Ihiitl  is  saiil  to  serve  as 
food  for  a  day  or  two  to  the  newly-born  young. 

The  leaves  of  trees  infested  by  these  insects  become  dis- 
torted and  twisted  backwards,  often  with  their  tips  pressing 
against  the  twig  from  which  they  grow,  and  they  thus  form 
a  covering  lor  the  aj)hides,  })rotc('ting  them  from  rain.  An 
inlested  tree  may  be  distinguished  at  some  distance  by  this 
bending  back  of  the  leaves  and  young  twigs.  It  is  stated 
that  the  scab  on  the  fruit  of  the  apple-tree  often  owes  its 
origin  to  tlie  punctures  of  these  plant-lice.  This  species, 
which  was  originally  imported  from  I'iUropp,  is  now  found 
in  ap|)le-orchards  all  over  the  Northern  ITniled  States  and 
Canada. 

Jiciiu'dica. — Sci'aping  the  dead  bark  olfthi'  trees  during  the 
winter  and  washing  them  with  a  solution  ot' soft  soap  and  soda, 
;is  recommended  lor  Xo.  2,  the  two-striped  borer,  would  be 
beneficial,  by  destroying  the  eggs.    Syringing  the  trees,  about 


TF 


124 


IXSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


the  time  tlie  biuls  are  bursting,  with  strong  soap-snds,  weak 
]ye,  or  tobacco-water,  the  hitter  made  by  boiling  one;  pouiul 
of  the  rougii  stems  or  leaves  in  a  gallon  of  water,  will  destroy 
a  large  number  of  the  young  lice.  A  frost  occurring  after 
a  few  days  of  warm  weather  will  kill  millions  of  them;  in 
the  egg  state  the  insects  can  endure  any  amount  of  frost,  but 
the  young  aphis  quickly  perishes  wlien  the  temperature  falls 
below  the  freezing-point. 

Myriads  of  these  aphides  are  devoured  by  Lady-birds  and 
their  larv;e.     In  Fig.   12.']  is  repres(Mited   the    Nine-spotted 


Fui.  l'J.3. 


Fi(i.  VIA. 


I/idy-bird,  Coccincl/a  novrmnofafa  Herbst,  one  of  our  com- 
monest species,  which  is  found  almost  everywhere;  it  is  of  a 
brick-red  color,  and  is  ornamented  with  nine  black  spots. 

The  Two-spotted  Laily-bird,  Adalla  hlpundcttd  (Linn.) 
(Fig.  124),  is  also  extremely  common.  This  is  very  similar  in 
color  to  tiie  nine-spotted  s])ecies,  but  in  this  one  there  is  only 
a  single  .s[)ot  on  each  wing-ease.  In  the  figure  the  insect  is 
shown  magnified. 

Fig.  12o  rcp''esents  tiie  Plain  Lady-bird,  Ci/ch)ic<Ia  sun- 
f/uinea  (Linn.).  This  is  somewhat  smaller  in  size  than  the 
last  two  species  named,  of  a  lighter  shaile  of  red,  and  without 
any  spots  on  its  wing-cases.  It  is  known  also  as  Cocciticlld 
man  (1(1. 

The  Comely  Jiaily-bird,  CocdncUa  venuda  M((ls.  (Fig.  12G), 
is  pink,  with  ten  large  black  spots,  the  hinder  ones  being 
united  together. 

The  Thirtcen-spottcd  Lady-bii'd,  Illjijindtnnid.  lo-ptmctaia 
(HeJ'bst),  is  shown  in  V\\i.  127  ;  it  is  larger  than  (\Ka)if/ainai, 
and  has  thirteen  black  s|)ots  on  a  brick-red  ground. 

In    Fig.  128,  c,  is  represented   the  Convergent  Lady-bird, 


ATTACKL\Q    THE  LKAVES. 


125 


mppodamia  convergena  Gucr.,  wliicli  is  of   an  orange  red, 
marked  with   bhiek  and  white.     The  hirva  is  shown  of  its 


Fra.  12fi. 


Fui.  IL'7. 


natural  size  at  a,  its  colors  being  black,  orange,  and  blue, 
and  when  full  grown  it  attaches  itself  to  the  under  side  of  a 
leaf  and  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  which  is  shown  at  b. 

The    Spotted    Lady-bird,   Mef/illa   macidata   (De  J'"'-  l-'>. 
Goer)  (see  Fig.  129),  is  of  a   pinkish   color,  some-  *^^£' 
times  pale  red.     It  has  large  black  blotches,  twelve  'jWfflp^l 
in  all,  on  its  wing-cases;  two  on  one  wing-cover  are  inW^'^c 
opposite  to  and  touch  two  on  the  other. 

Fig.  180  represents  the  Fifteen-spotted  Lady-bird,  Anati.s 
1') -punctata,  (Oliv.),  the  largest  of  them  all.     It  is  a  very 


Fig.  130. 


^•M^\ 


V 


variable  insect ;  at  </,  f',/',  r/,  ai'c  shown  lour  ol'  the  dilVerent 
fornis  under  wiiich  it  is  seen  ;  a  shows  the  hu'va  in  the  act 
ol'  devouring  a  young  larva  of  the  Colorado  j)olato-beetlc, 
ti  which  it  is  also  partial,  wliile  b  represents  the  chrysalis. 

The  I'ainted  Lady-bird,  /farinania.  picJa  (Hand),  is  a  vimw 
pretty  little  insect.  (See  Fig.  l;]I.)  At  b  it  is  shown  of  tiie 
natural  si/.e,  ut  c  enlarged  ;  it  is  of  a  pale  straw-color,  marked 
with  black,  as  in   the  figuiv.     The  larva,  a,  is  of  a  dusky 


126 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


brown,  with  paler  markings.     Tliis  species  is  most  commonly 
found  feeding  on  lice  which  attack  tiie  pine. 

All  the  Lady-birds  are  very  nseful  creatures,  and,  with  their 


Fiu.  131. 


Fiu.  132. 


't  h 

larvfe,  should  he  encouraged  and  [)rotected  by  the  fruit-grower 
in  every  possible  way. 

The  larvjo  of  the  Lace-winged  or  Golden-eyed  Flics,  dirij- 
s()p(i,aiv  c'cpially  destructive  to  aphides,  roaming  about  among 
them  like  so  many  tigers  with  appetites  almost  insatiable.  Al 
h,  Fig.  132,  (Mie  of  these  larvte  is  shown,  and  at  a  some  of  the 
ciXiX'^,  which  are  attached  to  the  end  of  line  upi'ight  threads  or 
stalks.     The.-e  arc  usually  I'ound  in  clusters.     The  perfect  in- 


Fi(i.  l:!:i. 


Fig,  134. 


sect  has  four  delicate,  transparent,  whitish  wings  (sec  Fig.  lo'A) 

netted  like  fine  lace,  bright-golden  eyes,  and  a  beautiful  griH'ii 

body.     Fig.  134  shows  the  same  insect  with  its  wings  closed  ; 

also  a  side  view  of  a  cluster  of  eggs.      While  bean- 
Fu!   135. 

^  '    tiful  to  look  at,  the  insects  are  oifcnsive  to  han  lie, 

'¥^  as  when  touched  they  qv.'J  a  very  sickening,  pun- 
gent, and  persistent  odoi'. 

Other  friendly  lu^lpers  in  this  good  work  arc  the 
larvio  of  the  Syrphus  Hies.  'I'hcsc  arc  ileshy  larva>, 
thick  and  blunt  behind,  and  pointed  in  front.  (See  Fig.  !.'>").) 
Their  mouths  are  furnished  with  a  triple-j)ointed  dart,  with 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT, 


127 


Fio.lSC. 


which  tliey  seize  and  pieire  tlieir  prey,  and,  elevating  it,  as 
shown  in  the  fignre,  deliberately  snek  it  dry.  They  ait'  quite 
blind,  but  tiie  cgjr.s  from  whicii  thev 
hatch  are  deposited  by  the  ])arent  flies 
in  the  midst  of  the  colonies  of  plant- 
lice,  wliere  they  gr()j)e  about  and  obtain 
an  al)undance  of  Ibod  without  much 
trouble.  In  Fig.  l;j(j  is  shown  one  of 
the  flies.  They  are  l)lack  with  iransparcnt  winsrs,  a„d  .,n 
l.rettdy  ornamented  with  yellow  stripes  across  their  bodies. 


ATTACKING  THE  muiT. 

No.  58.— The  Codling  Moth. 

Carpocapm  po7noneUa  {Linn.). 
In  t',0  accompanying  figure,  137,  a  shows  the  burrowino-s 

of  tins  larva,  b  the  point  where  it  eiiected  its  entrance,  e  the 

larva  full  grown,  h  the 

anterior  part  of  its  body,  ^^'^'  ^^7. 

magnified,  d   the  chrvs- 
ah's,  i   the  cocoon,  /  the 
moth     with     its     win'>-s 
closed,  and   </   the  same 
with  wings  expanded.  A 
better    representation   of 
the  moth  is  given,  mag- 
nilled,  ill  Fig.  188.     The 
larger    ojieniiig    at    the 
side  of  the  apple  shows 
whei'e     the 
larva  lias  escaped. 

This    is    one   of    the  "'"    i 

most  troubh-some  insects  with  which  fruit-growers  have  to 
contend,  and  although  of   foreign  origin,  having  been  im- 


fuil  -  grown 


^-•^STi' 


128 


INSECTS  IXJUJilOUS   TO    THE    APPLE. 


Fi(i.  1^8. 


ported  from  Europe  about  tlie  beginning  of  the  ])resent  ceii- 
tiiiy,  it  is  now  found  in  ahnost  all  parts  of  North  America, 
entailing  an  inuuense  yearly  loss  upon  a})ple-gro\vers. 

The  early  brood  of  moths  a])pear  on  the  wing  about  the 
time  of  the  opening  of  the  apple-blossoms,  when  the  femak' 
deposits  lier  tiny  yellow  eggs  singly  in  the  calyx  or  eye,  just 
as  the  young  ap|)le  is  forming;  in  a  few  instances  they  have 

been  ol)served  in  the  hollow  at  the  stalk 
end,  and  occasionally  on  the  smootii 
surface  of  the  cheek  of  the  apple,  in 
about  a  week  the  egg  liatches,  and  tlii; 
linv  worm  at  once  be<>;ins  to  eat  throu(i;li 
the  a})plc  to  the  core.  Usually  its  cast- 
ings are  pushed  out  tlirough  the  hole 
by  which  it  has  entered,  the  passage  being  enlarged  from 
time  to  time  for  this  purpose.  Some  of  the  castings  commonly 
adhere  to  the  apple ;  hence,  before  the  worm  is  full  grown, 
infested  fruit  may  generally  be  detected  by  the  mass  of  red- 
dish-brown exuviai  protruding  from  the  eye.  Sometimes  as 
the  larva  approaches  maturity  it  eats  a  passage  through  the 
apj)le  at  the  side,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  and  out  of  this 
opening  thrusts  its  castings,  and  through  it  the  larva,  when 
full  grown,  escapes.  The  head  and  ui)per  portion  of  the  first 
segment  of  the  young  larva  are  usually  black,  but  as  it  ap- 
j)roaches  maturity  these  change  to  a  brown  color.  The  body 
is  of  a  tlesh-color,  or  i)inkish  tint,  more  highly  colored  on 
the  back  ;  it  is  also  sprinkleil  with  minute,  elevated  points, 
from  each  of  which  there  arises  a  single  fine  hair. 

In  three  or  four  weeks  from  the  time  of  liatching  the  early 
brood  of  larva>  attain  full  growth,  when  tiie  occupied  a|)pl(s 
generally  I'all  prematurely  to  the  ground,  sometimes  with  the 
worm  in  them,  but  more  commonly  after  it  lias  escaped.  The 
larva>,  which  leave  the  a])ples  while  still  on  the  trees,  either 
crawl  down  the  branches  to  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  or  let  them- 
selves down  to  the  ground  by  a  fine  silken  thread,  which  they 
spin  at  will.     In  either  case,  whether  they  crawl  up  or  down, 


ATTACKING    THE   FllUlT. 


129 


\ 


(1)0  (rroator  portion  of  them  find  their  way  to  tiie  trunks  of* 
the  tir(>s,  whore,  luuler  tiie  rough  bark  and  in  cracks  and 
(•iT\  ifi's,  tiiey  spill  their  cocoons. 

Having  selected  a  suitable  iiiding-plaee,  the  larva  constructs 
a  p:i[)ery-lo()king  silken  cocoon,  shown  at  i  in  the  figure,  which 
is  white  inside,  and  disguised  on  the  outside  by  attaching  to 
the  silky  threads  small  fragments  of  the  bark  of  the  tree  or 
other  available  debris.  After  the  cocoon  is  conii)leted,  the 
change  to  the  chrysalis  takes  place  in  the  early  brood  in  aljout 
tiii-ee  days.  At  first  the  pupa  is  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  deep- 
ening in  a  day  or  two  to  pale  brown  ;  the  insect  remains  in 
this  condition  about  two  weeks,  when  the  moth  escapes. 

Each  moth  is  ca|)able  of  laying  on  an  average  probably  not 
Ics.-,  than  fifty  eggs,  but  these  are  not  all  matured  at  once;  by 
careful  dissection  they  maybe  found  in  the  body  of  the  moth 
in  ditlerent  stages  of  development.  Hence  they  are  de[)ositcd 
successively,  extending  over  a  period  probably  of  from  one 
to  I  wo  weeks  or  more;  add  to  this  the  fact  that  some  of  the 
moths  are  retarded  in  their  development  in  the  s|)ring,  and 
it  is  easy  to  account  for  the  finding  of  larvoD  of  various  sizes 
at  the  same  time  ;  indeed,  sometimes  the  later  specimens  from 
the  first  brood  will  not  liave  escaped  from  the  fruit  before 
some  of  the  young  larvae  of  the  second  brood  make  their  ap- 
pearance, the  broods  thus,  as  it  were,  overlapping  each  other, 
and  very  much  extending  the  period  for  the  appearance  of 
the  winged  insects. 

The  moth  {[},  Fig.  137),  although  small,  is  a  beautiful 
object.  The  fore  wings  are  marked  with  alternate  irregular, 
transverse,  wavy  streaks  of  ash-gray  and  brown,  and  have  on 
the  inner  hind  angle  a  large,  tawny-brown  spot,  with  streaks 
of  light  bronze  or  copper  color,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  horse- 
shoe ;  at  a  little  distance  they  resemble  watered  silk.  The 
hind  wiu*s  and  abdomen  are  of  a  light  yellowish  brown, 
with  the  lustre  of  satin.  The  moth  conceals  itself  during  the 
daytime,  and  appears  only  at  night,  and,  since  it  is  not  read- 
ily attracted  by  light,  is  seldom  seen.     The  second  brood  t)f 

9 


130 


IS  SECTS   ISJl'IilOUS    TO    Till-:   APPLE. 


luotlis  are  iisiiiilly  on  tlic  \vin,<;  dnrini^  the  latter  Iialf  of  Jiilv, 
Mlien  they  pair,  and  in  a  lew  days  the  female  beiriiis  to  (U'- 
])osit  hei*  egj^s  tor  the  laler  brood  of  larvfe,  generally  selectiii-^ 
for  this  purpose  the  later  api)les.  'J'hese  larvte  mature  diirinLj 
the  autumn  or  early  winter  months;  if  they  eseape  before  tlie 
fruit  is  gathered,  they  seek  some  sheltered  nook  under  tlir 
loose  bark  of  a  tree  or  other  eonvenient  hiding-plaee  ;  Ijiit 
if  carried  with  the  fruit  into  the  cellar,  they  may  often  1)( 
found  about  the  barrels  and  bins  in  which  it  is  stored  ;  a 
favorite  hiding-place  is  between  the  hoops  and  staves  of  the 
ap|)le-barrels,  where  they  are  found  sometimes  by  hundreds. 
If  thus  provided  with  snug  winter-quarters,  and  through 
negligence  allowed  to  escai)e,  the  fruit-grower  nui<t  expect  to 
sutfer  inereaseu  loss  from  his  want  of  care.  Having  fixed  on 
a  suitable  spot,  the  larva  s[)ins  its  little  tough  cocoon,  firmlv 
fastened  to  the  place  of  attachment,  and  within  this  it  ic- 
mains  in  the  larval  state  until  early  the  followirig  spring, 
when  it  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  and  s!;ortly  afterwards 
the  moth  appears,  to  begin  the  work  of  the  opening  seiLson. 

J3esides  injuring  the  apple,  it  is  very  destructive  to  the  pear  : 
it  is  also  found  on  the  wild  crab,  and  occasionally  on  the  plum 
and  peach.  Sometimes  two  larvto  will  be  found  in  the  same 
fruit. 

Jicmedk'ti. — The  most  effective  method  yet  devised  fi)r  re- 
ducing the  nund)ers  of  this  insect  is  to  trap  the  larvfo  and 
chrvsalids  and  destrov  them.  This  is  best  done  bv  applvini:' 
bands  around  the  trunks  of  the  trees  about  six  inches  in  width  ; 
strips  of  old  sacking,  carpet,  cloth;  oi'  fabric  of  any  kind  will 
serve  the  purpose,  and,  although  uoi  so  durable,  many  u-c 
common  brown  paper.  Whatevr:-  material  is  used,  it  should 
be  wound  entirely  round  the  tree  once  or  twice,  and  fastened 
with  a  string  or  tack.  \\'ithin  such  enclosures  the  larvte  hide 
and  transform.  The  bands  should  be  applied  not  later  than 
the  1st  of  June,  and  visited  every  eight  or  ten  days  until  the 
last  of  August,  each  time  taken  off  and  examined,  and  all 
the  worms  and  chrysalids  found  under  them  destroyed  :  thev 


ATTACKIXG    THE   FRUIT. 


131 


should  also  be  visitotl  once  after  the  crop  is  secured.  Some 
persons  prefer  to  use  narrower  bands,  not  nu)re  than  Ibnr 
iiicljcs  wide,  and  fasten  them  with  a  tack,  while  others  se- 
cure them  in  their  phice  by  merely  tnckinj^  the  end  nnder. 
Usnally  tiie  cocoons  under  the  bandages  are  partly  attached 
to  the  tree  and  partly  to  the  bandage,  so  that  when  the  latter 
is  removed  the  cocoon  is  toru  asunder,  when  it  often  hapjiens 
that  the  larva  or  chrysalis  will  fall  to  the  ground,  and,  if  it 
escapes  notice,  may  there  complete  its  transformations.  \Vide- 
iiiouthed  bottles  partly  filled  with  sweetened  water,  and  hung 
ill  the  trees,  have  been  recommended  as  traps  for  the  codling 
moth,  but  there  is  no  reliable  evidence  that  any  appreciai)le 
iuMiefit  has  ever  been  derived  from  their  use.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  a  large  number  of  moths  can  be  ea[)tured  in  this 
maimer,  but  it  is  a  rare  thing  to  find  a  codling  moth  among 
them.  Neither  is  the  {)lan  of  lighting  tires  in  the  orchard  of 
much  avail,  since  codling  motlis  are  rarely  attracted  by  light. 
It  has  also  been  asserted  that  syringing  the  trees,  about  the 
time  when  the  fruit  is  setting,  with  a  mixture  of  Paris-green 
or  London-pur[)leand  water  will  deter  the  moths  from  placing 
their  eggs  on  the  apples,  and  thus  protect  the  fruit  from  injury. 

The  fallen  fruit  should  be 
j)romptly  gathered  and  ile- 
stroved.  It  has  been  reconi- 
mended  that  hogs  be  ke[)t  in 
the  orchard  for  the  purpose  of 
devouring  sucii  fruit;  and, 
where  they  can  be  so  kept 
without  injury  to  the  trees  or 
to  other  crofis,  they  will  no 
doubt  prove  useful. 

This  insect,  while  in  the  lar- 
val state,  is  so  protected  within 
the  apple  that  it  enjoys  great 
immunity  from  insect  enemies.     Nevertheless  it  is  occasion- 
ally reached  by  the  ever-watchful  Ichneumons,  two  species- 


Fig.  139. 


132 


hWSECTS  IXJUIilOUS   TO    THE   APPLE 


of  whicli  are  known  to  occur  as  parasites  within  tlie  bodies  of 
the  larvae.  They  have  been  bred  by  Mr.  C.  V.  Kiley,  who 
(iescribes  tiiem  in  his  fifth  Missouri  Iveport.  One  is  a  small 
black  fly,  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  inch  in  lengtli ;  its  Icos 
are  reddish,  the  hind  pair  having  a  broad  white  ring.  It 
is  called  the  liing-legged  Pimpla,  Fimpla  annuUpcx  Br.,  and 
is  represented,    much   magnified,    in    Fig.   18*J.     The  otlu  r 

species  is  about  the 
^'lo-  l-l^-  same  size,  but  more 

slender,  and  of  a 
yellow  or  brownisli- 
vellow  color.  The 
female  is  provided 
with  a  long  ovipos- 
J  itor,  as  seen  in 
Fig.  140,  where  tlic 
insect  is  shown 
highly  magnified. 
The  abdomen  of  the 
nude  is  represented 
to  the  right  of  the 
figure.  This  spo 
cies  is  known  as 
the  Delicate  liong- 
sting,  jMdcrocniirus 
dc/icahin  (Vesson. 
These  useful  insect 
friends  are  nol  yd 
."•ufliciently  numer- 
ous to  check  materially  ihe  increase  rf  the  codling  moili, 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  (hey  ever  will  be.  When  flic  codling 
worm  has  left  (he  fruit  in  which  it  has  been  feeding,  and  while 
wandering  about  in  seru'ch  of  a  suitable  spot  in  which  to  pass 
its  chrysalis  stage,  it  is  liable  (o  lie  attacked  by  any  of  (he 
ground-beetles,  Oinihidn',  both  in  (hcMr  larval  and  their 
perfect  state,  also  by  the  larvie  of  soldier-beetles  and  oflier 


ATTACKING   THE  FRUIT. 


133 


cariiivorouH  insects.  Some  of  the  smaller  insectivorous  birds 
iiiv  also  said  to  devour  this  insect  both  in  the  larval  and 
iti  ihc  pupal  condition. 

No.  59. — The  Apple  Curculio. 

Antkoiwmus  quadrifjibbus  Say. 

This  is  a  small  beetle,  u  little  smaller  than  a  plum  curculio, 
(if  a  dull-brown  color,  having  a  lont;,  thin  snout,  which  sticks 
(lilt  more  or  lc.?s  horizontally,  and  cannot  bo  folded  under  the 
hiidv,  as  is  the  case  with  many  species  of  Curculio.  This 
snout  in  the  female  is  as  long  as  the  body  ;  in  the  male  it  is 
about  half  that  length.  In  addition  to  the  i)rominent  snout, 
ii  is  furnished  with  four  conspiciuous  brownish-red  humps  to- 
wards the  hinder  part  of  its  body,  from  which  it  takes  its 
spccilic  name,  qiuidrif/ibhu,^.  I  ncluding  the  snout,  its  length  is  a 
(jiiarter  of  an  inch  or  more.    In  the  accompanying  figure,  III, 

liic  insect  is  magnified  ;  a  rep- 

,      ,       .         J  .  ,  Fig.  Ml. 

resents  a   back  view,  (>  a  side 

view;  th.e  outline  at   the  left 

shows    its    natural    size.       Its 

hodv    is    (lull    brown,    shaded 

witli     rusty    r('<l  ;    the    tliorax 

and  aiiicrior  third  of  the  wing- 

('(i\  crs  are  grayish. 

riiis  is  a  native  American 
insect  which  formerly  bred  ex- 
chisively  111  the  wild  cnibs  aiui  haws;  it  is  singl(>-bi"ood(>d, 
and  j)asses  tiie  winter  in  the  beetle  state,  'riic,  beetle  ap|)ears 
(|iiite  early,  and  the  huva  may  oft(Mi  be  found  hatche<l  Ix'fore 
ih(.'  middle  of  June,  and  in  various  stages  'M'  its  ;•  <  'th  in 
the  fruit  during  .Fune,  duly,  and  August. 

The  beetle  with  its  long  snout  drills  holes  into  the  young 
appl(>s,  much  like  the  puncture  of  a  hot  needle,  tiie  hole 
liciiig  round,  and  surrounded  by  a  blackisii  margin.  Those 
which  are  drilled  bv  the  insect  when  feeding  are  about  one- 
tenth  of  an  inch  deep,  and  scooihhI  out  broadly  at  the  bottom; 


134 


LWSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  Al'l'LE. 


tlio.se  wliicli  the  fomaiu  makes  for  lier  eggs  are  scooped  out 
still  more  broadly,  and  the  egg  is  placed  at  the  bottom.  TIk; 
egg  is  of  a  yellowish  color,  aud  in  shape  a  long  osal,  lu'ing 
about  one-twenty-iif'th  of  an  inch  in  length  and  not  quite  hall" 
that  in  width.  As  soon  as  the  larva  hatches,  i*^^  burrov  s  to 
the  heart  of  the  fruit,  where  it  feeds  around  the  core,  which 
beconn'S  i)artly  iilled  with  rust-red  excrement.  In  about  a 
month  it  attains  full  si/.e,  when  it  presents  the  r.ppcaraiicc 
shown  in  Fig.  142  ;  b  represents  the  larva  highly  magnified, 
antl  a  the  chrysalis. 

1'he  larva  is  a  soft,  white  grub,  nearly  hall'  an  inch  in 
length,  with  a  veilowish-brown  head  and  jaws.     Its  body  is 

mucli   wriidded,  the  spaces 
^^^'  ^'^'--  between  the  folds  being  of 

a  bluish-black  color;  there  is 
also  a  line  of  a  bluish  shade 
down  the  back.  Having 
no  legs,  it  is  incaj)able  of 
much  movement,  and  rc;- 
riains  within  the  fruil  it  oc- 
cu[)ies,  changing  there  to  a 
chrysalis  of  a  whitish  color 
(see  Fig.  142  (i),  and  in  two  or  three  weeks,  when  perfected, 
the  beetle  outs  a  hole  through  the  \'v\\\t  and  escapes. 

When  feeding,  this  insect  makes  a  number  of  holes  or 
])uncturcs,  and  aroinid  these  a  hard  knot  or  swelling  forms, 
which  much  disfigures  the  fruit  ;  |)ears,  as  well  as  apples,  arc 
injured  in  this  way.  The  infeste<l  fruits  do  not  usually  fall 
to  the  ground,  as  do  ap|)les  all'ccted  by  the  codling  worm,  bin 
I'l'inain  attached  to  the  tree,  and  the  insect,  iVom  its  liabii 
of  living  within  the  fruit  through  all  its  stages,  is  a  diilicnlt 
one  to  destroy.  Picking  the  all'eclcd  s|)eciinen8  i'roin  the 
tree,  and  vigorousls  jarring  the  tree  during  the  time  when 
the  beetle  is  about,  will  bring  it  to  the  ground,  where  it  can 
be  destroyed  in  the  same  manner  as  recommended  for  the 
plum  curculio.      iM^rtunately^   it    is  seldom   found   in   such 


i 


ATTACK IXG    THE   FRUIT. 


135 


jihmulaiu'O  lis  to  do  imicli  (lama<i;o  to  the  fruit-crop.  In 
S)iitlu'rii  Jlliiiois  and  in  some  portions  of  Missouri  it  has 
ir.oved  destructive,  but  in  most  of  the  Northern  United 
States  and  in  Canachi,  ah  hough  common  on  thorn-bushes  and 
(■i;ib-ai)ples,  it  sehloin  attack,-:  the  more  vahiable  fruits  to  any 
considerable  extent. 


or 

lie 

Ull 

III 

lil 

u 

he 
'II 
llll 
lie 
I'll 


\A 


No.  60.— The  Apple  Maggot. 

Tnjpeta  pomonella  Wills';. 

This  is  a  footless  niagi^ot,  shown  at  a,  Fi<^.  143,  taperini^  to 
:i  point  Ml  front,  and  cut  squarely  olf  behind,  which  lives  in 
tlic  pulp  of  the  aj)ple,  and  tunnels  it  with  winding  channels, 
iiiakiiiii'  here  and  there  little  roundish  diseoloi'cd  excavations 
alioiit  the  size  of  :i  jx'a.  This  maggot  is  of  a  greenish-white 
color,  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  pointed  head 
and  a  pah^brown,  ilattish, .rough  tubercle  behind  it;  the 
hin.Ier  segment  has  two  pale-l)rown  tubercles  below. 

The  pupa  is  ol'  a  pale  yellowish-brown  color,  and  dilfers 
iVoiii  the  larva  only  in  being  contracted  in  length  ;  in  this  in- 
siaiice  the  (ru(^  pupa  is  enclosed  within  the  shrunken  skin  of 
ihe  larva.  When  about  to  change,  the  maggot  leaves  the 
apple,  aiul,  falling  to  the  ground,  bin-rows  under  the  surface, 
and  there  (Miters  the  chrysalis  state,  in  whii  h  condition  it  re- 
mains until  the  middle  of  the  following  summer,  when  the 
perioct  insect  escapes  ii'  the  form  of  a  two-winged  fly. 

T!i!'  lly  (/>,  ]*'ig.  14.'))  is  about  one-lifth  of  an  inch  long,  and 
mcLV-fiires,  when  its  wings  are  expanded,  nearly  half  an  inch 
across.  'Mie  head  and  legs  are  ''ust-rcd,  the  thorax  shining 
blaek,  "wic  »r  less  marked  with  iiravish  or  white;  tlu;  ab- 
doineii  IS  black,  with  dusky  hairs,  and  with  whitish  hair-s  bor- 
(li'ring  the  s|)aces  between  the  segments  of  the  body.  4'ho 
wings  arc  whitish  glassy,  with  dusky  bands.  This  insei't  is 
single-brooded,  the  fly  appearing  in  .July,  when,  by  nu'ans  of 
a  sharp  ovipnsitoi",  it  inserts  its  eggs  into  the  substance  of 
die  apple.  It  fre(|uently  attacks  apples  which  have  been 
previously  perforated  by  the  codling  worm,  and  it  preler.s  the 


]'Mi 


jySECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


tliiii-skinned  sunimor  and  fall  aj)|)les  to  the  winter  varieties 
It  is,  however,  fVe(ineiitly  foiuul  in  apples  whieli  have  heen 
stored,  and  has  thus  proved  very  troublesome  in  many  i)arts 


Vu:.  \V.\. 


of  the  eountry,  ?  oeeially  in  Massaeliusetts,  Conneetieut,  and 
New  York.  It  i;  .  Ve  insect,  found  feeding  on  haws,  and 
probably  also  on  t'ra.)   .    >les. 


WKn' 


No.  ei.~The  Apple  Midge.       ' 

Scinrn  mnli.  (Fitch). 

Tills  is  also  a  small  maui>;ot,  found  devouring  the  flesh  ot 
ripened  and  stored  apples,  and  hastening  their  decay.  Jt  ap- 
pears to  attack  cniefly,  if  not  wholly,  those  spe(!imens  which 
have  been  previously  perforated  by  the  codling  worm,  thus 
adding  to  the  damage  caused  by  that  destructive  pest,  and 
when  this  insect  has  completed  its  transl'ormations  within 
the  a|)plc,  the  hole  made  by  the  codling  worm  aifords  this  fly 
a  ready  means  of  exit. 

'J'he  larvio  are  long  and  slender,  tapering  gradually  to  a 
point  at  the  head,  the  hinder  end  being  blunt;  they  ju'c  of  -i 
glassy-white  color,  and  semi-transparent.  When  present,  llicy 
arc;  generally  fbinid  in  considerable  numbers,  and  they  buri'ow 
many  channels  through  tlu;  flesh  of  tlu'  apple,  converting  ii. 
into  a  spongy  substance  of  a  dull-yel'owish  color. 

The  elmngc  toa  chrysalis  lakes  place  within  the  I'ruit.  The 
|)upa  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  somewhat  sticky  on 
the  surface,  of  an  elongated,  oval   Ibrm,  pointed  at  on(!  end, 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT. 


137 


and  rounclecl  at  tlic  other;  the  heiul,  thorax,  and  wiuii-cases 
are  bhick  ;  tlie  abdomen  is  dull  yeUow. 

The  perfeet  insect  very  much  resembles  the  Hessian  Hy  in 
appearance,  except  tliat  its  legs  are  not  so  long  and  slender. 
The  head,  antenna},  and  thorax  are  black ;  the  abdomen 
dnsky,  almost  black,  with  a  pale-yellow  band  at  each  of  the 
sutures;  beneath  it  is  yellow,  with  a  dusky  patch  on  the 
middle  of  each  segment;  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  ovii)ositor, 
and  legs,  are  black.  The  wings  arc  dull  hyaline,  tinged  with 
a  smoky  hue,  and  about  one-fourth  longer  than  the  body. 

This  insect  has  not  thus  far  proved  very  destructive,  and 
from  its  habits  is  scarcely  likely  to  become  so. 

No.  62.— The  Apple  Fly. 

JJrosnpJiild. / 

This  is  a  two-winged  fly,  an  undetermined  species  of 
Jirosoplii/d,  very  similar  in  its  habits  to  the  apple  midge, 
hut  it  usually  attacks  th(!  earlier  varieties,  showing  a  pref- 
erence for  sucii  as  are  sweet.     The  larva  (see  «,  Fig.  144) 


Fio.  144. 


(i, 


generally  enters  the  aj^ple  where  it  has  been  bored  by  the  cod- 
ling worm,  or  through  the  punctures  made  by  the  a|)j>lo  cur- 
ciilio,  and  sonu'times  through  the  calyx  when  the  apple  is 
quite  sound.  In  August  the  fly  (see  Fig.  144,6)  matures  and 
dej)osits  eggs  for  another  brood,  and  successive  generations 
follow  until  winter  begins.  The  chrysalids  may  be  found 
dining  the  winter  in  tiie  bottoms  of  apple-barrels,  and  in  this 
inacttive  state  they  remain  until  the  following  season.    Usually 


r^ 


i 


I 


138 


IXSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE   Al'I'LE. 


several  insects  are  found  in  the  same  aj)i)le,  and  sometimes  the 
fruit  is  ahnost  alive  witli  them,  when,  being  rapidly  riddled 

with  their  borings,  it  speedily  decays. 

< 

No.  63 —The  Apple  Thrips. 

Phlceot /trips  maU  Fitcli. 

Tin's  is  a  very  small  insect,  about  one-eighteenth  of  an  inch 
long.  It  is  slender,  of  a  blackish-purj)le  color,  with  narrow, 
silvery-white  wings.  Occasionally  apples  are  found  early  in 
August,  small  and  withered,  with  a  cavity  near  their  tip, 
about  the  size  of  a  pea,  and  the  surface  of  a  blackened  color, 
appearing  as  if  the  cavity  had  been  gnawetl  out.  Within  this 
may  usually  be  founil  one  of  these  apple  thrips,  which  had 
probal)ly  taken  up  its  residence  on  the  fruit  while  it  was  very 
small,  and  by  frequent  puncturing  day  alter  day  the  apple  has 
been  stunted  i»i  ;ls  growth,  and  tinally  withers. 

This  insect  has  never  yet  pi-oved  very  injurious;  shoidd  ii 
ever  become  S' ,  '  ^^.udd  be  a  dilHcidt  one  to  exterminate. 
Svringing  thoroughlv  with  tobacco-water  or  a  solution  of 
whale-oil  soap  would  })robably  prove  etficaeious. 

No.  64. — The  Ash-gray  Pinion. 

IjillKiphanc  antennata  (Wnlker.) 

This  insect  is  a  moth,  the  larva  of  whiisii  has  occasionally 

Fici.  145. 


been  i'ound  boring  into  young  apples  and  peaches  during  the 
month  of  .Iun(>.     Fig.  145   illustrates  its  mode  of  procedure. 


im 


ATTACKING   THE   FRUIT 


139 


Xlie  caterpillar  is  pale  y;reen,  with  eream-eolored  spots,  and  a 
broad,  ereani-eolored  band  along  the  sides.  When  I'uU  grown, 
it  leaves  the  frnit  and  works  its  way  under  the  snrfaee  of 
the  ground,  where  it  forms  a  very  thin,  filmy,  silken  cocoon, 
within  which  it  changes  to  a  reddish-brown  chrysalis. 

The  moth  escapes  in  the  autumn,  and  is  of  a  dull  asii-gray 
color,  with  its  fore  wings  variegated  with  darker  gray,  or 
o-rayish  brown,  as  shown  in  the  ligiu'e. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
APFEOT  THE  APPLE. 

In  addition  to  those  already  enuineratal,  the  following 
insects  are  injurious  to  the  apple,  but,  since  they  are  more 
destructive  to  other  fruits,  they  will  be  referred  to  under 
(iliicr  headings. 


ATTACKIN(r   THE    UKAXCIIKS. 


The  pear-blight  beetle.  No.  08;    the  New  York  weevil. 
No.  100;  and  the  red-shonldered  Sinoxylon,  No.  l-'iO. 


ATTACKING   Till:    LKAVJvS. 

The  tarnished  plant-bug.  No.  71  ;  the  pear-tree  leaf-miner, 
No.  74;  grasshopj)ers,  No.  80;  the  gray  dagger-moth,  No. 
84;  the  waved  J^agoa,  No.  89;  the  blue-sj)angled  j)ea('h-tr(H! 
('ater[)illar,  No.  102;  the  Jo  emperor-moth.  No.  112;  the 
Ursula  butterlly,  No.  1  Ki ;  the  basket  or  bag- worm.  No.  120; 
the  white-lined  Deilephila,  No.  13G  ;  the  rose-beetle.  No.  l-")!  ; 
;ind  the  smeared  dagger,  Xo.  194. 

ATTACKING    TIIK    FUl'IT. 

The  melancholy  Cetonia,  No.  82;  and  the  j)lum  curculio, 

No.  94. 


t 


INSECTS  liNJURIOUS  TO  THE  PEAR. 

ATTACKING  THE  TRUNK. 

No.  65. — The  Pear-tree  Borer. 

uEjeria pt/ri  (Harris). 

This  is  a  whitish  grub,  resembling  that  of  the  peach-tree 
borer,  but  much  srnaller,  wliicli  feeds  chiefly  upon  the  inner 
hiyers  of  the  bark  of  the  pear-tree.  Its  presence  may  be 
detected  from  its  Jiabit  of  throwing  out  castings  resembling 
fine  sawdust,  which  are  readily  seen  upon  the  bark  of  the 
tree.  Before  the  larva  changes  to  a  chrysalis  it  eats  a  passage 
tlirough  the  bark,  leaving  only  the  thinnest  possible  covering 
unbroken.  Retiring  towards  the  interior,  it  changes  to  a 
chrysalis,  anil  late  in  the  summer  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself 
forward,  and,  pushing  against  the  paper-like  covering  which 
conceals  its  place  of  retreat,  ruptures  it,  and,  j)rojecting  itself 
from  the  orifice,  the  moth  soon  bursts  its  prison-house  and 
e.scapes,  leaving  nothing  but  the  em})ty  skin  behind  it 

The  moth  (Fig.  14G)  is  somewhat  like  a  small  wasp,  of 

a  purj>lish  or  bluish-black  color,  with   three   golden-yellow 

stripes  on  its  abdomen ;  the  edges  of  the  collar, 

Fio.  146.    the  shoulder-covers,  and  the  fan-shaped  brush  on 

"kh^i^w   the  tail  are  of  the  same  golden-yellow  hue.     Tlie 

wings,  which,  when  expanded,  measure  more  than 

half  an  inch  across,. are  clear  and  glass-like,  with 

their  veins  and  fringes  purplish  black,  and  acro^s 

the  tips  of  the  fore  wings  is  a  broad  dark  band  with  a  copi)ery 

lustre.     The  under  side  is  pale  yellow. 

Jicmcdk's. — The  trees  should   be  examined  in  the  spring, 

and   if  evidences  of  the  presence  of  these  larvre  are  found, 

they  shoidd  be  searched  for  and  destroyed.     As  a  preventive 

measure,  paint  the  trees  with  the  mixture  of  soft-soap  an(' 

140 


^ 


ATTACKING   THE    TRUNK. 


141 


solution  of  soda,  as  recommendod  for  the  round-headed  borer 
of  the  apple  (No.  2),  or  mound  tlie  trees  about  midsummer 
with  eartli,  as  recommended  for  the  peacli-tree  borer  (Xo.  97). 

No.  66.— The  Pigeon  Tremex. 

Trcinex  Coliunba  Linn. 

The  female  Pigeon  Tremex  is  represented  in  Fig.  147.     It 
is  a  large  wasp-like  creature,  which  measures,  when  its  wings 
are    expanded,    nearly    two 
inches  across.     The  body  is  l*'i^>-  147. 

cylindrical,  and  about  an 
inch  and  a  half  long  ex- 
chisive  of  its  boring  instru- 
ment, which  projects  about 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  be- 
yoivl  the  body.  The  wings 
are  of  a  smoky-brown  color, 
and  semi-transparent ;  the 
iiead  and  thorax  are  reddisii, 
varied  with  black,  and  the 
al)donien  is  black,  crossed  by 
seven  yellow  bands,  all  except  the  first  two  Interrupted  in 
the  middle.  The  horny  tail  and  a  round  spot  at  its  base  are 
ochre-yellow. 

The  male  (Fig.  148)  is  unlike  the  female:  it  is  smaller  and 
has  no  borer.  Its  wings  are  more  transparent;  the  body  is 
reddish,  varied  with  black,  in  ibrm 
somewhat  flattened,  rather  wider  be- 
hind, and  ends  with  a  conictal  horn. 
The  length  of  the  bodv  is  iVom  three- 
Ibnrths  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  or  more, 
and  the  wings  expand  about  au  inch 
and  a  half 

The  female  bores  into  tiie  wood  of 
the  tree  with  her  borer,  and,  when  the 
iiole  is  made  deep  enough,  drops  an  egg  into  it.     The  egg  is 


Fxu.  ns 


MHHMUm 


TT^ 


m 


142 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   PEAR. 


ohlong-ovjil,  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  rather  less  than  one- 
twentieth  of  an  inch  in  lengtii. 

The  larva  is  soft,  yellowish  white,  of  a  cylindrieal  form, 
rounded  behind,  with  a  eonical  horny  point  on  the  upi)er 
part  of  the  hinder  extremity,  and  when  mature  is  about  an 
ineh  and  a  half  long.  It  bores  deeply  into  the  interior  of  the 
wood.  liesides  the  pear,  it  is  injurious  to  the  buttonwood, 
elm,  and  maple. 

From  its  secluded  habits,  this  insect  is  a  dilHeult  one  to 
cope  with  ;  fortunately,  it  is  seldom  present  in  sutticient  num- 
bers to  be  very  injurious.  It  is  said  to  be  destroyed  by 
Ichneumon  flies,  species  of  I'impla,  furnisiied  with  very  long 
ovipositors,  with  which  they  bore  into  the  trunks  of  trees 
inhabited  by  these  Tremex  larvje,  and  deposit  their  eggs  in 
them:  these  hatch  into  grubs,  which  consume  their  substance 
and  cause  their  death. 


ATTACKING  THE  BKAN0HE3. 


R>        i'i  I 


or  later 


No.  67. — The  Twig-girdler. 

Oncidercs  ciiirfitld/us  (Say). 

This    beetle    nearly   amputates    pear    twigs 
during  tlie  latter  half  of  August  and  the  earlv 
Q   part  of  September.     The  female  makes  pep- 
^  Ibrations  (Fig.  149,  b)  in  the  smaller  bran.'hcs 
..,/  of  the  tree  upon  which  she  lives,  and  in  these 
••;.  deposits  lier  eggs,  one  of  which  is  shown  of  the 
natural  size  at  c.     She  then  j)roceeds  to  gnaw 
a  groove  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  wide  and 
about  a  similar  deptli  all  around  the  branch, 
as  shown  in  the  figure,  when  the  exterior  por- 
tion dies,  and  tiie   larva,  w'hen   hatched,  feeds 
up(»n  the  dead  wood.   The  girdled  twigs  sooner 
lall  to  the  ground,  and  in  them  the  insect  completes 


ATTACK! ^'G    THE   BRANCHES. 


143 


its  transt()riiiati()n.s,  and  liiuiUy  e.sciipes  as  a  perfect  beetle. 
This  insect  is  about  eleven-twentieths  of  an  inch  in  length, 
with  a  robust  body  of  a  brownish-gray  color  with  dull  red- 
dish-yellow dots,  and  having  a  broad  gray  band  across  the 
middle  of  the  wing-cases.  The  antennte  are  longer  than  the 
bodv.  The  beetle  is  more  eoninion  on  the  hiekorv  than  on 
the  pear. 

To  subdue  the  insect,  the  dead  and  fallen  twigs  should  be 
uiithercd  and  burnt. 


No.  68.— The  Pear-blight  Beetle. 

A'i/lcbonis  j)i/rl  (Peck). 

During  the  lieat  of  niidsnninier,  twigs  of  the  ?>ear-tree  some- 
times become  suddenly  blighted,  the  leaves  and  fruit  wither, 
and  a  discoloration  of  the  bark  takes  place,  followed  by  the 
speedy  death  of  the  j)art  atl'ected.  Most  frequently  these  etfects 
arc  the  result  of  tire-blight,  a  mysterious  disease,  probably  of  a 
fungoid  character,  but  occasionally  they  are  due  to  the  agency 
of  the  pear-blight  beetle.  In  these  latter  instances  there  will 
be  found,  on  examination,  small  perforations  like  pin-holes  at 
the  base  of  some  of  the  buds,  and  from  these  issue  small  cylin- 
drical beetles,  shown  nuignilied  in  Fig.  150,  about  one-tenth 
of  an  inch  long,  of  a  deep  brown  or  black  color,  with 
antennas  and  legs  of  a  rusty  red.  The  thorax  is  Fia.150. 
short,  very  convex,  rounded  and  roughened ;  the 
wing-covers  are  thickly  but  minntely  punctated,  the 
dots  being  arranged  in  rows;  the  hinder  [)art  of  the 
body  terminates  in  an  abrupt  and  sudden  slope. 

The  beetle  (lej)osits  its  eggs  at  the  base  of  the  bud, 
and  when  hatched  the  young  larva  follows  the  course 
of  the  eye  of  the  bud  towards  the  pith,  around  which  it  p; 
consuming  the  tissues  in  its  course,  thus  interfering  with  the 
circulation  and  causing  the  twig  to  wither.  The  larva  changes 
to  a  pupa,  and  subsequently  to  a  '  'etle,  in  the  bottom  of  its 
biuM'ow,  and  makes  its  escape  frcm  the  tree  in  the  latter  part 
of  June  or  the  beginning  of  July,  depositing  its  eggs  before 


cs. 


144 


JNSKCTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   PEAR. 


August  1ms  passed.  Tlie  liole  made  by  the  beetle  when  it  i.s 
escaping  is  a  little  more  than  one-twentieth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

It  was  formerly  snjiposed  that  these  insects  infested  onlv 
such  trees  as  were  unhealthy  or  were  already  dying,  but  it  has 
been  shown  that  sound  and  healthy  trees  are  attacked  and 
scvcrclv  injured  bv  them.  Neither  are  they  limited  in  their 
operations  to  the  twigs,  but  sometimes  attack  the  trunk  also. 
It  is  said  that  there  are  two  broods  each  year,  the  early  one 
nurtured  in  the  trunk,  and  when  these  reach  maturity,  the 
newly-groAvn  twigs,  ofllering  a  more  dainty  repast,  are  accord- 
ingly attacked  and  destroyed. 

The  injuries  inflicted  by  thi.s  insect  are  not  confined  wholly 
to  the  pear;  occasionally  it  is  found  on  the  ap[)le,  apricot, 
and  plum.  The  only  remedy  which  has  been  suggested  is  to 
cut  off  the  blighted  limbs  below  the  injured  part  and  burn 
them  before  the  beetle  has  escaped. 

The  damage  caused  by  this  insect  must  not  be  confounded 
with  the  well-known  lire-blight  on  the  pear,  since  that,  as 
already  remarked,  is  a  disease  j)r()bal)ly  of  a  fungoid  character, 
and  is  entirely  independent  of  insect  agency. 


IIP 


No.  69. — The  Pear-tree  Bark-louse. 

LecanUim pyri  (Schrank). 

This  insect  is  found  on  the  under  side  of  the  limbs  of  youno; 
and  thrifty  pear-trees,  adhering  closely  to  the  bark.  It  ap- 
])ears  in  the  form  of  a  hemis])herical  scale  about  one-fifth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  of  a  chestnut-brown  color,  sometimes 
marked  with  faint  blackish  streaks,  and  having  on  its  surface 
some  shallow  indentations.  The  outer  margin  is  wrinkletl. 
These  scales,  when  mature,  are  the  dead  bodies  of  the  feni;de.s 
covering  and  protecting  their  young;  some  are  darker  in  color 
than  others,  and  there  are  some  smaller  ones  which  are  of  a 
dull-yellow  hue. 

Under  the  scales  the  young  lice  are  interspersed  through  a 
mass  of  white  cotton-like  matter,  which  subseipiently  increases 


ATTACKING    THE   lillASCIIES. 


145 


it)  volume  and  protrmlos  iVoin  under  the  seule.  Karly  in  tlie 
Mason  lliey  crawl  out  and  distribute  themselves  over  the 
smooth  hark,  appeai-ing  as  minute  whitish  speeUs.  When 
ma!iiiitied,  they  are  found  to  be  of  an  oval  form,  somewhat 
flattened,  about  one-hundredth  of  an  inch  lono;,  of  a  dnil- 
wjiite  color,  with  six  legs  and  short  antennae.  'J'he  yoiuig 
larvie  soon  attach  tiiemselvcs  to  the  bark,  which  they  punc- 
tiu'e  with  their  beaks,  living  on  the  sap,  and  during  the  season 
materially  increase  in  siz(>.  They  pass  the  winter  in  a  torpid 
state,  and  in  the  spring  the  uiales  enter  the  pupal  condition, 
and  subsequently  appear  as  minute  two-winged  flies,  while  the 
females  gradually  grow  to  the  size  and  I'orni  of  the  scales 
already  referred  to,  after  which,  dying,  their  dried  bodies 
remain  to  serve  as  a  shelter  for  their  offspring.  This  is 
believed  to  be  the  same  insect  as  occurs  upon  the  pear-tree 
in  l'>uro])e,  and  is  said  to  be  peculiar  to  the  [)ear. 

Remedies. — Fortunatelv,  these  insects  are  of  such  a  size  that 
they  are  easily  seen.  They  should  be  Iu(»ked  for  during  the 
latter  part  of  June,  at  which  time  tlie  females  will  have 
attained  their  full  size,  and,  when  discovered,  should  be 
|)roinptly  removed.  The  under  side  of  the  limbs  should 
also  be  well  scrubbed  with  a  brush  dipped  in  some  alkaline 
solution. 

A  small,  four-winged  parasite  lives  in  the  bodies  of  the 
females,  feeds  upon  their  substance  and  destroys  them,  and 
forms  a  chrysalis  under  the  scale.  When  tliis  Hy  matures,  it 
gnaws  a  round  hole  through  the  scale  and  esca[)es. 


a 

es 


No.  70.— The  Pear-tree  Psylla. 

PsijUa  pi/ri  Sclunidb. 

Diu'ing  the  luiddle  of  May,  when  growth  is  rapid,  the  smaller 
limbs  and  twigs  of  pear-trees  are  sometimes  observed  to  droop ; 
a  close  examination  reveals  a  copious  exudation  of  sap  from 
about  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  so  abundant  that  it  drops  Uj)ou 
the  foliage  below,  and  sometimes  runs  down  tlie  branches  to 
the  ground.     Flies  and  ants  gather  '>rt)und   in  crowds  to  sip 

10 


! 


146 


J^'SJ'JCTs  jyjLJuois  to  the  peau. 


the  sweets,  and  by  their  busy  bustle  draw  atteiiiion  to  the 
mischief  p»'  .gTe,-;sin<^,  Witii  a  magnifying  lens  the  authors 
of  the  injury  may  be  observed  immersed  in  the  sap  about  the 
axils  of  the  leaves. 

This  inseet  is-:  known  as  the  Pear-tree  Psylla,  a  small,  yellow, 
)uni})ing  creature,  flattened  in  form,  and  provided  with  short 
let^s,  a  broad  head,  and  sharp  beak.  With  the  beak  are  made 
the  punctures  from  which  the  sap  exuiles.      In  rare  instances 

they    occur     in     immense 
^i"-  1^1-  inimbers,      when      almost 

everv  leaf  on  a  tree  will 
seem  to  be  iilfected ;  all 
growth  is  at  once  arrested, 
;'.nd  frecpiently  the  tree  loses 
a  considerable  portion  of 
its  leaves.  Wlu-n  in  the 
pupa  state  with  the  wings 
developing,  iliey  present  the  appearaniie  shown  in  Fig.  151  ; 
n  rej)resents  the  under  side,  h  the  upper  side  ;  the  i)erfeet 
winged    insect  i;;  shown   in  Fig.    lo2,  all   highly  magnilied. 

The  color  of  the  pupa  is 
deep  orang(!-red,  the  thorn x 
strij)cd  with  black,  and  the 
abdomen  l)la(!kish  brown. 
T()war<ls  tlu;  end  of  the 
summer  they  attain  matu- 
rity, when  tliey  arc  fur- 
nished with  trans|)areiit 
wiuii's  ;  the  head  is  deeplv 
notched  in  from;  color  orange-yellow,  with  the  abdomen 
greenish.     Length  one-tenth  of  an  ireh. 

lii'iiH'd'u'x. — Paint  the  twigs  with  a  strong  solution  iX  soft- 
snap,  as  recommended  for  No.  2,  or  syringe  the  trees  with 
strong  soapsuds. 


Fi(i.  ir.i>. 


m 


ATTACKING    THE    BUDS. 


147 


ATTACKING  THE  BUDS. 


Fig.  l.-).!. 


No.  71.— The  Tarnished  Plant-bug. 

Li/l/iis  lineolarls  [l^.  Beativ.). 

Tliis  insect,  wliic'lj  is  represented  magnilied  in  Fi<j^.  15,'^,  is 
iibont  one-fifth  of  an  inch  h)ng,  and  varies  in  color  from 
(hill  dark  brown  to  a  j^reenish  or  dirty 
yellowish  brown,  tlu;  males  being  gen(!r- 
;ill\'  darker  than  the  females.  The  head 
i"  \ellowish,  with  three  liarrow,  reddish 
stripes  ;  the  beak  or  sucker  is  abont  one- 
tliird  the  ]enij;tli  of  the  body,  mhI  when  j 
not  in  use  is  folded  n})on  the  breast.  The  ^ 
thorax  lias  a  yellow  margin  and  several 
yellowish  lines  rniniino-  lengthwise;  behind 
the  thorax  is  a  yellow  V-like  mark,  some- 
times more  or  less  indistinct.  The  wings  are  dusky  brown, 
and  the  legs  dnll  yellow. 

It  passes  the  wintei  in  the  perfect  sUite,  taking  shelter 
among  rubbish,  or  in  other  convenient  hiding-places,  and 
early  in  May,  as  soon  as  vegetation  starts,  it  begins  its  dep- 
redations. Concealing  itself  within  the  voiiiig  leaves  of  the 
ex[)aiidiiig  bii;is  of  the  pear,  it  punctures  them  about  tlusir 
base  and  a'ong  their  edges,  extracting  their  juices  with  its 
beak.  'I'he  ])uiicture  of  the  insect  seems  to  luvve  a  poisonous 
ellecft,  and  the  result  is  to  disfigure;  and  ometiines  entirely 
destroy  the  young  leaves,  causing  them  to  black(Mi  and  wither. 
These  insects  are  also  partial  to  (he  unopened  buds,  piercing 
them  from  the  outside,  and  sucking  them  nearly  dry,  when 
they  also  become  withe:  -d  and  blackened.  iSometimes  a 
whole  branch  will  be  thus  alfected,  being  first  stunted,  then 
wilheriiig,  and  finally  dying.  Early  in  the  morning  these 
plant-bugs  are  in  a  sluggish  condition,  and  may  be  found 
buried  in  the  expanding  leaves,  but  as  tiie  (hiy  advances 
and  the  temperature  rises  they  become  active,  and  when  ap- 


M— —  lliiiliiiillliiMM 


nr 


148 


IXSECTS  IXJURIors   TO    THE   PEAR. 


proaclied  dodge  quickly  about  from  place  to  place,  drop  to 
the  ground,  or  else  take  \\h\\x.  mid  Hy  away.  In  common 
with  most  true  bugs,  they  have  when  handled  a  disagreeable 
odor.  In  the  course  of  two  or  three  weeks  they  disappear, 
or  cease  to  be  suffivMently  injuriojis  to  attract  attention. 

It  is  stated  that  they  dej)osit  their  eggs  on  the  leaves,  and 
(hat  later  in  the  season  the  voiuii;  and  old  bugs  niav  be  found 
tDgether.  The  young  bug-,  are  green,  but  in  other  respects 
do  not  difier  from  their  j)arents,  except  in  lacking  wings. 
While  they  seem  particularly  partial  to  the  p' .  -',  they  attack 
also  the  young  leaves  of  the  quince,  apple,  plum,  and  ch<u'ry, 
as  well  as  (hose  of  many  herbaceous  ])lants. 

Jiaaah'cs. —  First  of  all,  clean  culture,  so  as  to  leave  no 
shelter  I'or  the  bug  in  which  to  winter  over.  When  they 
appear  in  spring,  shake  them  from  the  trees  very  early  in  the 
morning,  while  they  arc  in  a  toi'pid  state,  and  destroy  them. 


i 


No.  72. — The  Oak  Platycerus. 

I'/ii/i/fcnis  ijiierois  (Wohor). 

This  is  an   insect  belonging  to  the  family  of  stag  beetles, 

which  has  occasionally  been  found  injurious  to  pear-trees  in 

Illinois  by  devouring  the  buds.     In  the  larval  stale  it  feeds 

on  decaying  wood  in  old  oak  logs  and  stumj>s.     It  matures 

and  a|)p<'ars  as  a  beetle  about  the  time  that  ihe  buds 

'  ■     *  ■  of  the  pear  are  bursting,  and  contiiuies  feeding  ibr 

(lU       many  days,  completely  eating  out  the  swelling  buds 

JjB^     iiiid  the  ends  of  the  new  shoots. 

}    \  It    is  a   blackish   beetle,  of  a   grcH'uish   cast,  with 

ril)l)e<l    wing-covers,  and    nearly    half    an    inch    in 

length.     It  is  r(!|)resented  in  l^'ig.  lol.     As  this  has  hitherto 

been  compai'atively  a  rare  beetle,  it  is  scarcely  likely  evei'  to 

prove  generally  troublesome  to  pear-growers. 


ATTACKING    THE   FLOWEL'S. 


149 


ATTACKING  THE  FLOWEES. 


No.  73. — The  Pear-tree  Blister-beetle. 

J'<)iiijili(ij)iva  aenea  (fsay). 

This  i?   a  groenish-bluc   or  brassy-looking  beetle,  ratlier 
more  than   bait'  an  inch  long  (see  Fig.  lo5),  with  head  and 
thorax  punctated  and  somewhat  hairy,  the  wing- 
ca-es   roughened  aud   with   two  slightly-elevuted    l"''<j-  l-J--»- 
lines. 

These  beetles  have  been  found  injurious  to  pear- 
biossoms  both  in  Michigan  and  in  Pennsylvania. 
They  begin  their  work  by  devoiiring  the  corolla, 
then  the  pistil  an<!  calyx,  and  a  portion  of  the 
iorming  iruit,  but  are  said  to  avoid  the  stamens. 
They  will  occasionally  eat  small  })ortions  of  the  tender  foliage, 
and  are  usually  most  abundant  on  the  tops  of  the  trees  aud 
about  the  extremities  of  the  limbs.  They  also  attack  the 
hlossoms  of  the  cherry,  plum,  and  (piince,  but  have  not  been 
observetl  on  the  aj)ple  or  j)each. 

This  pest  is  easily  controlled.  On  jarring  the  tri'es  they 
drop  at  once  to  the  groinid,  ajid  if  taken  in  the  cool  of  the 
morning  are  very  sluggish  in  their  movements.  Later  in 
I  he  day,  in  the  heat  of  the  sun,  they  become  much  more 
active,  and  ily  readily. 


i  I 


I 


ATTAOKINa  THE  LEAVES. 
No.  74. — The  Pear-tree  Leaf-miner. 

I.illiordllitis  iji  iiiiiitif<lla  I'lU'kai'il. 

The  larva  of  iliis  insect  mines  the  leaves  of  the  pear,  and 
also  tiiose  of  tiie  apple.  It  is  very  small,  of  a  pale-reddish 
color,  with  a  black  hcid  and  a  black  patch  on  the  np|)er  part 
of  the  next  segment.      In  l<'ig.  15(1  it  is  shown  magnified,    it 


mam 


150 


I A  SECTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE   FEAR. 


usually  dmw.s  two  leaves   toy;etlier  and   fastens   them    with 
silken  libres,  or  else  folds  one  up  and  eats  the  surface,  inakinji; 

unsightly  blotches,  which 
J'^ic   liiC-  I'j-  I'J"-  disfigure  and   injure  tin; 

(He  of  August,  the  larva 
changes  to  a  long,  slender  chrysalis  within  this  mine  (Fig. 
157,  also  niagnified).  The  moths  a])})ear  a  few  days  after- 
wards. 

When  its   wings  are  expanded,   the   moth  (Fig.  158,  en- 
larged)   measures    about    one-third  of  an   inch  across.     The 

fore  wings  are  dark  grav,  with  a  roum! 
blackish  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  inner 
edge  of  th«  wing,  which  is  not  shown 
in  the  figure,  also  an  eye-like  spot  on 
the  outer  edge,  with  a  black  pu|)il. 

As  the  season  advances,  these  insects 
sometimes  become  very  abundant,  and 
towards  the  end  of  autumn  a  large  pro- 
j)()i'tion  of  the  leaves  of  the  pear  and  apple  trees  become 
l)l(»tched  anil  ilisligured  froin  their  work.  Since  they  pass  the 
winter  in  tiie  larval  or  chrysalis  (jonditiou  in  their  leafy  en- 
closures,  their  numbers  may  l)e  materially  i-educed  by  gathering 
all  the  fallen  leaves  in  the  autumn  and  burning  them. 


Fio.  158. 


No.  75.— The  Pear-tree  Slug. 

Scldndria  rerasi  Pook. 

In  the  year  175)0,  Prof.  Feck,  of  Massachusetts,  wrote  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "Natural  History  of  the  Slug-worm," 
which  was  printed  in  {{(tstou  the  same  year  by  ord(>i'  of  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society  and  was  awarded  the  So- 
ciety's premium  of  fifty  dollars  and  a  gold  medal.  Alihough 
more  than  uinet\  years  have  |)ass«'d  sinc(!  that.  j)amphlet 
was  written,  not  much  has  be(!n  added  in  the  interval  to  our 
ktiowledge  of  the  history  and  habits  of  this  insect.  In  th(! 
mean  time,  however,  it  has  spread  over  the  greater  portion  of 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


151 


Fio.  159. 


tlie  United  States  and  Canada,  injuring  more  or  le?>.s  seriously 
the  foliage  of  our  pear,  cherry,  quince,  and  i)hini  trees  every 

year. 

This  insect  passes  the  winter  in  tiie  chrysalis  state  under 
(rround  ;  the  flies,  the  progenitors  of  the  mischievous  l)r()od 
of  slugs,  appearing  on  the  wing  in  the  Northern  States  and 
Canada  from  about  tlie  third  week  in  ^NFay  until  the  middle 
of  June.  The  fly  (Fig.  159)  is  of  a  glossy  blac'lv  color, 
will  four  transparent  wings,  the  front  pair 
heing  crossed  by  a  dusky  cloud  ;  the  vcius 
jur  brownish,  and  the  legs  dull  yellow,  with 
black  thighs,  except  the  hind  pair,  which  are 
black  at  both  extremities,  and  dull  yellow  in 
the  middle.  The  female  fly  is  more  than 
one-lifth  of  an  inch  long;  the  male  is  somewhat  smaller. 
When  the  trees  on  which  these  flies  are  at  work  are  jarred 
or  shaken,  or  if  the  flies  are  otherwise  disturbed,  they  fall  to 
the  ground,  whei'e,  folding  tlielr  anteniuc  under  their  bodies 
jiiid  bending  tlie  head  forward  and  under,  they  remain  for  a 
time  motionless. 

Tl'.o  saw-flies  have  been  so  called  from  the  fact  tliat  in  most 
of  the  species  the  females  are  provided  with  a  saw-like  aj)- 
pciulage  at  the  end  of  the  body,  by  which  slits  are  (!ut  in  the 
li'avcs  of  the  trees,  shrubs,  or  plants  ou  which  the  larvte  \W^\, 
in  which  slits  the  eggs  are  deposited.  The  female  of  this 
species  l)egins  to  deposit  lier  eggs  early  in  June;  they  are 
placed  singly  within  little  semicircular  incisions  through  the 
skin  of  the  leaf,  sometimes  on  the  under  side  and  sometimes 
on  (he  upper.     In  about  a  fortnight  these  eggs  hatch. 

The  newly-batched  slug  is  at  first  white,  l)ut  soon  a  slimy 
matter  oozes  out  of  tlie  skin  and  covers  the  uppc>r  j)ai'i  of  the 
bodv  with  an  olive-colored  stic^ky  coating.  After  changing 
its  skin  four  times,  it  attains  the  length  of  iialf  an  iuc^h  or  more 
(see  Fig.  lOO,  «),  and  is  then  nearly  lull  grown.  It  is  a  dis- 
gusting-looking creature,  a  slimy,  bhu  kish,  or  olive-brown 
slug,  with  the  anterior  pjirt  of  its  body  so  swollen  as  to  re- 


"'•^''"'"'""■■'"" 


T^ 


152 


lASECTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE   PEAR. 


Fid.  KiO. 


senibie  somewliata  tadpole  in  form,  and  liaving  a  disagreeable 
and  sickening  odor,  'i'he  head  is  small,  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
is  almost  entirely  concealed  nnder  the  front  segments.  It  is 
of  a  dull-yellowish  color  beneath,  with  twenty 
very  short  legs,  one  pair  under  each  segment 
except  the  fourth  and  the  last.  After  the  last 
moult  it  loses  its  slimy  appearance  and  (l:ul< 
color,  and  appears  in  a  clean  yellow  skin  en 
ti  rely  free  from  slime;  its  form  is  also  (ihangcd, 
being  proportionately  longer.  In  a  few  houis 
after  this  change  it  leaves  the  tree  and  crawls 
or  falls  to  the  ground,  where  it  buries  itself  to 
a  depth  of  from  one  io  three  or  four  inches. 
By  repeated  movements  of  the  body  the  earth 
is  pressed  firmly  on  all  sides,  and  an  oblong- 
oval  chamber  is  formed,  which  is  afterwards 
litied  with  a  sticky,  glossy  substance,  which 
makes  it  retain  its  shape.  Within  this  little 
earthen  cell  the  insect  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  and  in  about  a 
ibitnight  finishes  its  transformations,  breaks  open  the  en- 
closure, crawls  to  the  surface  of  the  grounil,  and  appears  in 
the  winsjced  form. 

About  the  third  week  in  July  the  flies  arc  actively  engaged 
in  depositing  eggs  for  a  second  brood,  the  young  slugs  ap[)ear- 
ing  early  in  August.  They  reach  maturity  in  about  four 
weeks,  then  retire  under  ground,  change  to  chrysalids,  and 
remain  in  that  condition  until  thi'  following  spring. 

Pear  and  cherry  growers  shouKi  l)e  on  the  lookout  for  this 
destructive  pest  about  the  middle  of  .Fune,  and  again  early  in 
August,  and  if  the  young  larvic  are  then  abundant  they  should 
be  promptly  attended  to,  since  if  neglected  tluy  soon  play  sad 
havoc  with  the  foliage,  feeding  upon  the  upper  side  of  the 
leaves  and  consuming  the  tissues,  leaving  only  tlu^  veins  and 
under  skin.  Tlie  Ibliage,  dep«'ived  of  its  substance,  withers 
and  becomes  tlark-colored,  as  if  sconihed  by  fire,  and  soon  after- 
wards it  drops  from  the  trees.    In  a  badly-infested  p<'ar  orchard, 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


153 


wliole  rows  of  trees  mjiy  sometimes  be  seen  as  bare  of  foliage 
(luring  the  early  days  of  July  as  they  are  in  niidwinttM".  In 
.such  instances  the  trees  are  obliged  to  throw  out  new  leaves ; 
and  this  extra  effort  so  exhausts  their  vigor  as  to  interfere 
seriously  with  their  fruit-producing  |)t)wer  the  followiu!^ 
vear.  Although  very  abundant  iii  a  given  locality  one 
season,  these  slugs  may  be  very  scarce  the  next,  as  I  hey  are 
Hable  to  be  destroyed  in  the  interval  by  enemies  and  by 
uiifuvorable  climatic  influences. 

Rciaedies. —  Hellebore  in  powder,  mixed  with  water  in  the 
pi-oj)ortion  of  an  ounce  to  two  gallons,  and  applied  to  tlie 
foliage  with  a  syringe  or  a  watering-pot,  promptly  <lestroys 
this  slug;  and  Paris-green,  applied  in  the  same  manner,  in 
the  proportion  of  a  teaspoonful  to  the  same  quantity  of  water, 
would  doubtless  serve  a  similar  purpose.  Fresh  air-slaked 
lime  dusted  on  the  foliage  is  said  to  be  an  eflicicnt  remedy. 
It  has  been  recommendetl  to  dust  the  foliage  with  sand,  ashes, 
and  road  dust,  but  these  are  unsatisfactory  measures,  and  of 
little  value.  A  very  minute  Ichnemnon  fly  is  said  to  lay 
its  eggs  within  the  eggs  of  this  saw-fly,  and  from  its  tiny  egg 
a  little  maggot  is  hatc;hed,  which  lives  within  the  egg  of  the 
saw-fly  and  consumes  it. 

No.  76. — The  Green  Pear-tree  Slug. 

Another  species  of  saw-fly,  as  yet  undetermined,  also  attacks 
the  leaves  of  the  pear.  The  larva'  appear  from  about  the 
first  to  the  middle  of  .lune,  and  eat  holes  in  the  leaves  or  semi- 
circular portions  from  th<;edge.  They  are  about  half  an  inch 
in  length,  nearly  cylindrical  in  form,  tapering  slightly  towards 
the  hinder  segments.  The  head  is  rather  small,  pale  green 
with  a  yellowish  tinge,  and  has  a  dark-brown  dot  on  each  side  ; 
the  jaws  are  tij)ped  with  brown.  The  body  above  is  semi- 
tiansparentjof  a  grass-green  color  faintly  tinged  with  yellow, 
the  yellow  most  apparent  on  tlu^  posterior  segments ;  tl"'rc  is 
a  line  down  the  l)aek  ol"  a  slightly  deeper  shade  of  green,  and 
one  along  each  side,  close  to  the  under  surface,  of  a  |ialer  hue. 


HMMMMlttlAMii^llill 


1 


154 


IXSKCTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   PEAR. 


mi 


The  under  side  is  similar  to  the  upper;  feet  whitisli  irreeu, 
semi-triuisparent. 

About  the  middle  of  June  this  larva  seeks  some  suitable 
hiding-plaee,  sueh  as  a  crevice  in  the  bari^  of  the  tree,  or 
other  sheher,  and  there  makes  and  fastens  firmly  a  small, 
brownish,  papery-looking  cocoon,  in  which  it  undergoes  its 
ti-ansformations  and  remains  until  the  Ibllowing  spring,  when 
the  j)erfcct  fly  ap[)ears. 

The  fly  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  that  of  the  j)ear-tree 
slug,  but  is  smaller. 

Tiie  remedies  applicable  to  the  pear-tree  slug  would  serve 
equally  well  in  this  instance;  l)ut  these  insects  are  seldom 
found  in  sufficient  abundance  to  require  a  remedy. 

No.  77.— The  Goldsmith-beetle. 

Cotulpa  lanij/eia  (Linn.). 

This  is,  without  doubt,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all  our 
leaf-eating  beetles.  It  is  nearly  an  inch  in  length  (see  Fig. 
IGl),  of  a  broad,  oval  form,  with  the  wing-oases  of  a  rich 
yellow  {!olor  and  pale  metallic  lustre,  while  the 
top  of  the  head  and  the  thorax  gleam  with 
burnished  gold  of  a  brilliant  reddish  cast.  The 
under  surface  has  a  polished  coppery  hue,  and 
is  thi(dvly  covered  with  whitish,  woolly  hairs: 
this  latter  characteristic  has  suggested  its  spe- 
cific name,  hmi<jcva,  or  wool -bearer. 

This  insect  appears  late  in  May  and  during 
the  month  of  June,  and  is  distributed  over  a 
very  wide  aiva,  being  found  in  most  of  the  Northern  United 
States  and  in  Canada;  and,  although  seldom  very  abundant, 
rarclv  <loes  a  .season  pass  without  some  t)f  them  being  seen. 
Dm-iiig  the  day  they  are  inactive,  and  may  be  found  clinging 
t(i  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  of  trees,  often  drawing  together 
two  or  three  leaves  and  holding  them  with  their  sharp  claws 
for  the  purpose  of  concealing  themselves.  At  dusk  they  issue 
from  their  hiding-places  and  fly  about  with  a  buz/ing  sound 


A  TTA  CKIXG    THE   L  E.  1 1  VvV. 


1  r.x 


anioin''  the  branches  of  trees,  the' tender  leiivcs  of  which  they 
devour.  The  pear,  oak,  pophir,  hickory,  silver  abele,  and 
sweet-giun  all  snfl'er  more  or  less  from  their  attacks.  J^ike 
tlic  common  May-bit<^,  this  beautiful  creature  is  attracted  by 
liolit,  and  often  tlies  into  lighted  rooms  on  summer  even- 
iiiiis,  dashing  against  everything  it  meets  with,  to  the  great 
aliirm  of  nervous  inmates.  In  some  seasons  they  are  coni- 
iiiuativcly  common,  and  may  then  be  readily  captured  by 
shaking  the  trees  on  which  they  are  lodged,  in  the  daytime, 
when  they  do  not  attempt  to  fly,  but  I'all  at  once  to  the 
ground. 

The  beetle  is  short-ii.ed.  The  female  deposits  her  eggs 
ill  the  ground  at  varying  deptiis  during  the  latter  part  of 
.liuic,  and,  having  thus  provided  for  the  continuance  of  her 
species,  dies.  The  lives  of  the  males  are  of  still  shorter 
(lin-ation.  The  eggs  are  laid  during  the  uight,  the  whole 
mimber  probably  not  exceeding  twenty ;  they  are  very  large 
tor  the  size  of  the  beetle,  being  nearly  one-tenth  of  an  inch 
in  length,  of  a  long,  ovoid  form,  and  a  white,  translucent 
a|tp('arance. 

In  about  three  weeks  the  young  larva  is  hatched  ;  it  is  of  a 
(hdl-white  color,  with  a  polished,  horny  head  of  a  yellowish 
hrown,  feet  of  the  same  hue,  and  the  extremity 
of  the  abdomen  lead-color.  The  mature  larva 
(Fig.  162)  is  a  thick,  whitish,  fleshy  grub,  very 
similar  in  appearance  to  that  of  the  May-bug, 
which  is  i'amiliarly  known  as  "  the  white  grub." 
It  lives  in  the  ground  and  feeds  on  the  roots 
of  plants,  and  is  thus  sometimes  very  destruc- 
tive to  strawberry-plants.  It  is  said  that  the 
grub  is  three  years  in  reaching  its  full  growth  ;  linall} ,  it 
matures  in  the  autumn,  and  late  the  same  season  or  early  in 
the  following  spring  changes  to  a  beetle. 


1  I 


WMMMiAlMlll 


156 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   PEAR. 


No.  78. — The  Iridescent  Serica. 

Serica  iriculor  Siiy. 

This  beetle  is  said  to  liave  proved  very  injurious  to  pear- 
trees  in   New  Jersey  by  devouring  tlie   leaves.     It  is  of  an 
oval  form,  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  didl  bluisli- 
blaclc  color,  and  clothed  with  long,  fine,  silky  hairs,  especially 
on    the    thorax ;    it    is    represented     in     Fig.    16^3. 
163.  rj^j^j^  insect  has  the  same  habit  of  dr()p[)ing  to  the 


-<iSS  ground  when  the  trees  are  jarred  or  shaken  as  the 
goldsmith-beetle  (No.  77),  and  if  it  proves  at  any 
time  troublesome  it  may  be  collected  in  this  way  and 
destroyed.  It  is  not  known  how  or  where  the  larva  of  this 
species  lives,  but  it  probably  dwells  under  ground  and  feeds 
on  the  roots  of  plants. 


No.  79. — The  Pear-tree  Aphis. 

An  undetermined  species  of  aphi.j  sometimes  attacks  the 
leaves  of  the  pear-tree  early  in  Juno,  causing  them  to  twist 
and  curl  up  very  much.  In  the  |)upa  state  these  insects  are 
active,  with  the  wings  partly  developed.  They  are  then 
green,  with  a  row  of  brownish  dots  along  the  back,  which 
are  smaller  on  the  anterior  'gments  and  larger  on  the  middle 
ones  ;  there  are  also  some  streaks  of  the  same  color  along 
each  side.  The  wings  are  enclosed  in  cases  on  the  sides 
about  half  the  length  of  the  body;  body  plunip  ;  lionoy-tubos 
j)alc  whitish,  tipped  with  black;  feet  pale  whitish.  All  the 
specimens  seen  at  this  time  have  partly  or  fully  developed 
wings. 

In  the  perfect  winged  specimens  the  head  is  black ;  thorax 
l)la{!k  above,  greenish  below;  body  brownish  blacik  above, 
green  on  the  sides  and  beneath,  with  a  few  blackish  dots; 
anlennro  brownish  black.  When  the  insect  escapes  from  the 
j)upa  state,  tlio  empty  pupa  skin  is  left  attached  to  the  under 
surface  of  the  curled  leaves. 


ATTACKING    THE  LKAVKS. 


15; 


The  remedies  reconiineiuled  for  tlie  apple-tree  aphis  (No. 
57)  will  be  serviceable  for  this  insect  also. 

No.  80. — Grasshoppers,  or  Locusts. 

In  addition  to  the  insects  already  treated  of,  several  s|)eoies 
(tf  grasshoppers,  or,  more  correctly,  locusts,  attack  the  leaves 
dt'  tlie  pear,  and,  when  abundant,  will  often  entirely  strip 
vonng  trees  of  their  foliage.  In  Fig.  164  we  have  a  rej)re- 
.-.(■ntation  of  the  red-le<^ged  locust,  Caloptenus  Jemur-rahruiit 
(De  Geer),  one  of  our  connnonest  sj)ecies,  which  is  abundant 
(vorywhere,  from  Maine  to  Minnesota,  throughout  the  givater 
portion  of  Canada,  and  from  Pennsylvania  to  Kansas.  In 
]'"ig.  105  is  shown  the  noted  Rocky  Moiuitain  locust,  (J<dop- 


Fiu.  1G4. 


Fig.  K; 


tenus  sprctus  Thomas,  which  has  proved  so  terribly  destructive 
in  the  AY  est  and  Northwest.  Although  much  resembling  the 
red-legged  locust  in  size  and  general  appearance,  the  wings 
are  longer,  and  there  are  other  points  of  ditference  which 
enable  the  entomologist  readily  to  separate  the  sj)ecies.  These, 
however,  need  not  be  enumerated  here.  In  Fig.  166  the 
females  of  the  Rocky  Moiuitain  locust  arc  de[)icte(l  at  a,  a,  a, 
in  the  act  of  depositing  their  eggs.  These  eggs  are  laid  in 
the  ground  in  masses,  in  which  the  eggs  are  carefully  arranged, 
and  the  whole  coated  with  a  gummy  covering.  In  the  lower 
part  (>f  the  figure  one  of  the  egg-masses  is  shown  with  one 
end  open,  others  in  position  at  d  and  e,  and  the  eggs  separated 
at  c;  /sliows  where  an  egg-mass  luus  been  deposited  ami  the 
aperture  closed. 

In  Fig.  167  another  common  sj)ocies  is  represented, — at  a 
in  the  immature  or  larval  state,  at  b  in  the  mature  or  perfect 
condition.    This  insect  is  known  under  the  name  of  the  green- 


158 


INSECTS  INJIRIOUS    TO    TlIK   PEAR. 


faced  locust,  Trnf/ocephalu  virkUfasciata  (De  Gccr).     IMieie 
are    many  otlicr  species    which   might   be   referred    to,    l)ut 


Fiu.  16G. 


these  will  suffice  to  illustrate  the  family,  al^  ^he  members  of 
which  are  destructive,  esfjecially  during  the  latter  ^  nrt  of  tlu; 
summer. 

When  young  trees  are  deprived  of  their  leaves  in  the  midst 
of  their  growth,  they  fail  to  ripen  their  wood  proj)erly,  and 
their  vitality  is  weakened  so  that  they  are   more  liable  to 

Fig.  1G7. 


iiijuiy  from  winter,  and  also  more  prone  to  disease.     Gras-^- 
hoppers  do  not  confine  their  attacks  to  the  pear,  b'"  ,<ir 

also  the  leaves  of  young  aj)ple,  plum,  and  other  tr 

To  desiroy  these  pests,  the  trees,  when  not  fruiui^'-,  msu 
be  syringed  with  Paris-green  and  water  in  the  proportion  •  t 
two  teaspoonfuls  of  the  poison  to  two  gallons  of  water. 


lit.    -"^"■-*-|^-^'_j^4yi^ 


ATTACKISG    THE    FRUIT. 


159 


ATTACKING  THE  FEUIT. 


Fui.  168. 


No.  81. — The  Indian  Cetonia. 

Euphoria  Iiula  (Linn.). 

Tliis  is  one  of  the  earliest  insect  visitors  in  sprin*::,  appear- 
ing towards  the  end  of  April  or  in  the  be<rinninir  of  May, 
when  it  flies  about  in  dry  lields  on  the  borders  of  woods  on 
sunny  days,  making  a  loud  i)nzzin«2;  sound  like  a  bee.  It  is 
little  more  than  half  an  inch  in  length  (see  Fig.  168),  and 
has  a  broad  body,  obtuse  behind.  The  head  and 
thorax  are  of  a  blackish  cop})er-brown,  thickly 
covered  with  short,  greenish-yellow  hairs.  The 
w  iiig-cases  are  light  yellowish  brown,  with  a  num- 
htT  of  irregular  black  spots.  The  under  side  of  the 
hodv  is  black  and  very  hairy;  the  legs  are  dull 
led.  A  variety  of  this  species  is  occasionally  met  \  '""^  I 
with  entirely  black. 

'flie  early  brood  are  fond  of  sucking  the  sweet  sap  which 
exudes  from  wounded  trees  or  freshly-cut  stumps;  in  Septeiu- 
l)('r  a  second  brood  appear,  and  these  injure  fruits,  bun-owing 
into  ripe  pears  almost  to  their  middle,  revelling  on  their 
■iweets,  and  inducing  rai)id  decay.  They  also  attack  peaches 
and  grapes. 

Nothing  has  vet  been  recorded  in  reference  to  the  larval 
history  of  this  species.  It  is  probable  that  the  late  brood  of 
beetles  hibernate,  passing  the  winter  in  a  torpid  state,  hidden 
in  sheltered  places,  and  awakening  with  the  return  of  spring, 
\vhen  they  issue  from  their  retreats,  al'ter  which,  having 
deposited  eggs  for  another  brood,  they  die. 

The  only  remedy  suggested  for  these  insects  is  to  catch  and 
destroy  them.     They  are  seldom  very  abundant. 


160 


JXSECTS  INJUR  JO  US   TO    THE   PEAR. 


T 

(Xo. 


lis  i 

SI) 


Fi(i.  K;'.) 


No.  82.— The  Melancholy  Cetonia. 

Kiipli<i)i(t  viclitnclioUca  ((lory). 

nsoct  belongs  to  the  same  oenus  as  the  Iiulian  Cetonia 
.  and  is  very  siniihir  to  it  in  appearance  and  iiahits, 
but  is  somewhat  smaller.     (See  Fig.  I(j5).) 

Tliis  beetle  has  also  been  found  eatiii_t>:  i'lto  ript- 
pears,  and  oeeasionally  apples.  Jt  is  ibimd  in  the 
South  in  eotton-bdlls,  in  the  holes  left  by  the  boll- 
worrii.  It  ap'poars  to  frequent  the  bolls  for  the 
purpose  of  consiuii'i  ^  the  exuding  sap. 


M 


SUPPLEMENTARY    LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 

AITECT  THE  PEAE. 

ATTACK  IXf  5    TITK    IJOOT. 

The  broad-iieeked  Prionus,  No.  122,  is  oeeasionally  verv 
destructive  to  the  roots  of  the  ])ear. 


ATTACKINO    TIF  I',   TRUNK. 

The  round-headed  !ip|)le-tree-borer,  N(\  2,  and  the  flat- 
headed  apple-tr(;e  borer,  \o.  o,  both  injure  the  pear,  and  arc 
often  foui.d  uiKh'r  the  bark,  especially  about  the  base  of  llie 
tiiink. 

ATTA(M<I.N(i    TIIK    JllJANOIlKS. 

Tlie  appl(>-t\vig  borer,  Xo.  1.')  ;  tl:e  oysler-shell  barlc-Ionse, 
No  10;  the  scurfy  bark-louse,  N^o,  17  ;  and  the  New  York 
weevil,  No.  100,  all  ad'eet  the  branches  of  the  pear-tree. 

ATTACKINO   DIK   I-KAVKS. 

Many  of  llu^  insects  which  devour  the  leav(\s  of  other 
fruit-trees  feed  also  on  tlntse  of  (he  pear,  such  as  fh(>  wliite- 
niarked  tussock-moth,   N^o.   22;    the   red-humped   apjile-tree 


SUPPLEMKXTA  RV   LIST. 


161 


caterpillar,  No.  24;  tlie  ihll  wc^h-wonn,  No.  27;  the  Ceeropia 
einj)eror-Miotli,  No.  28;  (ho  ol)liq.ie4)aiKlecl  leal-roller,  No 
35;    the   eye-spotted    I)ii(l-,noth,  No.  88;    -ra.ss hoppers,  or 
locusts,   No.  80;    the    l)Jtie-spani.le(l    peach-tree   caterpillar, 
Xo.  102;  and  the  basket  worm,  or  l)a,i;-worni,  No.  120. 

ATTACKING    THE    FUUIT. 

The  odlino.  Mu.th,  Xo.  58,  so  destructive  to  the  fruit  of  the 
ii|)ple,  is  almost  equally  injurious  to  that  of  the  pear.  'I1,c 
plum  eurculio,  No.  94,  and  the  quince  '."ureulio,  No.  121,  also 
alfi'ct  this  fruit. 


11 


I  m  m(k  1 4 1 J  tmm 


If 


LNSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  PLUM. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


No.  83.— The  Plum-tree  Sphinx. 

Sji/u'iix  (hiijiif'(  rdnnii  (Sni.  it  AIjIl). 

'I'lio  moths  hc'Ioiigiiig"  to  tlic  f'ainily  Unowii  as  Sphinx  nidths 
arc  peculiar  in  tlieii'forni  and  habits,  Thcii"  bodies  arc  robii>t, 
and  their  winiis  arc  usually  h)ni;'  and  narrow  and  j)osscss  ^rcat 
.strength  and  capacily  lor  rapid  llight.  (.)n  the  wing  (hcv 
nnu'h  reseiuble  humming-birds,  and  hence ar(>  frcijnontly  called 


f 


Fig.  170. 


spi'cics   i-cuimIu    toi'pi 


1 


hununing-l)ii'd  ni<ith>.  Must  i»|'  th 
diu'ln""  tli<^  dav,  but  become  ai'tive  al)ou(  ihisk,  when  thev 
may  be  .seen  poising  in  llie  air  over  some  Howei',  with  their 
winu's  rai)idly  vibrating,  and  |)ro(h)cing  a  hiunming  sound. 

The  |)lnm  sphinx   is  a   liandsomc  insect,  and  is  well  ivpre- 
Hcnted  in  Vig.  IVO.      It  appears  as  a  molh  during  the  monih 
of  .June  ;  its  bodv  is  a 
l(>2 


ibdiit   an   inch  and  a  hail'  long,  and  its 


ATTAVKIXG    Till:   LEAVKS. 


163 


-wings  expand  f'roiu  thrt'c  and  a  halt'  to  t'onr  indios.  The 
wings  are  of  a  pnrph'.sh-brown  color,  the  anterior  pair  having 
a  stripe  of  white  on  their  front  edge,  and  one  of  a  fawn  coK)r 
on  tiieir  enter  edge  ;  there  are  also  three  or  foni-  ohlicpie  hlaek 
streaks,  and  a  hlaek  dot  on  the  white  stri[)e.  The  hind  wings 
jiave  two  whitish,  wavy  stripes,  with  a  fawn-eolored  stripe 
also  on  their  oiitei"  edge.  The  head  and  thorax  are  hlaekish 
brown,  with  a  whitish-fawn  color  at  the  sides;  the  eyes  are 
v(>rv  prominent,  and  the  snout-like  projection  in  front  consists 
of  the  two  palpi  or  feelers,  within  which  lies  the  probdst'is  or 
tongue,  snugly  coiled  up  between  thenv  like  the  mainspring 
of  a  watch  ;  in  the  iiguix!  this  j)r(>boscis  is  shown  i)artly  ex- 
tended. When  stretched  to  its  full  length,  it  is  as  long  as  tin; 
hodv,  and  is  used  by  tlu;  insect  in  extracting  honey  from 
ilowers.  The  body  is  brown,  with  a  central  line  and  a  band 
on  eitluM"  side  of  black,  the  latter  containing  four  or  livedingv- 
wliite  spots. 

The  moth  deposits  her  »ggs  singly  on  the  leaves  of  the 
plum.  'J'lic  egg  is  about  one-lifteenth  of  an  inch  long,  slightlv 
ovaly  with  a  smooth  surface,  and  of  a  j)ale  ycllowish-gi-ceu 
color.  It  hatches  in  from  six  to  eight  days,  when  the  yciiug 
larva  eats  its  way  out  through  the  siiie  of  the  egg;  its  first 
meal   is  usually  made   from   the  egg-shell,  which   it   partly  or 

wlinllv   de\'OUl'S. 

The  newly-hatched  lai'\'a  is  oue-f(»ui'th  of  an  Inch  long,  ot'a 
p;ik!  ycllowish-grccn  <'olor,  with  a  few  slightly-elevated  whitish 
tubercles  on  every  segment,  from  ea(;h  of  which  arises  a  single 
fme  short  hair;  the  caudal  horn  is  black.  The  full-grown 
caterpillar  is  about  three  and  a  half  inches  long(st'e  l''ig.  171), 
of  a  beaulifni  a|)ple-green  color,  with  a  latcu'al  dark-biMw  ii  or 
blackish  stripe.  On  each  side  of  the  body  th<M'e  are  >evcn 
broad  oblicpu^  white  bands,  borderi'd  in  flout  with  light 
purple  or  mauvi;;  the  stigmata  or  breathing-pures,  which  are 
ranged  along  each  sid(^  of  the  body,  arc  of  ii  bright  orange- 
yellow.  The  caudal  horn  is  long,  dark  brown,  with  a  yel- 
lowish tint  about  the  base  at  tho  sides.     After  satisfying  its 


1G4 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   PLUM. 


rapacious  appetite,  this  larva  often  assumes  for  a  time  tlie 
peculiar  rigid  appearance  shown  in  the  cut.  Though  pre- 
senting a  Ibrmidahle  aspect,  it  is  perfectly  harmless,  and  may 


Fig.  171. 


be  handled  with  impunity;  it  may  be  found  on  the  trees  fioiii 
the  middle  of  July  to  the  end  of  August. 

When  mature,  the  caterpillar  descends  to  the  ground,  and, 
having  buried  itself  under  the  surface  to  the  de|)th  of  several 
inches,  prepares  a  convenient  chamber,  which  it  lines  with  a 
gummy,  water-j)roof  cement,  and  there  changes  to  a  chrysalis, 
as  shown  in  Fiij.  172,  which  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  loni:', 

of  a  dark  reddish-brown 
color,  with  a  short,  (hick, 
]>roi('cting  tongue--case.  The 
insect  reiuiiins  in  the  ground 
in  this  condition  until  the 
ibllowing  JiMie;  indeed,  o  •- 
casionally  specimens  have  been  known  to  remain  in  this  tor])id 
stale  until  tlu;  spring  of  the  second  year  following. 

Tlu!  I'avage.s  of  the  plum-tree  sphinx  are  never  very  ex- 
tensive, yet  it  appears  at  times  in  some  local ili^'.s  in  sulllcienl 
nund)crs  to  cause!  annoyance.  'J'lie  denuded  twigs  prr)mj>tly 
attract  the  attention  of  (he  vigilant  frtut-grower,  who  will 
soon  search  out  and  exterminate  the  destrover. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


165 


No.  84. — The  Gray  Dag-ger-motli. 

Apatela  occidenhilis  ((».  &  R.). 

This  is  :i  pretty,  [)ale,  silvery-gray  moth,  the  first  brood  of 
whicii  ai)[)ear  on  tlie  win*;  hitc  in  May  or  early  in  June.     It 
is  shown  in   Fii^.  173.     The  fore  wings  are  pale  gray,  witli 
varions  blaek  lines  or  markings, 
the    principal    one   being    in    the  ^^"    •"' 

form  of  an  irregular  cross,  bearing  f^f^^^;i>^>yVi-^'"^'''^S^ 
ji  resemblance  to  the  Greek  letter    Nr^^^;^^^^-      '^^ 
'/'■placed  sideways;    this  is  situ-        ^-^<^ '/^^O^  \        -I 
ated  about  the  middle  of  the  fore  *=-<^'    !^\     -  '■' 

wing,  towards  the  (>'^ter  edge.     A 

second  smaller  mark  of  the  same  character  is  found  between 
this  and  the  tip  of  tlie  wing;  a  black  line  proceeds  from  the 
base  of  the  wing  and  extends  to  near  the  middle.  Thi;  liind 
wings  are  dark  gh)ssy  gray  ;  the  edges  of  both  pairs  have  a 
whitish  fringe,  with  an  inner  border  of  black  spots;  the  body 
is  gray.  The  wings,  when  expanded,  measure  from  an  inch 
and  a  half  to  two  inches  across. 

The  moths  dej)osit  their  eggs  singly  on  t\\v  leaves  of  phun, 
cherry,  and  ap[)le  trees,  and  the  caterpilhu-  becomes  fnll 
grown  during  the  first  or  second  week  in  July.  It  is  then 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  its  head  Is  rather  large. 
Hat  in  front,  bhu'k,  with  yellowish  dots  af  the  sides.  The 
body  is  bhiisli  gray  ai)ove,  with  a  wide  shite-colored  band 
down  the  back,  in  wliich  is  a  central  |)ale-orange  line  fVoni 
the  second  to  th(!  lif'th  segment,  [^""rom  the  fifth  to  the 
eleventh,  iiK^lusive,  each  segment  is  ornamented  with  a.  beau- 
tiful group  of  spots,  placed  in  the  dorsal  band,  two  <il' them 
bright  orang(>,  one  in  front  iind  one  lu^hind,  and  one  of  a 
gieenisji  mettdlic  ime  on  each  side,  each  group  being  set  in  a 
nearly  circidar  patch  of  velvety  black.  There  are  two  cream- 
colored  stripes  on  the  sides,  whitih  become  indistinct  towards 
eacii  extremity,  luid  into  which  there  extends  from  each  of  the 
black  dorsal  patches  a  short,  bhmk,  curved  line,  having  behind 


u« 


J^\SECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PLUM. 


itri  base  a  yellowisli  dot ;  the  sides  are  marked  with  dull  ochrcy 
spots,  and  on  the  toji  of  the  twelfth  soginent  there  is  a  jiromi- 
iicnt  black  hump.  The  body  is  sparingly  covered  with  whitish 
hairs,  which  are  distributed  chiefly  along  the  sides.  The  undci- 
surface  is  of  a  dull-greenish  color  ;  the  feet  are  black. 

M'hen  full  grown,  this  larva  spins  a  slight  cocoon  in  some 
sheltered  spot,  and  there  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  about  scven- 
tcnths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  reddish-brown  eoloi',  with  a  pol- 
ished surface.  From  these  the  second  brood  of  moths  appear 
late  in  July,  and  shortly  after  eggs  are  again  deposited,  from 
which  the  later  brood  of  larvae  mature  about  the  middle  of 
Sei)tembor,  which  then  become  chrysalids,  and  ])roduce  moths 
the  i'ollowing  spring. 

This  insect  seldom  occurs  in  sufficient  numbers  to  prove 
very  destructive;  should  it  ever  do  so,  it  may  be  readily 
destroyed  l)y  syringing  the  trees  with  ]>owdered  hellebore  (ir 
Paris-green  mixed  with  water,  as  recommended  for  the  j)ear- 
tree  slug  (No.  75).  The  larvre  are  often  cajjtured  under  the 
bands  set  as  traps  for  the  larvre  of  the  codling  moth. 


No.  85.— The  Mottled  Plum-tree  Moth. 

Apatcla  siiperans  (Giien.). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  moth  also  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the 
])lum,  and,  like  that  last  described,  is  solitary  in  its  hal)ils.  li 
api)ears  about  the  middle  of  June.  It  is  a  green  cateritiHar, 
about  an  inch  long,  v.itii  its  body  seeming  as  if  laterally  com- 
pressed, making  it  ai)pear  higher  than  it  is  wide.  There  is  a 
broiid  chestnut-colored  stripe  along  the  back, 
margined  with  yellowish,  and  on  eveiy  seg- 
ment there  are  several  shining  tubercles,  each 
giving  rise  to  one  or  more  blackish  bail's; 
there  are  also  a  lew  whitish  hairs  along  tli(! 
sides  of  the  body.  l''ig.  1  71  rc|)resentsa  partly-grown  specimen 
oi'  this  or  a  very  closelv  allied  s|)ecies. 

About  the   middle  of   July   tin;   moth  (l''ig.   175)  (Scapes 
from  the  cocoon.     I'iie  thorax  and  alxlomeii  are  gray,  dotted 


Pici.  171. 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


167 


with  black  points;  lore  \viiiu;.s  gr;iy,  with  l)hu'k  or  brownish- 
hlac'k    nnu'kings;    hind    wings    brownish    gray.      When   ex- 
panded,  the  wings    measure 
about   an    incli    and    a  lialf  ^''^"-  '""'• 

across. 

This  species  is  (h)uble- 
brooded.  The;  moths  tiiat 
appear  in  Jidy  ck'posit  eggs 
iVoni  wiiich  hatch  iarvje  which 
reach  maturity  in  kSeptend)er, 
enter  the  clirysalis  state,  and  remain  in  this  condition  until 
the  following  spring.  An  Ichneumon  Hy  attacks  this  s|)ecies 
:uid  destroys  many  of  them.  They  are  seldom  numerous, 
and  never  likely  to  prove  very  troublesome. 


No.  86. — The  Horned  Span-worm. 

KaiiiiitnciiiiijKi  fl/diin'ii/tirin  (Jucii. 

This  singular-looking  cateri)illar  is  frecjuently  found  on 
plum-trees,  devouring  the  leaves;  it  is  also  found  on  miiple, 
oak,  and  probably  other  trees,  and  on  strawberry-vines.  It 
is  about  seven-tenths  of  an  inch  long  (see  Fig.  17(5),  of  a 
gravish  color,  with  dusky  and  l)lackish 
strc'dcs.     On   the  hinder   part  of   the   fifth  I'''>*-  nu. 

segment  are  two  long,  curved,  llcshy  horns 
extending  forward,  and  on  the  sixth  segment 
there  is  a  sindlar  pair  curving  backwards. 
The  head  is  spotted  with  brown.  'I'hcrc  are 
two  short  brown  tubercles  on  the  ])ostcrior 
j)art  of  the  Iburlh  segUKMit,  and  two  small 
gi'ay  warts  on  i-ach  of  the  segments  behind,  those  on  the 
eleventh  being  most  |)roi:i'Mont.  It  jnay  be  found  during  the 
iirst  half  of  .lune,  and  sometimes  later.  During  the  lallcr 
part  of  the  montii  it  constrncis  a  slight  cocoon  comi)oscd 
ol'  pieces  of  leaves  fastened  together  with  silken  threads,  and 
within  this  enclosure  changes  to  a  reddish-gray  oi*  j)ale-bro\vn 


168 


JSSKCTS  jyjUIilOUS    TO    TIIK   PLUM. 


Fig.  17 


chrysalis,  in  wliicli  state  it  continues  about  ten  days,  wlien  tlie 
perfect  insect  escai)es. 

This  is  a  small  moth  (Fij^.  177),  which  measures,  when  its 
wing-s  are  spread,  from  three-ijuarters  of*  an  inch  to  an  inch 
across.     It  is  of  a  pale  oehreous  color,  with 
re(hiish-brown    lines  and  dots,  a  ring  on   the 
discal  space,  and  just  beyond  it  a  dark,  lead- 
colored  band,  which  becomes  an  abnost  square 
patch   on  the  inner  angle  and  is  continuous 
with  a  broad  band  of  the  same  coh)i-  on  the 
The  moths  are  on  the  wing  in  July  and  early 
This    is    never    likely    to    become    a    very    in- 
jurious insect,  but,  from  its  unique  appearance,  it  will  always 
attract  attention. 


hind  wings 
in  August. 


No.  87.— The  Disippus  Butterfly. 

Lillli'llids  (lisij)l)II.S  (iodt. 

This  is  one  of  our  common  butterflies,  the  larva  of  which 
is   occasionally  found   feeding  on  the   leaves  of   j)lum-trees. 


Fid.  ITS. 


The  wings  of  the  butterfly  are  of  a  warm  orange-red  coloi-, 
with  heavy  black  veins,  and  a  black  bordei*  with  white  spots. 
In  Mg.  178  the  left  wings  represent  the  ii|)j)er  surface,  while 
tliose  of  the  right,  which  are  slightly  detached  from  the  body, 
show  the  under  side.     It  np[)ears  on  the  wing  during  tiie 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


IGD 


latter  half  of  June  and  in  July,  and  deposits  its  ej;i;'s,  some- 
times on  the  plum,  but  more  frequently  on  th(?  willow  and 
poplar. 

The  egg  is  less  than  one-twenty-fifth  of  an  ineh  in  length, 
globular  in  form,  and  beautifully  reticulated, as  shown  in  Fig. 

Fig.  170. 


179,  where  a  represents  the  egg  highly  magnilied.  It  is  cov- 
ered with  short,  transi)arent,  hair-like  spines.  One  of  the 
hexagonal  indentations,  with  its  })roje('ting  filaments,  is  shown, 
nuich  enlarged,  at  d.     At  first  it  Is  {)aie  yellow,  but  as  the 


Fig.  180. 


Inrva  within  devel()|)s  it  becomes  j)ale  gray  ;  the  egg  is  gen- 
erally laid  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf,  near  the  ti|),  as  seen 
:il  0  in  the  figure.  In  a  few  days  it  hatches,  and  in  about  a 
month  the  larva  attains  its  full  growth,  when  it  presents  the 
apjiearauce  shown  in  Fig.  IJSO,  at  ((. 

It.  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in   length;  the  head  is  pale 


170 


INSECTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE   PLUM. 


green,  witli  two  dull-wliite  lines  down  the  front,  rongliencd 
with  a  number  of  small  green  and  greenish-white  tnhereles, 
and  ti])[)ed  with  two  of  a  green  color.  The  body  above  i^: 
a  rich  (hirk  green,  with  j)at('hes  and  streaks  of  ereamy  white; 
the  second  segment  is  smaller  than  the  head,  and  its  surface 
covered  witli  many  whitish  tubercles;  the  third,  dull  whitish 
green,  raised  considerably  above  the  second,  witli  a  flat  ridge, 
having  a  long,  brownish  horn  on  each  side,  which  is  thickly 
covered  with  very  short  sj)ines.  The  fourth  segment  is  similar 
in  size  to  the  third,  with  the  same  sort  of  ridge  above,  and  a 
small  tubercle  on  each  side,  ti])i)ed  with  a  cluster  of  short, 
whitish  s[)iues.  On  each  segment  behind  these  there  are  two 
tubercles  emittijig  clusters  of  whitish  spines,  those  on  the  sixth 
and  twelfth  being  nnich  larger  than  the  others,  while  on  each 
segment  behind  (he  fourth,  except  the  ninth,  tlun-e  are  sev- 
eral smaller  tubercles  of  a  blue  color.  There  are  two  large 
patches  of  white  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  and  a  band 
of  the  same  color  along  each  side. 

When  about  to  change  toachrysiilis,  the  caterpiUar  suspends 
itself,  head  downwards,  and,  shedding  its  skin,  ai)p('ars  as  at  b, 
Fig.  180,  and  in  about  ten  or  twelve  days  the  butterfly  escapes. 
There  are  two  broods  of  this  insect  during  the  vear.  The 
larvic  from  the  eggs  deposited  by  the  second  brootl  of  butter- 
flies hibernate  when  less  than  half  grown,  and  complete  their 
growth   the  foHowing  spring.     They  construct  from   part  of 

the  leaf  a  curious  little  case, 
shown  at  c,  in  Fig.  180,  which, 
being  firndy  fastened  to  the 
branch  by  silken  threads, 
serves  during  the  wintir 
months  as  a  shelter  and  a 
hiding-place.  There  are  sev- 
eral parasites  which  reduce 
the  nund)ers  of  this  insect; 
one  is  a  tiny,  four-winged  fly,  which  infests  the  eggs  [Tr'i- 
(•hof/rdiiiiiKt  initiiifd  Uiley  Fig.  181,  where  a  represents  the  fly; 


Fui.  isi. 


A  TTA  VKIXU    THE  L K.  1  I  KH. 


171 


/>,  c,  its  fringed  wings;  (/,  one  of  its  legs,  and  c,  one  of  its 
antennoe).  Another  parasite  is  a  small,  hlack,  four-wing(;d 
iiy,  and  a  third  a  larger  two  winged-Hy  ;  the  two  latter  attack 
the  insect  in  its  caterpillar  state. 


■r 
a 

v'  ■ 

'e 


No.  88.— The  Polyphemus  Moth. 

I'elea pohijtlicinu.i  (Linn.). 

Tlie  caterpillar  of  this  in.sect,  which  is  <ji"ien  found  leeding 
on  the  leaves  of  plum-trees,  is  also  known  as  the  American 
siik-worni,  in  consequence  of  its  having  been  extensivelv 
reared  for  the  sake  of  its  silk.  When  full  grown,  the  larva 
presents  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  182,  antl  is  over  three 


Fig.  182. 


inches  in  lent>;th,  with  a  verv  thick  hodv.  It  is  of  a  handsome 
light  yellowish-gret'ii  color,  with  seven  oblicpie  pale-yellow- 
ish lines  on  each  sidi'  of  the  body;  the  segments,  which  have 
(he  spaces  between  them  dee[)ly  indented,  are  each  adorned 
with  six  tubercU's,  which  arc  sometimes  tinted  with  orange, 
liMve  a  small  silvery  spot  on  the  middle,  and  a  few  hairs- 
arising  iVom  each.  The  head  and  anterioi-  feel  are  pale 
brown,  the  spiracles  pale  orange,  and  the  terminal  segment 
bordered  by  an  angular  band  resembling  the  letter  V,  of  a 
purplish-brown  color. 


172 


INSKCTS  IXJURIOUS    TO    Till:    PLUM. 


Via.  184. 


Wlicii  iiiaturo,  the  caterpillar  proceeds   to  spin  its  cocoon 

within     an     enclosure 
^''"-  ^^■'-  nsnallv     formed      hv 

drawini^  together  some 
of  the  leaves  of  the 
tree  it  has  fed  u[)om. 
some  of  which  arc 
(irmly  fastened  to  the 
exterior  of  the  struc- 
ture. The  cocoon  (Flu-. 
183)  is  a  toui2;h,  pod-like  enclosure,  nearly  oval  in  form,  and 
of  Ji  brownish-white  color,  and  within  it  the  larva  changes  to 

an  oval  chrysalis,  of  a  chestnut- 
brown  color,  represented  in  Fig. 
184.  Usually,  the  cocoons  drop 
to  the  ground  with  the  fall  of  the 
leaves,  remaining  there  during 
the  winter. 

Late  in  May  or  early  in  June 
the  j)risoner  escapes  from  its  cell 
as  a,  large  and  most  beautiful  moth,  the  male  of  which  is 
shown  in  Fig.  185,  the  female  in  Fig.  186.  The  antenna}  arc 
feathered  in  both  sexes,  but  more  widely  so  in  the  male  than 
in  the  female.  The  wings,  which  measure,  when  expanded, 
from  live  to  six  inches  across,  arc  of  a  rich  buff  or  ochre- 
yellow  color,  sometimes  inclining  to  a  pale-gray  or  cream 
color,  and  sometimes  assuming  a  deeper,  almost  brown  shatlc. 
Towards  the  base  of  the  wings  they  are  crossed  by  an  ir- 
regular pale-white  band,  margined  with  red  ;  near  the  outer 
margin  is  a  stripe  of  pale  purplish  white,  bordered  within  by 
one  of  deep,  rich  brown,  and  about  the;  middle  of  each  wing 
is  a  transparent  eye-like  spot,  with  a  slender  line  across  its 
centre;  those  on  the  front  wings  are  largest,  nearly  round, 
margined  with  yellow,  and  edged  outside^  with  black.  (.)n 
the  hinder  wings  the  sj)ots  are  mt)re  eye-like  in  sha[)e,  are 
bordered  with  \ellow.  with  a  line  of  black  ed*red  with  blue 


w 

ol 


ATTACKING    THE   LKAVKS. 


17.] 


ire 
lie 


above,  and  the  whole  set  in  u  lari>;e  oval  patch  of  cich  hrowii- 
ish  black,  the  widest  portion  of  it  being-  above  the  (ive-spot, 


Q 


00 


where  it  is  sprinkled  also  with  blnish  atoms.    The  front  edt'e 
of  the  fore  win<>js  is  o-pay.     This  lovely  creature  flies  only  at 


174 


lySECTS   JXJi'RlOiS    TO    Till-:    PLUM. 


niulit,  and,  when  on  tlic  wintij,  is  of  such  ii  size  that  it  is  (,ftcn 
mistaken   lor  a  hat.      Within  a  tow  ihiys  tiie  fcnuile  deposits 


t 

1-1 

2 
1^ 


/■■if  /'^^'-^MSi:^.^.- 


her  etrti's,  uliiiii'j,"  >'"'•»  ''inu'ly  '"  ''"'  under  side  oC  (he  leavers, 
usiiallv  onlv  one  Mil  a  leaf,  l)nt  oeea-iondly  t  wo  or  rvcn  thive 
inav  lie  i'ound    'H  the  sum'  leai'. 


ATTACKING    Till]  LEAVES.  j  - - 

The  eg,ir  is  about  one-tentli  of  uti  inch  in  dianui,.,-,  sll-^htlv 
(•(.iivox  above  and  below,  the  convex  portions  whitish  and  the 
nearly  cylinch-ical  sides  brown.  Each  female  will  lav  (Voni 
nvo  to  three  hundred  eggs,  which  hatch  in  ten  or  W'lvo 
diiys. 

RcmarH'..—  V\n^  j„,cct  is  subject  to  the  attack  d'  nianv  iWc^ 
particularly  whil,.  in  the  larval  state.     A  laruc  nui-.he,:  f,]!  \ 
prey  to  insectivorous  birds,  and  t'.<.y  als.,  have  in^rt  ...u.mic- 
An    Tehneuinon    fly,    ()^,kU»i    macrwum,  the    same    as    that 
which  preys  on  the  ( 'ecropia  emperor  moth,  Xn.  28  (see  Flo- 
7;l),  is  a  special   and  dangerous  Ibe.      This  active  crrttu'rc 
HK.voiteu  be  seen  in  summer  on   '•■'.  win^,  searching  ainom-- 
the  l.-avcs  ot  shrubs  aii.l   trees   Ibr  her  p.vv.      When  fbuinr 
she  watches   her  epporlunily,  and    phuvs   .p.iHdv   upon   the 

^'^ '    ''^'''  ^■"'^""  ''   •^"'^'"    ovai   white  eno.    ,,,,,,;,,,.  j;,^„,,,^,^, 

by  a  small  (piantity  ol' a  obuinous  substanc  attached   m  It 
This  is  repeated  uiilil  .Mght  or  ten  eggs  are  placed,  whi..|,  in' 
a  lew  days  hatch,  when  the  tiny  worms  pi,,,ve  tlin.nnl,   the 
skin  •.(•  the  caterpiUar  an<l   be-In   I.,   fvrd  ..n   the   I'atiy  pur- 
tieiis  within.      Th.-  polyphemus  caterpillar  continihs   li,  (;,„1 
and  grow,  an.l   usually  livrs  long  enon-h  to  mak..  its  ,.,  .,,on 
whrn,co,)sumed  by  the  parasites,  it  dies;    in  to,"  mea.i   time 
the  Ichneumons,  having  <.omple(ed   their  growth,  ehan-e  to 
eiirysalids  within   the  cocoon,  and   in   tli(>  following  sitnuner 
i"  plMce..!'  the   handsome  moth,  ,|,nv   issues  a  crop  of  I,.),' 
""■'iiiion  Mies.      Ti,e  tH.lyph.MMUsc,!,., 'pillar  |V  also  M.l.j.vt  to 
!'"'  '"'•'"'''^■"'  '""  •■""'  '"■'•   parasite,  a  Tachin:-  llv.     Sh..uld   the 
iiiMM-l  ever  ,.pM..a,   in  sunieient  ni.mbers  to  proVe  trotd)lesonie, 
'■'    '"i"    1"'   m.dily  subdu.'d    bv    hand-picking.      Il.si.les    the 
pi'ii",  tl'<'  larva  feeds  on   a  varieiy  of  trees  an<l   shrubs,  such 
as    oak,   hi<-koiy,  ,.|m,   basswood.   WMlnut,   maple,    bmteruut 
hazel,  rose,  et<'.  ' 


176 


INSECTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE    PLUM. 


No.  89.— The  Vfaved  Lagoa. 

L:i(,iii(i  ffl.spd/d  PiU'kiir<l. 

'^riic  lurv.i  oC  tliis  sptrit'.s  is  iicarl}'  oval,  abi>iit  three  {'oiii'tlis 
of  an  iiK  li  \ouiX;  covei'cd  ahove  witli  brownish,  eveiiiv-shorn 
hairs,  which  art;  rai-ed  to  a  rid^c  alon;;,-  thv-  niiddle  of"  the 
hack',  and  sloped  otV  on  each  side  like  the  rool"  ol"  a  house. 

It  I'eacJics  niatnrity  (hirin*;'  Sopteniher.  when  it  makes  a 
tdUgh,  oval  cocoon,  lastened  to  ilu!  side  of  a  twin'oftlie  i)luni- 
ti'ee  on  which  it  iias  been  I'eecUnu',  and  within  this  changes  to 
a  brown  chrysal's.  The  (bllowint;'  didylhe  (op  ol'  the  ea^e 
is  o|)ened  bv  the  liftiiiji' ol"  a  ilat,  circular  lid,  and  from  it 
escapes  a  pr(  I y  luoth. 

The  ini);h  is  of  ;i  sfaw-yellow  or  yeUowisIi-creaiu  c(r|or, 
the  fore  \iin<;s  nioi'c  or  less  (hisky  on  the  outer  margin,  and 
covei'cd  witli  line,  Ihutcned,  curled  hairs,  arranij:;ed  in  rcii'iilar 
waves,  rnnnin<j  from  noai"  the  base  to  the  ti|).  The  winus, 
wlii'U  expandeii,  niea>nre  al)ont  one  and  iliree-(|uarlei'  inches 
across.  The  body  and  leo-s  ar(>  thick  and  woolly,  and  at  ilie 
tip  of  the  abdomen  there  is  a  tuft  of  haig,  soft  hiiirs,  IbrniinLT 
a  busily  tail.  It  is  common  in  the  South  and  West,  but  is 
not  often  foinid  in  the  Xorth  ;  i)einji,' a  comparatively  rai'e  in- 
sect, it  is  never  likely  to  <;'ive  much  troid)le  to  the  frnit-i;-ro\ver. 
It  is  found  also  feediu.i;-  oii  the  leaves  of  the  apple  and  black- 
berr\ . 


No.  90.— The  Streaked  Thecla. 

T/i(</((  !<friii"-'ii  llin'i'is. 

'i'his  is  a  V(  rv  rai'c  insect, a  small  butterlly  which  has  iievei 
been  known  lo  inllici  any  material  dainai;-e,  but,  since  its  larv.i 
has  been  found  fecdinj;-  on  the  leaves  of  the  plum-lree,  it  is 
deservini!;  of  mentii»n. 

The  ciiterpillai',  when  full  ofowii,  is  half  an  inch  oi'  more 
in  leiiuth,  ol'a  rich  velvety  j»tooii  color,  with  a  (iniL!;e  of  yellow  ; 
(here  is  a  stripe <),f  a  darker  shade  down  (ln'  back.  wi(h  a  faint, 
broken,  Ncllowish  line  alonn;  (he  middle.     The  upper  pari  of 


IS 

Itl- 


'va 

is 


Ml, 


177 
ipcd 

<alis. 


.ATTACK I XG    TIIK   LEAVES. 

the  bodv  is  fliilteiied,  the  sides  al)rii|)tlv  iiu'lincd,  and  str 
witii  faint,  oblique,  yellowish  lines. 

When    mature,  it  forms  a  short,  blunt,  brown    ohrv.- 
which  in  ten  or  twelve  days  produces 
the  butterHy. 

This  measures,  when  its  wings  are 
expanded,  an  inc^h  or  more  across  (see 
I'i^'.  187).  Jt  is  of  a  i)lain,  dark- 
l)i(t\\n  color  above,  but  l)eneath  the 
win,L>:s  are  ])rettily  ornamented  with 
wavy  white  streaks.  There  is  also  a 
row  of  orange-colored,  ci'eseent-shaped 
spots  on  the  hinder  jiortion  of  the  j)os- 
lerior  wings,  and  a  lai'ge  blue  spot  near 
(heir  hind  angle.  Each  of  \\n\  hind 
wings  has  two  thread-like  tails,  one  longer  than  the  other. 

No.  91. — The  Plum-tree  Catocala. 

(.'iifiic<(/ii,  ii/lroiiid  Iliihi'. 

About  the  middle  of  June,  when  jarring  the  j)lum-trees  for 
(urculios,  a  very  (airious-looking,  leech-lik(^  caterpillai-  Dfteii 
drops  on  the  sheet  s|)read  beneath.  It  is  llattened,  with  ils 
body  thick  in  the  middle  and  ta[)ei'ing  towards  each  end,  and 
of  a  grayish-brown  color.  When  lull  grown,  it  closelv  resem- 
hlos  Fig.  188  ;  it  is  a  little  more  than  an  ine'i  and  a  half  long, 

Fl.i.  ISS. 


dnil  grayish  brown  above,  with  two  or  lour  small  I'cddish 
tubercles  on  each  segmcMit  of  the  body,  all  encircled  by  a  slight 
ring  of  black  at  their  base.  On  (he  upp(M'  part  of  the  ninth 
segment  there  is  a  stout,  fleshy  horn,  about  one-twelfth  of  an 
inch  long,  ])ointed,  and  similar  in  color  to  (he  body,  but  with 

12 


'-\^y.- 


178 


jySKCTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   PLUM. 


an  irroi>'iilar  t^rayislj  patdi  on  each  side.  On  the  Iwelt'th 
.segment  there  is  a  low,  fleshy  ridge,  tinted  behind  with  <lee|) 
reddish  brown  ;  there  is  also  an  oblique  stripe  on  this  segment 
ol"  the  same  color,  exte;idinu;  Ibrward.  Along  the  sides  of  the 
body,  and  close  to  the  under  surface,  there  is  a  thick  iVinge 
of  short,  fleshy-lookirig  hairs  of  a  tlelicate  pink  color.  The 
under  side  is  also  [)iuk, deeper  in  color  along  the  middh>,  with 
a  central  row  of  lU'arly  round  black  spots,  which  are  largest 
from  the  seventh  to  the  eleventh  segnuMit  inclusive.  The 
anterior  segments  are  greenish  white,  tinted  with  rosy  pink 
along  the  middle. 

About  the  third  week  in  flune  this  larvti  becomes  full 
grown,  when,  fjistening  together  a  few  leaves  with  some 
silken  fibres,  it  changes  within  this  enclosure  t(»  a  brown 
chrysalis,  from  which  the  perfect  insect  escapes  in  about  three 
weeks. 

The  moth  (Fig.  189)  has  the  fore  wings  of  ;i   lich  umber 

Fi(i.  ISO. 


color,  diirkest  on  the  hind  margin,  with  a  broad,  dilTused  ash- 
colored  band  along  thi'  middle,  not  extending  to  the  apex, 
which  is  brown.  There  are  also  several  zigzag  lines  of  brown 
and  while  crossing  these  wings.  Tli(>  hind  wings  are  deep 
nd.  with  a  \vi(l(>  black  band  along  theoiuer  margin,  and  a 
narrower  baiul  of  (hesaiue  eolor  across  (he  middle.  The  moth 
is  on  (he  wing  during  (he  greater  part  of  -Iidy  and  August, 
during  which  period  the  eggs  are  deposited  for  (he  succeeding 
brood. 


ATTACKIXG    Till-:    LEAVES. 


179 


Two  otlier   moths    iiave    been    observed  devouring-    j)luiii 
leaves,  but  not  in  suflieieiit  luunbers  to  attract  iiuieli  attention. 
Tiie  iirst  is  Lithacodo!  J'asciola  Boisd.,  tbe  larva  of  whieb  is 
small,  of"  a  unitbrin  grt^en  coloi-,  and  spins  a 
small,  oval,  brown  cotroon  between  the  lenves.         '' '"■  ''^  • 
The  moth  is  shown  in  Fi<r.  190.     The  other  ^P^^*^?^^^^' 
is  a  tufted  eatei-piliar,  the  larva  of  I'arorf/i/ia     ^l^ri^iiP 
parddela  G.  &  11.;  it  is  densely  eovered  with 
iiii'ht-brown  hairs,  and  has  two  black   pencils  of  lonu,-  hairs 
jirojeetiny;  in  front  of  the  head,  and  a  single  tuft  of  a  similar 
character  on  the  hinder  portion  of  the  body. 

No.  92.— The  Leaf-cutting  Bee. 
Meyackile  brcvis  Say. 

This  is  a  four-winged  fly  belonging  to  the  Jfi/menopfera,  a 
species  of  bee,  which  curls  up  the  leaves  of  the  plum-tree, 


and  further  distigiin-^  it  by  «■  itting  cir-'ular  jiieces  out  of 
odier  leaves  to  line  the  coils  and  form  <  iiambers  within 
them,  in  which  its  eggs  ari'  deposited,  auil   whci-c   the   k«r\* 


130 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   PLUM. 


ivinaiu  until  they  reach  maturity.  Tiie  larva)  do  not  feed 
on  the  leaves,  but  on  pollen,  or  bee-bread,  stored  up  in  their 
cells  by  the  parent  insects.  This  bee  is  not  very  abundant, 
and  is  never  likely  to  prove  very  injurious.  It  is  represented 
in  Fig.  191,  with  examples  of  the  injury  it  does. 

No.  93.— The  Plum-tree  Aphis. 

Aj)/iis  j>iniiiJolii  Fiic\\. 

This  aphis  resembles  in  its  appearance  and  habits  the  apple- 
tree  aphis,  Xo.  57;  it  is,  however,  much  less  common,  it 
infests  the  under  side  of  the  phun  leave>',  j)uneturing  them 
and  sucking  their  juices,  causing  them  to  become  wriidcUil 
and  twisted.  When  iirst  hatched,  these  insei'ts  are  of  a 
whitish  color  tinged  witli  green,  but  as  they  increase  in  si/c 
they  become  of  a  deeper  green,  and  when  mature  some  of 
them  are  black,  with  pale- green  abdomens  and  dusky  wings. 
The  remedies  given  under  the  ap[)le-tree  aphis  (No.  57)  are 
equally  applicable  to  this  species. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 

No.  94.— The  Plum  Curculio. 

Conotrachclns  nenuphar  (llerbst). 

This  insect  is  without  doubt  the  greatest  enemy  the  j)luin- 
grower  has  to  contend  with,  for  when  alloweil  to  j)ursne  its 
course  unchecked  it  often  d(>stroys  tlie  entire  croj).  The  j)er- 
Icct  insect  is  a  beetle  belony,ini>-  to  a  familv  known  under  the 
ftcveral  names  of  curculios,  weevils,  and  snout-beetles.  It  is  a 
small,  rough,  grayish  or  blackish  beetle,  about  one-lifth  of  an 
inch  long  (shown,  magnified,  at  c  in  Fig.  102),  with  a  black, 
shining  hunij)  on  the  middle  of  each  wing-case,  and  Ijehind 
this  a  more  or  less  distinct  band  of  a  dull  ochro-yellow  color, 
with  some  whitish  marks  aI)out  the  midtUe;  the  snout  is  rather 
short.     The  lem  de  lays  lier  eggs  in   the  young  green   frnil 


ATTACKISG    THE   FRUIT. 


LSI 


Fig.  192. 


^^LtUJ^J' 


> 


shortly  after  it  is  formed,  proceeding  in  tlie  following  mnimci'. 
Alighting  on  a  plinn,  she  makes  with  her  jaws,  which  arc  at 
the  end  of  her  snout,  a  small 
cut  through  the  skin  of  the  fruit, 
then  runs  the  snout  ohiiqueiy 
under  the  skin  to  the  depth 
of  about  one-sixteenth  of  an 
inch,  and  moves  it  backward 
and  forward  until  the  cavity  is 
Muooth  and  large  enough  to  re- 
ceive the  egg  to  be  j)laccd  in  it. 
She  then  turns  round, and, drop- 
ping an  egg  into  it,  again  turns 
and  pushes  it  with  her  snout  to 

the  end  of  the  passage.  Subsecpiently  she  cuts  a  crescent-shaped 
>\'\{  in  front  of  the  hole,  as  shown  at  d,  so  as  to  undermine  tiie 
egg  and  leave  it  in  a  sort  of  flap,  iter  object,  apparently, 
being  to  wilt  the  piece  around  the  egg  and  thus  prevent  the 
growing  fruit  from  crushing  it.  The  whole  operation  occupies 
about  five  miiuites.  The  stock  of  eggs  at  \\\v.  disposal  of  a 
single  female  has  been  variously  estimated  at  from  fifty  to 
one  hundred,  of  which  slu;  deposits  from  five  to  ten  a  day, 
her  activitv  varving  with  the  temperature. 

The  egg  is  of  an  oblong-oval  form,  of  a  j)early-wlii(('  color, 
niid  large  enough  to  be  distinctlv  seen  with  the  naked  eve, 
IJy  lifting  the  fiaj)  with  the  finger-nail  or  with  the  point  of  a 
knife  it  can  be  readily  found.  Jn  warm  and  genial  weather 
it  will  hatch  in  three  or  four  days,  but  in  cold  and  chilly 
weather  it  will  remain  a  week  or  even  longn'  before  hatching. 

The  young  larva  is  a  tiny,  soft,  footless  g''ub,  with  a  horny 
head.  It  immediately  begins  to  feed  on  the  green  llcsh  of 
the  fruit,  boring  a  tortuous  channel  as  il  proceeds,  until  it 
I'cacihes  the  centre,  wliere  it  feeds  around  the  stone.  It  attains 
its  lull  growth  in  from  three  to  live  weeks,  when  it  is  about 
two-lifths  of  an  inch  long,  ol'  a  glassy  yellowish-white  color, 
with  a  light-brown  head,  a  })alc  line  along  each   side  of  (he 


182 


ly SECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   PLUM. 


Ixxly,  a  row  of  minute  black  bristles  below  tlie  lines,  a 
second  low,  less  distinct,  above,  and  a  lew  pale  hairs  towards 
the  hinder  extremity.  At  a,  Fig.  192,  it  is  shown  niai;nilied. 
The  skin  of  the  larva  beini^  semi-transparent,  the  coh)r  of  the 
internal  organs  shows  through,  imparting  to  the  central  por- 
tions of  the  body  a  reddish  hue.  The  irritation  arising  from 
the  wound  and  the  gnawing  of  the  grub  causes  the  fruit  to 
become  diseased  antl  gummy,  and  it  falls  prematurely  to  the 
ground,  generally  before  the  larva  is  (juite  full  grown.  AVithin 
the  fallen  })lum  the  growth  of  the  larva  is  completed,  when, 
forsaking  the  fruit  it  has  destroyed,  it  enters  the  ground,  bury- 
ing itself  from  four  to  six  inches  deep,  where,  turning  round 
and  round,  it  compresses  the  earth  on  all  sides,  until  a  smooth 
oval  cavity  is  formed,  within  which,  in  a  few  days,  the  larva 
changes  to  a  chrysalis,  shown,  enlarge],  at  h,  Fig.  192,  and 
in  from  three  to  six  weeks  is  transformed  to  a  beetle,  which 
is  at  fii'st  soft  and  of  a  reddish  color,  but  soon  hardens,  and, 
assuming  its  natural  hue,  makes  its  way  through  the  soil  to 
the  surface  and  escai)os. 

The  insect  is  single-brooded,  the  beetle  hibei'uating  in 
secluded  sj)ots,  under  the  loose  bark  of  trees  and  in  other 
suitable  ])laces.  About  the  time  the  i)him-ti'ecs  blossom 
the  curculios  are  on  the  alert,  and  as  soon  as  the  iViiit  is 
formed  the  work  of  destruction  begins.  Both  males  and 
females  puncture  the  fruit  to  feed  on  it,  but  only  the  lenudes 
make  the  peculiar  crescent-shaped  marks  described.  Tluy 
are  nnich  more  numerous  during  the  early  part  of  tlu;  season 
than  later  on,  and  when  the  weather  is  warm  they  are  active 
at  night,  and  de|)osit  eggs  then  as  well  as  in  the  daytime. 
Diu'ing  the  middle  of  the  day,  and  also  on  warm  nights,  the 
beetle  readily  takes  wing;  it  is  less  active  during  the  morning 
and  evening.  IJesides  tin;  plum,  the  jjcach,  nectarine,  and 
apricot  also  sulfer  nuich  from  its  attacks,  and  it  is  very  in- 
jurious to  the  cherry.  In  this  latter  (Use  th(>  infested  i'ruit 
remains  hanging  on  the  tree,  luid  tlu!  i)resence  of  the  enemy 
is  often  unnoticed.     The  beetle  also  occasionally  de[)osits  its 


ATTACK  ISO    THE    FIU'lT. 


183 


etriis  ill  tlie  pear  ami  aj)))!!',  hut  in  these  fruits  it  rarely  matures: 
oitlier  tl;^  egi^  fails  to  hateli,  or  tin;  youiiu;  larva  perishes  soon 
litter  hatehiiiir.  This  insect  is  native  to  this  country,  and  has 
in  the  past  fed  on  the  wild  plums,  on  which  it  may  still  be 
found  in  considerable  numbers.  It  varies  much  in  relative 
:il)un(I'ance  from  year  to  year,  belii^  much  scarcer  in  some 
-casons  than  in  others. 

Jh'medie.s. — When  the  i)lum  eureulio  is  alarmed,  it  suddenly 
folds  its  legs  close  to  its  body,  turns  its  snout  under  its  breast, 
;uul  falls  to  the  <;round,  where  it  remains  motionless,  lein-ninu; 
death.      Advantaue  is  taken  of  this  j)eculiarity  to  eatch  and 
destroy  the  insect:  a  sheet  is  spread  under  the  tree,  and  tiie 
tree  and  its  branches  are  suddenly  jarred,  when  the  beetles  fall 
on  the  sheet,  where  they  may  be  gathered  up  and  destroyed. 
A  convenient  form  of  sheet  may  be  made  with  two  or  foiu- 
widths  of  cotton  (depending;  on  the  size  of  the  tree),  and  of 
the  requisite  length,  stitched  oaly  half-way  up  the  middle,  to 
allow  the  trunk  of  the  tree  to  pass  to  the  centre,  and  having 
each  of  tiie  sides  tacked  to  along  strip  of  wood,  about  an  inch 
Mjuare,  so  that  the  sheet  may  be  conveniently  handled  and 
spreatl.      Small   trees  may   be  jarred   with  the  hand  ;  larger 
ones  should  have  a  branch  cut  otf,  leaving  a  stum[)  several 
inches  long,  which   may  be  struck  with  a  mallet,  or  a  hole 
mav  be  bored  in  the  trunk  and  a  broad-headed  iron  spike  in- 
serted, which  is  to  be  struck  with  a  hammer,  avoiding  as  far  as 
j)nictieable  any  bruising  of  the  bark.     As  it  is  important  to 
catch  as  many  of  the  beetles  as  })ossible  before  any  mischief  is 
done,  jarring  slxMdd  be  begun  uhile  the  trees  are  in  blossom, 
and  continued  daily,  morning  and  evening,  if  the  insects  are 
abundant,  for  three  or  four  weeks,  or  until  they  beeouK!  very 
scarce.     A  form  of  cureulio-catcher,  known  as  Dr.  Hidl's,  is 
an   excellent  contrivance  where  a  large  orchard   has   to  be 
eared  for.     It  (ionsists  of  a  wheelbarrow  on  which  is  mounted 
a  large  inverted  unibrella,  split  in  front  to  receive  the  trunk 
ol'  the   tree,  against  which   the  machine,  which   is   provided 
with  a  padded   bumper,  is  driven  with  force  suilicient  to  jar 


■feMiJoUJAiMikiUUtJli 


1.S4 


IXSKCTS    IS.tlRKHS    TO    THE    I'LUM. 


the  cureiilios  down  into  the  umbrella,  where  they  are  collected 
and  destroyed.  It  is  very  iin[)ortant  that  the  fallen  plums 
slionid  he  ])roni|)tly  jjjathered  and  burnt  or  scalded,  so  as  to 
destroy  the  larva  before  it  has  time  to  escape.  Indeed,  to 
make  ))lum-cnlture  a  success,  the  jarring-  of  the  trees  and  the 
natliei-in";  of  the  fallen  fruit  must  be  re<ji;ularlv  continued, 
and  should  be  regartled  as  one  of  the  necessary  departments 
of  labor  belonging  to  it. 

Many  other  remedies  have  been  suggested,  but  they  arc  all 
of  little  value  compared  with  those  already  given.  One  of 
these  is  to  place  hogs  in  plum  and  ])each  orchards  to  devour 
the  fallen  i'ruit ;  and  it  is  said  to  have  proved  in  some  in- 
stances a  very  successful  and  inex})ensive  way  of  disposing 
of  a  large  portion  of  the  curculios.  Hens  with  their  broods 
of  chickens  enclosed  within  the  plum-orehard  will  devour 
a  large  number  of  the  larvte  of  the  curculio.  It  has  also 
been  advised  to  place  chi[)s  or  shingles,  or  strips  of  cloth  or 
canvas,  on  the  ground,  under  which  some  of  the  beetles  will 
take  shelter,  when  they  may  be  easily  captured.  Various 
compoiuids  have  been  suggested  with  which  to  syringe  the 
ibliaue;  hanging  bottles  of  sweetened  water  on  the  trees  to 
attract  the  beetles,  scattciing  air-slaked  lime  through  the  foli- 
au'c,  and  smokintr  the  insects  out  bv  burning  tar  oeeasionallv 
under  the  trees,  have  also  been  advised.  As 
a})reventive  measure,  plum-orchards  should 
n(»t  be  planted  near  a  wood,  as  the  curculios 
tind  j)lcnty  of  shelter  there,  and  arc  likely 
to  be  more  numerous  than  in  more  open 
ground;  also  avoid  giving  them  sheltci',  by 
I'emoving  and  burning  all  rid)bish  that  may 
accumulate  about  the  trees. 

There  are  many  insects  which  devour  the 
curculio  larva  as  it  escapes  from  the  fiuit, 
while  some  cat  into  the  fruit  as  it  lies  upon  the  ground,  seize 
the  culprits,  drag  them  out,  and  eat  them.  Foremost  among 
these  beuelicial   in.sects  are  two  or  three  species  of  conunon 


Fi(i.  in:!. 


ATTACKING    THE   FRUIT. 


185 


(' round-beetles  belonging  to  the  Carabid;i ;  of  these  tlie 
Pennsylvania  ground-beetle,  HarpaliiH  l^nHylvanicua  (De 
Gecr),  is  by  far  the  most  eouunon,  and  niay  be  met  with  at  all 


Fio.  IM. 


limes  during  the  season.  Fig.  193  shows  it  somewhat  mag- 
nified, and  Fig.  194  represents  the  larva  of  the  same  inseet, 
of  the  natural  size,  in  the  aet  of  devom"ing  a  curculio  larva  ; 
at  b  its  formidable  jaws  are  shown,  mag- 
nified. Fig.  195  shows  a  larva  of  one  of 
the  larger  speeies  of  this  useful  family, 
magnifuHl. 

The  larva  of  the  soldier-beetle,   ('Ikul- 
(io(j)iatln(H   AmericanuH  (Forst.),  is   also  a 


usefid  atrent  \\\  ( 


lestn 


ovm<r  tiie  curouiio. 


It 


is  shown   at   (t,  h'ig.  196,  and   a  mauriitied 


Fig.  lOf;. 


Fro.  m; 


view  of  its  head  and  jaws  at  b.  This  little  iVientl  often 
works  its  way  into  the  fruit  in  search  of  its  prey,  sometimes 
entering  it  while  still  on  the  tree.  The  perf<>ot  beetle  (Fig. 
197)  may  be  found  during  the  summer  on  the  flowei-s  of  the 
golden-rod,  Solidago.  The  larvjB  of  the  laee-wing  tii(!s,  of  the 
genus  Cliri/.Hopa,  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  132,  also 
devour  them  ;  and  ants  have  been  known  to  destroy  the  grubs 


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186 


iysj:cTs  ixjnuous  to  the  i'lvm. 


iA    li. 


•ife; 


1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

as  tiny   leave  the    fruit   to   enter    tlie    ground.     A     minute 
yellmv  Tlirijjs,  scareely   one-twentieth   of  an    inch    lonji;,    is 


Fia.  l'J8. 


^Tn 


said  to  seek  out  and  devour  hirge  (juantitios  of  theejriis  of  tlie 
cureulio. 

Two  species  of  parasites 


^OJV  are   known   to   attack    the 
'^^vl'  larva  <il'  this   just.     One, 


1' 
knoAvn    as    the    Sigalphiis 

eun'ulio  i)arasite,  Si(/(ifj)ln(.^ 
cnrcnllonis  Fiteh,  is  a  small, 
black,  four-winged  Hy,  rep- 
resented in  FiiT.  198,  wliore  a  shows  the  male,  and  h  the 
female.      With  'cr  sharp  ovipositor  the  leniale  punctures  the 

skin  of  the  cureulio  larva, 


Fid.  'Joo. 


"■^•^ 


and  deposits  an  egg  undc'r- 
n(>ath,  which  in  due  time 
produces  a  larva,  as  shown 
atfr.  Fig.  IIM).  When  the 
cureulio  larva  is  destroyed 
by  the  jiarasite,  the  lattei* 
enoloHos  itself  in  n  small, 
tough  cocoon  of  yellowish 
silk,  b,  and  then  gradually 
aasumes  the  pu|)a  state,  as  sho\"i'u  at  c  ;  all  these  figures  are 
magnilied.     The  other  species,  known  as  the  Forizou  cureulio 


A  TTA  CKl  Sa    THE   Fli  I '/  T. 


187 


|i:ir;i,sitc,  Porizon  cnuotraclicli  Riley,  is  also  iiii  Icliiu'iiinon  lly, 
witji  similar  habits  and  of  about  the  saino  size  as  the  speoii's 
just  rcforrcHl  to.  In  Fi<^.  200,  (i  ivi)rosents  the  fomale,  and 
h  the  mall',  botli  magnilit'd.  Xcithcr  of  those  parasites  lias 
vet  appeared  in  sufficient  numbers  to  act  as  an  ellicient  clu'ck 
on  the  increase  of  the  plum  curculio. 

No.  95. — The  Plum-gouger. 

Cocroinrus  scntc.l/dri.s  (lii-c). 

While  this  insect  has  some  |)oints  of  resemblance  to  the 
phiin  curculio,  it  is  in  other  respects  so  dilferent  as  to  be  easily 
distinguished.  The  beetle,  which  is  shown  magnilied  in  Fig. 
L'Ol,  is  about  five-sixteenths  ol'  an  inch  long,  with  the  thorax 
and  legs  of  an  oehrc-vellow  color,  while  the 
head  and  wing-cases  are  brown,  witiialeaden- 
iirav  tint,  the  latter  with  whitish  and  black 
Spots  scattered  irregularly  over  tiieir  surfac  e. 
Tlie  wing-eases  are  without  liumps;  the  snout 
is  somewhat  longer  than  the  thorax,  and 
projects  forward  or  downward,  but  cannot 
be  Iblded  under  the  breast  as  in  the  case  of 
the  plum  curculio.  It,  appears  in  spring- 
about  the  same  time  as  the  j)lum  curculio,  but,  instead  of 
making  a  creseent-sha])ed  slit  in  the;  plum,  it  bores  a  round 
hole  like  the  puncturt!  of  a  i)in. 

The  eggs  are  deposite«l  in  the  Ibllowing  manner.  With  the 
mimUe  but  powerful  jaws  at  the  tip  of  the  snout  of  the  female, 
a  hol(!  is  UMu\o  about  four-lifths  as  dee|)  as  the  snout  is  long, 
which  is  enlarged  at  the  end  and  gouged  out  .somewhat  in  the 
form  of  a  gourd.  The  egg  is  |)laced  in  the  excavation,  and 
pushed  down  with  the  .snout  until  it  reaches  the  receptacle 
prepared  for  it.  After  being  deposite<l,  it  swells  from  absorp- 
tion of  the  surrounding  moistin'e,  and  within  a  few  days  the 
young  larva  escapes. 

On  escaping  from  the  egg,  it  makes  an  almost  straight  course 
I'or  the  kernel  of  the  plum,  through   tlu*  soft  shell  of  which 


188 


lySKCTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PLUM. 


it  makes  its  wuv,  and  foods  iij)()n  the  contents  until  fidl 
u:;r()\vn.  When  nearly  niatnie,  the  hirva,  hy  ii  wise  instinc^t, 
prepares  ii  way  for  the  escape  of  the  future  beetle  by  euttinir 
a  round  hole  through  the  now  hard  stone.  The  larva  is  of  a 
milk-white  color,  with  a  large,  horny,  yellowish-white  head, 
and  jaws  tipped  with  brown.  It  enters  the  eiu'ysalis  state 
within  the  plum-stone,  and,  when  mature,  the  beetle  passes 
through  the  hole  bored  by  the  larva,  makes  its  way  through 
the  flesh,  and  escapes. 

While  the  normal  habit  of  the  plum  curculio  is  to  feed  on 
the  flesh  outside  the;  |)lum-stone,  which  latter  it  only  (uraslon- 
ally  penetrates,  the  plum-gouger  lives  and  matures  within, 
JJoth  sexes  of  the  itlum-irouuer  bore  cylindrical  holes  in  the 
fruit  for  food  ;  and  where  the  insect  abounds,  the  growing  fruit 
will  be  found  covered  with  these  punctures,  from  which  more 
or  less  gum  exudes,  and  the  fruit  becomes  knotty  and  worth- 
less, but  does  not  readily  drop,  as  do  those  which  have  been 
injured  by  the  plum  ciurulio.  The  insect  is  single-brooded, 
and  re(piires  a  longer  time  to  mature  than  the  plum  curculio; 
eggs  dej)osited  in  June  do  not  produce  beetles  until  the  end 
of  August  or  early  in  September.  It  appears  to  be  uidiuown 
in  the  Kastern  States,  but  is  verv  generallv  distributed  through- 


h   1 


ess  common. 


out  the  valley  of  tlu'  Mississippi.  It  is  nuit 
and  does  far  le^.^  injury,  than  the  plum  curculio,  although 
occasionally  it  is  found  in  almost  equal  abundance.  It  is 
said  to  pass  the  wintc;r  in  the  beetle  state. 

Remedies. — This  beetle  may  be  collected  by  jarring  the 
trees  in  the  manner  described  for  the  plum  ciu'culio,  although 
it  does  not  drop  (piite  so  readily  ;  it  also  takes  wing  quickly, 


and  1 


lenco  IS  not  so  easdv  see 


ureil. 


No.  96.— The  Saddled  Leaf-hopper. 

lii/l/itincdjiK.s  ilUdldiiits  iSay. 

This  insect  is  occasionally  injurioiLS  to  the  plum,  by  punc- 
turing the  stems  of  the  I'ruit  and  sucking  the  fluids  wiiich 


SUPPLEMEj\TA liV  LIST. 


189 


sliould  go  to  nourish  aiul  matiiro  it.    It  is  a  small  loat-hopper 
(shown  in  Fig.  '-02),  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long, 
of  a  darlv-hrown  or  black  color,  with  a    snlphnr-  '"'i^'-  -^^-• 
vcUow  spot  like  a  saddle  npon  the  middle  of  its  back, 
and  in  Iront  of  tiiis  a  band  of  pale  yellow, — the  lie-ul 
and  niuK'r  side  being  of  the  same  color.     It  is  un- 
likely tljat  this  insect  will  es'er  occur  in  sufliclent  mnnbers  to 
cau:-c  much  injury. 


^ 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 

AFFECT  THE  PLUM. 

ATTACKIN(J    THE    HOOTS. 

The  jK-ach-tree  borer,  No.  07,  sometimes  invades  the  j)lnm- 
trce,  an<l  burrows  about  the  collar  and  into  the  larger  roots 
ailjact'Ut  without  causing  an  exudation  of  guni,  as  in  the 
peach.     Young  trees  are  most  liable  to  injury. 

A'rrACKIXCJ   TIIK  TRUNK. 

Tiie  flat-headed  ajiple-tree  borer,  No.  .'},  frequently  attacks 
the  j)lum  and  materially  injures  the  tree. 

ATTACKING   THE    IJMHS   AND    UHANCHES. 

The  parallel  Elaphidiou,  No.  12;  the  pear-blight  beetle, 
No.  G8  ;  the  New  York  weevd.  No.  100;  and  the  tree- 
cricket,  No.  178. 


AITACKINO   THE    LEAVES. 

The  a|)ple-tree  teut-eaterj)illar,  No.  20;  the  forest  tent- 
caterj)illar.  No.  21  ;  the  rvhite-inark(>d  tussock-moth,  No.  22  ; 
the  caidvcr-worms,  Nos.  2o  and  20;  the  fall  web-worm,  No. 
27  ;  the  Cecropia  enij)eror  itioth.  No.  28  ;  the  unicorn  pr  .i- 
nent,  No.  29 ;  the  blind-eyed  sphinx,  No.  31  ;  the  obliipie- 
banded  leaf-roller,  No.  35;  the  leaf-crumpler.  No.  37;  the 
eye-spotted  bud-moth,  No.  38;  the  tarnished  plant-bug.  No. 


r* 


190 


INSECTS  ly.JUHIOUS    TO    THE   PLUM. 


71  ;  llio  poar-tivo  slug,  No.  75;  the  May-hootlo,  No.  11;) ;  the 
Uisiihi  huttcrtiy,  No.  IIG;  the  iKiskct-wonu,  or  l)ii<;-\voriii, 
No.  120;  ;he  oyraiuichil  <;rji|)c-viiie  ('aterpilhir,  No.  147;  the 
jiTape-vino  floa-beotio,  No.  1 50;  the  rose-beetle,  No.  151; 
and  the  eufraiit  Aniphidasys,  No.  21 1, all  devour  the  leaves, 
while  the  pear-tice  blister-beetle,  Xo.  73,  eats  both  leaves  and 
blossoms. 

ATTA(MvIN(i    tin;    FlU  IT. 

The  eodling  moth,  No.  58,  occasionally  injures  the  fruit; 
.so,  also,  do  bees  and  wasps,  when  it  is  fully  ripe. 


li 

1 

1  H 

1 H 

I 

1  WM 

iffS! 

p;7 


the 


INSECTS  LXJURIOUS  TO  THE  PEACH. 


ATTACKING  THE  TEUNK. 
No.  97.— The  Peach-tree  Borer. 

.lu/cn'ii  exiliii.sii  Say. 

This  notorious  |)cst,  so  (lostruefivc  t<»  poat-li-orchiinls,  is 
very  widely  disseiniiiated.  The  parent  insect  l)eIoniis  to  a 
laiiiily  of  moths  known  as  .K<rerians,  which,  havinj:;  trans- 
parent win<;s  and  slender  bodies,  stroniily  resemble  certain 
wasps  and  iiornets,  and,  as  they  Hy  in  the  daytime  only,  and 
are  theji  very  active  on  the  winj;,  tlu;  resemblance  becomes  still 
more  striking.  The  m(»th  ai)pears  in  the  Northern  States  and 
("ani.da  from  abont  the  middle  of  .fnly  to  the  end  of  Anu;nst; 
in  the  Sontii  it  ai>pears  nnieh  earlier, — in  some  localities  as 
early  as  the  latter  part  of  ^fay.  The  sexes  differ  very  much 
in  appearance.  In  Fig.  20.'],  n  represents  the  female,  and  b 
the  male.     The  female 

is    mnch     the     larger,  ^" '"•  -^• 

and  has  a  broad,  heavy 
abdomen.  The  body 
is  of  a  glossy  steel-bine 
color  with  a  pnrplish 
reflection,  and  a  broad 
l»aiid  of  orange-yellow 
across  the  abdonien.  The  fore  wings  are  oparpie,  and  similar 
in  color  to  the  body,  their  tips  and  fringes  having  a  purplish 
lint  both  above  and  beneath.  The  hind  wi  igs  are  transparent 
:md  broailly  margined  with  steel-bine;  when  tlie  wings  are  ex- 
))an(lcd,  the  moth  measures  about  an  inch  and  a  half  acro.«s. 
The  male  is  smaller,  its  wings  seldom  measuring  more  than 
an  inch  ;  its  body,  which  is  also  of  steel-blue  color,  with  golden- 

vellow  markings  and  a  glossv,  satin-like  lustre,  is  nuii-h  more 

101 


;ill»" 


192 


jysKCTs  ixjrniors  to  the  I'eacii. 


sk'ndcr  tlian  that  of  the  f'einuK'.  The  aiitcniue  arc  bhick 
and  (k'list'ly  i"riii<^o(l  on  the  inner  side  with  nnmerous  line, 
short  hairs,  the  hitter  a  featnre  absent  in  the  I'einaW.  Tiie 
head  and  thorax  are  marked  with  yeUow,  and  the  al)(h)in('n 
has  two  slender  yellow  hands  above,  and  a  white  line  on  eaeh 
side  of  the  tuft  of  hairs  at  its  tip.  The  win<;s  are  iran-pari'nt, 
the  veins,  inaruins,  and  fringe  steel-blue,  and  astei'1-blue  bainl 
extends  nearly  acntss  beyond  the  middle.  The  feet  and  legs 
are  marked  with  yellow  and  white. 

The  female  deposits  lu-r  eggs  on  the  bark  of  tlie  tree  at 
the  surfaee  of  the  ground.  They  are  about  one-fiftieth  of  an 
ineh  long,  with  a  seulptured  sui-faee,  oval  in  form,  slightly 
flattened,  and  of  a  dull-yellowish  color.  They  ai-e  deposited 
singly,  are  fastened  to  the  surfaee  of  the  bark  by  a  gummy 
secretion,  and  sometimes  have  a  few  of  the  (kirk-blue  scales 
from  the  tij)  of  the  abdomen  of  the  female  attached  to  them. 
As  soon  as  the  larva  is  hat(;hed,  it  works  downwards  in  the 
bark  of  the  root,  forming  a  small  winding  channel,  which 
soon  becomes  filled  with  gum.  As  it  incivases  in  size,  it 
devours  the  bark  and  sap-wood,  and  causes  a  copious  exuda- 
tion of  gum,  which  eventually  forms  a  thick  mass  around  the 
base  of  the  tree,  intermingUd  with  the  casting-;  of  the  worm. 
When  full  grown  (see  Fig.  204),  the  larva  measures  over  half 

an  inch  in  length,  and  nearly  a  (piar- 
ter  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  It  is  a 
naked,  soft,  cylindrical  grub,  of  a  pale 
whitish-yellow  color,  with  a  reddish, 
horny-looking  liead  and  black  jaws  ; 
the  upper  part  of  the  next  segment  is  similar  in  appearance 
to  the  head,  hut  of  a  paler  shade.  The  under  surface  resem- 
bles the  up|)er  in  color;  the  three  anterior  pairs  of  claw-like 
feet  are  tipped  with  brown  ;  the  five  hinder  pairs  of  thick, 
fieshy  prolegs  are  yellow,  each  of  the  latter  margined  with  a 
fringe  of  very  minute  reddish-brown  hooks.  Tliere  are  a  few 
scattered  hairs  over  the  surface  of  tiie  body,  each  arising  from 
a  pale-reddish,  wart-like  dot.     The  larvae  may  be  found  of 


FiQ.  '204. 


^  ^''''fl^JWj^Js-.. 


" 


1    'inirntirnnniinr 


A  TTA  Ch'I  A  (/    77/  /•;    TK  UXK. 


193 


(liffereiit  sizes  all  tlin)ii<r|i  tlie  fjiU  iiiul  winter  mimtlis,  some 
(iiiite  voiinir  associated  witii  others  nearlv  full  ui'owii.  Duriii<r 
the  winter  the  lariier  ones  rest,  with  their  heads  u[)wanls,  in 
>iiiooth,  longitudinal  grooves  which  they  have  excavated,  the 
li.ick  part  being  covered  with  castings  mingled  with  gutn  and 
silken  threads,  forming  a  kind  of  cell,  the  cavity  of  which  is 
considerablv  larger  than  the  worm  inhabiting  it:  the  smaller 
ones  usually  lie  in  the  gum,  or  between  it  and  the  wood  of  the 
trunk  or  root.  In  badly-infested  trees  the  whole  of  the  bark 
at  the  base  or  collar  is  sometimes  consumed  for  an  inch  or  two 
below  the  surface.  Nor  does  the  insect  always  confine  itself 
to  the  base  of  the  tree;  occasionally  it  attacks  the  trunk  farther 
up,  and  sonietinies  the  forks  of  the  limbs;  but  the  exuding 
Liuni  invariably  points  out  the  spot  where  the  ibc  is  at  work. 

When  about  to  l)ecome  a  pupa,  the  larva  crawls  uj)wards 
1(1  the  surface  of  tlu  ground,  and  cou'-tructs  a  pod-like  ease, 
(if  a  leathery  structure,  made  from  its  castings  mixed  with 
iiuin  and  threads  of  silk.  It  is  about  fhree-(iuarters  of  an 
inch  long,  of  a  brown  color,  oval  in  form,  with  its  (Mids 
I'ounded  ;  its  inner  surface  is  smooth,  and  it  is  fastened  against 
iJie  side  of  the  root,  often  sunk  in  a  groove  gnawed  for  liiat 
|iur|)ose,  Avith  its  up|)er  end  protruding  slightly  above  the 
.-url'aee  (»f  the  ground.  W  the  earth  has  recently  been  dis- 
tiu'bed  about  the  surface  of  the  tree,  so  as  to  make  it  lie  loose, 
the  larva  will  often  form  its  cocoon  an  inch  or  more  below 
the  surface.  The  enclosed  ])upa  is  at  first  white,  but  soon 
becomes  of  a  pale  tawny-yellow  color,  with  a  darker  ring  at 
eacli  of  the  sutures  of  the  body  ;  the  pupa  state  lasts  some 
three  weeks  or  more. 

This  is  an  American  insec^t,  unknown  on  tlu'  j)cacli-trees  of 

other  countries.     Its  operations  are  not  confined  to  the  peach  ; 

it  works  also  on  the  plum,  although  in  this  instance  no  gum 

exudes  from  the  tree,  and  it  is  quite  probable  that  before  the 

introduction  of  the  |)each  into  this  country  the  larva  lived  in 

the  roots  of  tiie  wild  i)lum,  which  it  has  now  almost  entirely 

forsaken. 

18 


194 


I.XSKCTS   IXjriUOUS    TO    THE  PEACH. 


licinedies. — Sevonil  rfinetlics  Lave  been  pivipc tsed  to  meet 
this  evil.  Wiiere  the  larvne  are  present,  they  are  readily  de- 
tected in  consequence  of  the  exudation  of  gum ;  hence  early 
in  spring  the  trees  should  he  carefully  examined,  a  little  of  the 
earth  removed  from  ahout  the  base,  and,  if  masses  of  gum 
are  found,  the  larva?  searched  for  and  destroyed.  Hot  watci' 
is  said  to  be  very  effectual  in  killing  them  ;  it  shoidd  be 
used  very  hot,  and  after  the  earth  has  been  removed,  so  as  to 
insure  its  reaching  the  culprits  before  it  cools.  Among  the 
preventive  measures,  much  has  been  written  in  favor  of 
mounding  the  trees,  banking  the  earth  up  around  the  trunk 
to  the  height  of  a  foot  or  more,  and  pressing  it  firmly  about 
the  tree.  Some  allow  the  mounds  to  renuiin  permanently, 
but  the  better  plan  seems  to  be  to  mound  up  late  in  the 
spring  or  towards  midsummer,  and  level  off  the  ground  again 
in  September,  after  egg-laying  has  ceased  and  the  moths  have 
disappeared.  This  treatment  is  said  to  make  the  bark  vciy 
tender  and  liable  to  injury  during  the  winter,  and  it  is  recom- 
mended by  some  to  defer  its  aj>plication  until  the  fourth  year, 
by  which  time  the  bark  will  have  become  sufficiently  thickcncil 
and  hardy  to  endure  the  treatment  without  injury.  Placing 
around  the  roots  a  bed  of  cinders,  ashes,  or  lime,  plastering 
the  base  of  the  trunk  with  mortar  or  clay  and  covering  it 
with  stout  ))aper,  coating  the  tree  with  an  api)lication  of  soa)) 
or  tobacco-water,  have  all  had  their  advocates;  but  the  weight 
of  testimony  is  in  favor  of  the  removal  of  the  larva^  with 
the  knife  late  in  the  autumn  or  early  in  the  spring,  and 
sul)se(|ucntly  mounding  the  trees  in  the  manner  already 
described. 

Another  remedy  proposed  is  to  cover  the  trunk  with  straw 
in  the  following  manner.  Scrape  the  earth  away  from  the 
collar,  i)lace  a  handful  of  straight  straw  erect  around  the 
trunk,  fastening  it  with  twine,  then  retui'u  the  soil,  which 
will  keep  the  ends  of  the  straw  in  their  place.  The  straw 
should  entirely  cover  the  bark,  and  the  twine  be  loosened  as 
the  trunk  increases  in  size.     Trees  so  protected  arc  said  to 


ATTACKIXO    THE   liRAXCHES. 


195 


have  remaincKl  uiiinjnrod  while  all  around  tlioin  liave  suffered 
iVniu  the  borer. 

No.  98.— The  Elm-bark  Beetle. 

I'/ihvo/riliii.s-  liininaris  (irarris). 

Tills  insect  is  very  conitnon  on  elm-trees;  it  also  occa'^ion- 
aliy  attacks  the  peach-tree,  especially  when  iVoni  any  cause  it 
has  become  diseased.  In  August  or  Sej)tember  there  a[)pcar 
-mall  perforations  like  pin-holes  in  the  bark,  from  which  issue 
minute  cylindrical  beetles  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  lontjjof* 
a  (lark-brown  color,  with  the  wing-cases  deeply  impressed  with 
punctated  furrows,  and  covereil  with  short  hairs;  the  tiiorax 
is  also  punctated.  This  species  has  never  occurred  on  thi; 
|Ha<h  in  sullicient  innnbers  to  attract  general  attention,  or  to 
require  the  adoption  of  any  special  remedies. 


ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES. 


No.  99. — The  Peach-tree  Bark-louse. 

Lccaniuin  jicrsiiiK  (I'ahr. ). 

This  is  an  insect  very  sinular  in  appearance  and  habits  to 
the  pear-tree  bark-louse,  ^»o.  (59.  Jt  is  found  attached  to  the 
.-iiKioth  bark  of  the  peach  twigs,  iVctpiently  biside  a  bud  or 
at  the  base  of  a  twig,  a|)pearing  as  a  black  hemispherical  shell 
about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  split  j)ea  ;  its  surface  is  uneven, 
shining,  commonly  showing  a  pale  margin,  and  a  stripe  up  »u 
the  middle.  It  feeds  upon  the  sap,  piercing  the  bark  with 
its  proboscis,  and  ind)ibing  the  juices.  When  mature,  the 
n.'inoval  of  the  scale  discloses  a  nndtitude  of  eggs,  which  in 
due  time  hatch,  and  the  young  larvae  scatter  over  the  twigs, 
and,  fastening  themselves  to  the  bark,  become  permanently 
located,  and  live  the  full  term  of  their  lives  without  changing 
their  position. 


190 


ISSECTS  ISJVRIOVS   TO    THE   PEACH. 


No.  100.— The  New  York  Weevil. 

Ilhyccrnts  iioi'ehoracensis  (Forster). 

This  is  ;i  .siiout-beotle  or  cn.rciilio,  the  hirgest  species  we 
hiive  ill  this  country.  It  appeal's  in  May  or  June,  and  injures 
tVnit-treos  hy  eatin*;  the  biuls  and  !j;na\viniij  into  tiie  twigs  at 
theii-  hase,  often  causing  them  to  break  and  Call;  it  also  gnaws 
ofl'  the  tender  bark  early  in  the  season  before  the  buds  have 
ex[)anded,  and  later  eats  the  leaves  oil' just  at  their  base,  and 
devours  the  tender  shoots.  It  is  from  four  to  six  tenths  ot' 
an  inch  in  length  (see  c,  Fig.  205),  of  an  iish-gray  color  marked 

with  black;  on  each  of  its  wing-cases 
there  are  four  whitish  lines  interrupted 
by  black  dots,  and  three  smaller  ones  on 
the  thorax.  The  scutcl,  which  is  at  the 
point  of  junction  of  the  wing-cases  with 
the  thorax,  is  yellowish.  The  beetle  is 
said  to  be  more  active  at  night  <;•,  ;n  in 
;''  A  the  day,  and  seems  to  show  a  preference 
|1  (  a.  for  the  tender,  succulent  shoots  of  the 
•Tpplc,  although  it  makes  quite  free  with 
those  of  the  |)caeh,  pear,  plum,  and 
cherry.  Sometimes  it  occurs  in  swarms 
in  nurseries,  when  it  seriously  injures  the 
young  trees.  In  the  East  it  is  seldom 
present  in  sufficient  numbers  to  ]>rove 
injurious,  but  it  is  very  common  in  the  valley  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  1.  "'a  is  found  in  the  twigs  and  tender  branches 
of  the  bur-oak,  and  probably  also  in  those  of  the  pig-nut 
hickory. 

When  the  female  is  about  to  deposit  an  egg,  she  makes  a 
longitudinal  excavation  with  iier  jaws,  as  shown  at  a  in  Fig. 
205,  eating  upwards  under  the  bark,  and  afterwards  turns 
round  and  places  an  egg  in  the  opening. 

The  larva  (h  in  the  figure)  is  a  soft,  footless  grub,  of  a 
pale-yellow  color,  with  a  tawny  head;  it  is  not  known  whether 


A  TTA  Ch'l  .\a    Til  E    L  KA  1  •/;.S\ 


197 


it  iiiHlorgoes  its  traiiriformatioiis  within  the  twig,  or  enters  the 
(••round  to  pass  the  clirvsalis  state. 

Hcmc.d'wx. — There  seems  to  be  none  other  than  to  catch  and 
kill  this  niis(;hiei'"-iiiaker.  In  coinnion  with  ahuost  all  other 
ciirciillos,  this  l)eetle  lias  the  hahit  ot"  falling  to  the  ground 
when  alarmed,  and  hence  may  he  captured  hy  jarring  the 
trees  in  the  manner  directeil  for  the  plum  tMirculio,  No.  94. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 

• 

No.  101. — The  Peach-tree  Leaf-roller. 

Pt\irholovn\  pemicana  (Fitch). 

Early  in  spring,  when  the  yoimg  leaves  are  expanding,  a 
small  worm  sometin  >-  attacks  tl)'  ui,  and,  drawing  them  to- 
gether with  fine  -ilken  threads,  secretes  itself  within,  and 
feeds  upon  them.  This  iMva  i^  rather  slender,  of  a  pale- 
green  color,  with  a  pale,  dull-yellowish  head,  and  a  whitish 
streak  along  eatih  side  of  its  back.  When  full  grown,  it 
changes  to  a  chrysalis  within  its  nest,  where  it  rnmains  about 
two  weeks,  and  then  escapes  as  a  moth. 

The  fore  wings  of  the  moth  are  of  a  reddish-yellow  color, 
varied  with  black;  at  the  base  th<y  are  paler;  there  is  a  large, 
white,  triangular  sj)ot  on  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin,  and 
a  transverse  streak  of  the  same  hue  within  the  hind  margin. 
This  latter  is  divided  by  the  veins  crossing  it  into  about  four 
spots,  and  is  bordei'ed  on  its  anterior  side  by  a  curved  black 
hand.  When  its  wings  are  spread.,  this  moth  measures  nearly 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  across.  It  has  never  yet  beon  re- 
ported as  very  destructive  anywhere,  and  is  scarcely  likely  to 
re([iiire  the  application  of  any  special  remedy. 

No.  102. — The  Blue-spangled  Peach-tree  Caterpillar. 

Calliniorpha  Lecontei  Boisd.,  var.  fulvicosfa  Clom. 

Very  early  in  spring  tiiere  may  sometimes  be  found  shel- 
tered under  the  loose  bark  of  peach-trees,  and  sometimes  also 


J  98 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   PEACH. 


on  upple-trccs,  small  black  cater[)illars  covered  with  short 
stiff  hairs  and  studded  with  iniimte  blue  spots.  As  soon  as 
the  leaves  begin  to  expand,  these  larvie  issue  from  their  hiding- 
places  and  feed  upon  tiieni.  They  grow  rapidly,  and  soon 
attain  their  full  size,  when  they  are  nearly  an  inch  long,  and 
appear  as  shown  at  a.  Fig.  20G ;  c  shows  an  enlarged  side 


Fig.  200. 


view  of  one  of  the  segments  of  the  body,  and  d  a  back  view 
<»('  the  same.  The  full-grown  caterpillar  is  of  a  velvety 
l)lack  color  above,  and  pale  bluish,  speckled  with  black,  below. 
There  is  a  deep  orange  line  along  the  back,  and  a  more  distinct 
wavy  and  broken  line  along  each  side.  The  warts  from  which 
the  bristly  hairs  issu(»  iwv  of  a  steel-blue  color,  with  a  polished 
surface,  which  reflects  the  light  so  as  to  make  them  appear 
(juitc  brilliant. 

I'he  larva  selects  some  sheltered  sjwt  and  there  s{)ins  a  slight 
cocoon  of  white  silk,  within  which  it  changes  to  a  chrvsidis 
of  a  pur|)li>h-l)rown  color,  finely  ])unctated,  and  terminating  in 
a  flattened  plate  tipped  with  yellowish-brown,  curled  bristles. 

The  moth  issues  diu-ing  the  early  part  of  June  in  the 
Northern  and  Middle  Stales;  it  is  of  a  milk-white  or  cream 
color,  with  the  head,  collar,  and  ba^^e  and  tip  of  the  abdomen 
orange-yellow.  On  the  under  side  the  anterior  margins  of 
the  wings,  tile  legs,  and  tiie  body  partake  of  the  same  hue. 
When  spread,  the'  wings  measure  about  one  and  three-ipiarter 
inches  ac^ross. 


..TTACKING    TlIK  LEAVES. 


198 


Be  medics. — When  these  larvto  are  minieroiis  they  sometimes 
do  considerable  danuige  to  the  young  foliage  of  the  peaeh-tree. 
Tliev  may  be  s..bdaed  by  hand-i)ieking,  or  by  shaking  them 
iVoin  the  trees  and  crushing  them  under  foot,  or  by  syringing 
the  leaves  of  the  trees  with  l*aris-green  and  water  in  the 
proportion  of  a  teaspoonful  to  two  gallons  of  water. 

No.  103.— The  Peach-tree  Aphis. 

Mi/ziis  pcrsira'  Siilzcr. 

This  aphis  begins  to  work  upon  the  young  leaves  of  the 
j)eaeh-trees  almost  as  soon  as  they  burst  from  the  bud,  and 
continues  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  season,  unless 
swept  off,  as  sometimes  haj)pens  with  suri)rising  rapidity,  by 
insect  enemies.  These  lice  live  together  in  crowds  under 
the  leaves,  and  suck  their  juices,  causing  them  to  become 
thickenl'd  and  curled,  forming  hollows  with  corresponding 
reddish  swellings  above;  frerpiently  the  curled  leaves  fall 
j)rematiu'ely  to  the  ground.  The  jjcrfect  winged  females  are 
about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  black,  with  the  untler  side 
of  the  abdomen  dull  i«'reeu,  the  winu;less  females  rustv  red, 
with  the  ancenuje,  legs,  and  honey-tubes  greenish.  The 
winged  males  are  bright  yellow,  streaked  with  l)rown,  with 
black  honey-tubes. 

The  Misects  which  prey  on  the  apple-tree  aphis,  Xo.  57, 
feed  on  this  species  also,  and  the  remedies  recomiuended  for 
that  insect  are  equally  applicable  to  this  one. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHIOH 
AFFECT  THE  PEACH. 


A'rrACKINd   TIIH   T'.!UNK. 


The  llat-headed  appl(!-tree  bori  f,  No.  .'i,  and  the  divaricated 
Biiprestis,  No.  101,  both  injure  the  trunk  of  the  peach-tree. 


200       I y SECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APRICOT,  ETC. 

ATTACKING   THE   BPwVNClIES. 

The  buffalo  tree-hopper,  No.  18;  the  red-shoiildered  Siii- 
oxylon,  No.  130;  the  tree-cricket,  No.  178;  niid  the  stniw- 
herry  root-horer,  No.  190,  all  attack  tiie  branches.  The 
stalk-borer,  No.  201,  soiuetiines  bores  into  the  buds  and 
vounn'  branches. 


l!'! 


ATTACKING   THE    LEAVES. 

The  ol)lique-banded  leaf-roller.  No.  35;  the  leaf-crnniplcr. 
No.  37  ;  the  many-dotted  apple-worm.  No.  43 ;  the  saddled 
leaf-hopper.  No.  96;  the  basket- worm,  or  bag-worn).  No.  120; 
the  rose-beetle.  No.  151  ;  and  the  smeared  dagger,  No.  194, 
devour  the  leaves. 

ATTACKING  THE    FRUIT. 

The  codling  moth.  No.  58;  the  ash-gray  pinion.  No.  64; 
the  Indian  Cetonia,  No.  81 ;  and  the  j)lum  curculio.  No.  94, 
all  affect  the  fruit,  the  last-named  insect  being  especially 
injurious. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  APRICOT  AND  THE 

NECTARINE. 


'I  I 


The  nectarine  and  aj)ricot,  being  closely  related  to  tlu^ 
peach,  are  liable  to  be  injured  by  the  same  insects ;  besides 
tliosc  enumerated  as  allecting  tlu;  peach,  the  a|)ricot  occasion- 
ally suffers  in  its  branclus  i'rom  the  attacks  of  the  pear-blight 
beetle,  No.  68. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THK  CHERRY. 


ATTACKING  THE  TRUNK. 


Fiu.  '207. 


No.  104. — The  Divaricated  Buprestis. 

■  ■  Diccrcn  divaricata  (Siiy). 

This  is  a  beetle  belonging  to  the  lUniily  Buprestidse,  most 
of  the  nienibeiv,  of  wliich  are  readilv  disringuiHliod  bv  their 
coj)pery  or  bronzed  appearance.  This  s|)ecies  (see  Fig.  207) 
is  from  seven  to  nine  tenths  of  an  inch  in  length, 
copper-colored,  and  sometimes  brassy,  and  thickly 
covered  with  little  indentations.  The  thorax  is 
furrowed  in  the  middle,  and  the  wing-covers  are 
marked  with  numerous  irregular  imj)ressed  lines 
and  small,  elevated,  blackish  s|)ots.  The  wing- 
cases  taper  much  behind,  and  ilieir  long  and  narrow 
tips  are  blunt-pointed,  and  sprend  apart  a  little, 
the  latter  pecidiarity  having  given  to  the  insect  its  specifu; 
name,  dmiricata.  The  beetles  may  be  found  suiming  them- 
selves upon  tlu!  limbs  of  cherry  and  peach  trees  during  June, 
Jidv.  and  August:  thev  are  active  creatin-es,  running  brisklv 
up  and  down  the  trunks  of  the  trees  in  tiie  sunshine. 

The  female  deposits  her  eggs  on  tiie  cultivated  and  wild 
cherry-trees,  and  also  on  the  pca(!h,  and,  when  liatchcd,  the 
young  larva  bores  through  the  bark  and  lives  in  and  de- 
slroys  the  sap-wood  underneath.  It  is  a  fliittencd  larva,  witii 
its  anterior  segments  very  much  eidarged,  and  closely  re- 
send)le8  tiiat  of  the  Hat-headed  apple-tree  borer,  No.  3,  Fig. 
4,  but  is  larger.  Tiiis  insect  is  seldom  veiy  troublesome; 
should   it  require  attention,  the  remedies  recommended  for 

No.  3  will  be  equally  applicable  t()  this  species. 

201 


202 


INSECTS  ISJURIOUS   TO    THE   CHERRY. 


No.  105. — The  Spotted  Horn-beetle. 

Dynastes  titijus  (Linn.). 

Tliis  i.s  an  onorinous  beetle,  some  two  inelies  in  length, 
exelusive  of  its  liorn.s.  It  is  of  ii  pale-olive  eolor,  with  the 
wing-covers  spotted  and  dotted  with  black.  In  the  males 
the  middle  of  the  thorax  is  extended  forward  in  tlie  i'orm  of 
a  long  bliick  horn,  which  is  hairy  along  its  under  side,  and 

usually  notched  at 
its  tip,  as  if  Ibrmed 
to  receive  the  sharp 


Fig.  208. 


poll 
simi 


»t      of     another 


lar  1 


lorn,  w 


hich 


curves  n 


tl 


l)Wi 


dsf 


u'dstrom 


le    crown 


of    tl 


le 


liead.  There  are 
two  other  horns  be- 
tween   these,    short 


anc 
Tl 


I     sharp-pointed, 
female      is 


le 


smaller 


Ik 


th 


ui 


th 


male,  and  unarmed, 
ex(!ept  with  a  small 
tubercle       on       the 


head. 


L^iu;. 


rei)rcsen 


ts  tl 


le  male 


208 
k 


The  beetle  occasionally  varies  in  color:  specimens  have 
been  found  with  chestnut-brown  wing-covers,  others  with  the 
thorax  black  ;  and  in  one  instance  a  male  was  taken  with  one 
of  the  wing-covers  black,  while  the  other  was  of  the  normal 


character, 


Tl 


le  larva  o 


f  tl 


MS  msec 


t  b 


ores  HI  o 


ld,d 


e<'avintjr  cherrv-trees. 


It  somewhat  resembles  that  of  the  rough  Osmoderma,  Mo.  8, 
l)nt  is  much  larger.  The  beetle  is  ircipicnlly  met  with  in  the 
Suiilh,  and  is  sometimes  found  as  far  north  as  Pennsylvania, 
bill  llu>  dumaire  it  inllicts  is  verv  sliirht. 


ATTACK  I  so    THE  BRANCHES. 


203 


Fill.  '_W». 


ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES. 

No.  106.  —The  Dog-day  Cicada. 

Cicada  tihicvn  Limi. 

In  appoarauoe  this  insect  very  mndi  resembles  the  seven- 
teen-year locust,  No.  15,  but  differs  from  it  by  oecurrin<«;  in 
more  or  less  al)undance  every  year  durino"  the  months  of 
August  and  .September,  when  it  sometimes  wounds  the  small 
limbs  of  the  cherry  and  deposits  its  c<rgs  therein.  The  body 
is  black  on  the  uj)per  side,  the  head  and  thorax  being  spotted 
and  marked  with  olive-green.  The  wings  are  large,  trans- 
j)arent,  and  strongly  veined,  the  i)rincipal  veins  having  a 
greenish  tint.  The  under  side  of  the 
body  is  coated  with  a  whitish  powder, 
legs  greenish.  This  cicada,  which  is 
shown  in  Fig.  200,  is  very  generally 
distributed  throughout  the  Xorthern 
United  States  and  the  j)rovincc  of 
Ontario,  and  the  shrill  notes  ol'  the  /^^ 
males  may  be  heard  almost  everywhere 
during  warm  davs  in  August,  from  ti'U 
o'clock  in  the  morning  until  two  in 
the  afternoon.  The  males  only  are 
nuisical,  and  their  drums  are  situated 
in  cavities  in  the  sides  of  the  anterior 
segments  of  their  robust  bodies. 

The  larva  is  unknown,  but  doubtless  glosely  resembles  that 
of  the  seventeen-year  locust ;  the  juipa  also  is  very  siuiilar,  and 
iia-s  been  found  beneath  (iherry,  maple,  and  elm  trees.  The 
ravages  of  this  insect  have  never  been  sullicieiitly  important 
to  attract  much  attention. 


No.  107. — The  Cherry-tree  Bark-louse. 

liCraninm  vvrasi/vx  Vitcli. 
This   is  a  bark-louse  very  much   resembling   that   of  the 
pear-tree,  Lccdiiiiiiii   j>i/i'i,    \o.    (li*.      it    may    l)e   found    in 


^^^^^latimi^^jLj, 


204 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   ClIEIiRV 


spring  adhering  to  the  under  side  of  the  limbs  of  cherry- 
trees  and  sucking  their  juices.  The  shell  is  hemispherical  in 
ft)rm,  black,  rnorc  or  less  mottled  with  pale  dull-yellow  dots. 
On  lifting  this  shell,  a  mass  of  minute  eggs  is  found,  which 
shortly  hatch,  whereupon  the  insects  spread  over  the  bark  of 
the  succulent  twigs,  and,  piercing  it,  subsist  upon  the  juices, 
passing  through  the  various  stages  of  their  growth  before  the 
winter  approaches.  The  remedies  recommended  for  L.  pyri 
\\\\\  be  equally  ap})licable  in  this  case. 

No.  108. — The  Cherry-tree  Scale-insect. 

As))idi()fHs  ccrani.  Fitch. 

On  examining  the  limbs  of  the  choke-cherrv  in  winter, 
there  will  sometimes  be  found  on  the  bark  a  small,  roundish 
.scale  like  a  tiny  blister,  which,  when  raised,  discloses  a  cluster 
of  vciy  minute  (hdl-reddish  eggs,  the  product  of  the  cherry 
scale-insect,  which  is  believed  to  be  identical  with  the  S(!urfy 
bark-louse.  No.  17,  and  to  which  the  same  remedies  may  be 
a})plied. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 

No.  109. — The  Violaceous  Flea-beetle. 

Crcpidudera  IMxhics  (Linn.). 

From  about  the  middle  of  jNIay  until  August  tiiere  may 
often  be  found  on  the  leaves  of  cherry-trees  snudl  flea-beetles, 
about  i)ne-tenth  of  an  in(!h  long,  and  of  a  l))-illiant  'oppery, 
violet,  or  greenish-black  color,  with  the  antenuffi  Oi"  a  pale 
yellow,  the  under  side  black,  and  the  legs,  except  the  hinder 
thighs,  dull  pale  yellow.  Though  small,  this  is  a  very  active 
insect.  It  gnaws  round  pieces  out  of  the  luider  side  of  the 
leaf,  leavirg  the  npi)er  skin  unbroken,  and  sometimes  eats 
entirely  through,  making  munerous  small  holes  in  the  young 
leaves  at  the  ends  of  the  limbs.  Jt  has  not  yet  proved 
sufliciently  troublesome  to  require  any  special  remedy. 


t 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


205 


s 

> 
0 

,'e 

10 

Ls 


'f,' 


Fio.  'JIO. 


No.  110. — The  Promethea  Emperor-moth. 

Callosamia  Promethea  (Dniry). 

During  the  winter  there  may  frequently  be  seen  on  cherry- 
trees,  particuhirly  the  wihl  species,  a  twisted  leaf  hangin<>;  here 
and  there  after  all  the  others  Inive 
fallen.  A  closer  examination  shows 
each  of  these  to  contain  a  lon<^,  oval, 
-ilken  cocoon  (see  Fig.  210),  the  stem 
of  the  leaf  l)ein<>;  secured  to  the  twig 
on  which  it  grew  with  silken  threads. 
The  silk  is  wound  round  the  twig  for 
;il)out  half  an  inch  on  each  side,  then 
carried  down  around  the  leaf-stalk  to 
the  cocoon,  the  whole  being  so  firmly 
I'astened  that  the  leaf  with  the  cocoon 
cannot  be  detached  without  much 
force.  This  is  the  cocoon  of  the 
Promethea  emperor-moth.  Besides 
the  cherry,  it  is  found  on  the  sassa- 
fras, lilac,  button-bush,  and  occa- 
sionally on  other  trees  and  shrubs. 

The  njotli  escapes  late  in  June  or 
early  in  July.  I*^  is  a  handsome  in- 
sect, and  measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded,  from  three 
and  a  half  to  nearly  four  and  a  half  inches  across.  The 
sexes  differ  very  much  in  appenrance:  the  wings  of  the  niide 
(Fig.  211)  are  brownish  black,  those  of  the  female  (Fig.  212) 
light  reddish  brown.  In  both,  the  wings  are  crossed  by  a 
wavy  whitish  line  near  the  middle,  and  a  clay-colored  border 
along  the  hind  edges.  Both  also  have  an  eye-like  black  spot, 
with  a  pale-bluish  crescent  within,  near  the  tij)  of  the  fore 
wings.  Near  the  middle  of  each  of  the  wings  of  the  female 
there  is  an  angular  reddish-white  s[)ot,  edged  with  black  ;  the 
same  is  visible  on  the  under  side  of  tiie  wings  of  the  male, 
but  is  seldom  seen  on  the  upper  side. 


iidliiiiHHI 


w^ 


20() 


INSKCTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE   ClIEIiRV. 


The  foinalc  lays  licr  eggs  in  small  oliisters  of  five  or  six  or 
more  togetlier;  tiiey  are  of  a  ercainy-wliite  color,  ahgiit  oiie- 


FiG.  211. 


sixteenth   of  an  inch    in  diameter,  with   an  oehreous-yellow 
spot  on  tlie  ujiper  side.     They  hatch  towards  the  end  of  July. 


Vu:.  'IVl. 


The  newly-liatched  larva  is  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long, 
pale  green,  with  yellow  bands  and  faint  rows  of  black  tuber- 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


207 


Fig.  213. 


ck'.s.     After  it  has  pas.sed  the  second  moult  it  apjiears  as  seen 

at  a.    From  tiie  end  of  August  until  late  in  8ej)teinl)cr  it  may 

be  found  full  grown,  when  it  measures  two  inches  or  more  in 

length  and  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  presents  the 

apj)earance  shown  at  b  in  Fig.  213.     It  is  of  a  bluish-green  or 

sometimes  of  a  greenish-vellow 

color,  with  the  head,  ^cat,  and 

hinder  segments  yellow.    There 

arc  about  eight  small  warts  or 

short  horns  of  a  deep-blue  color 

on    each    segment,    except    the 

two  uppermost  on  the   top  of 

the  third  and  fourth  segments, 

which  are  of  a  rich  coral-red 

color,  and   a    long  one  on    the 

top  of  the  twelfth  ring,  which 

is  yellow. 

The  caterpillar  is  found  feed- 
ing on  the  cherry,  ash,  sassafras, 
poplar,  azalea,  cephtdanthus,  or 
button-bush,  and  other  shrubs 
and  trees.  Although  the  ash 
is  a  very  common  food-plant 
for  the  larva,  it  is  rarely,  if 
ever,  that  a  cocoon  is  found 
upon  it;  the  leaf-stalks  being 
so  very  long,  it  is  probably  too  laborious  a  task  for  the  cater- 
pillars to  I'asten  them  to  the  twigs,  and  hence  they  wander  off 
in  search  of  leaves  witii  shorter  stalks  and  of  a  thicker,  more 
leathery  structure,  such  as  the  cherry  or  the  lilac,  which  form 
a  substantial  covering  for  the  cocoon. 

The  cocoons  arc  often  perforated  by  birds  during  the  winter 
and  their  contents  devoured.  The  insect  is  also  subject  to 
the  attacks  of  a  small  four-winged  parasite,  a  species  of  Ich- 
neumon. 


w 


208 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   CHE  lilt  V. 


No.  111.— The  Purblind  Sphinx. 

Snieriiithus  inynps  (Sm.  &  Abb.). 

There  are  .sonietiims  fouiul  on  clierrv-trees,  devouring;  the 
ieave.«,  in  the  month  of  Augnst,  hirge,  cylindrical,  greeu  larvte, 
about  two  iiichis  h)ng,  with  a  curved  horn  at  the  end  of  the 
body.  The  liead  is  blui.sli  green,  with  a  briglit-yellow  line  ow 
the  sides;  the  body  is  green,  with  a  row  of  reddish-brown  spots 
on  each  side  of  the  back,  and  another  siniihir  row  lower  down 
near  the  breathing-j)ores.  Along  each  side  there  are  six  obliqm; 
bright-yellow  bands,  and  two  short  yellow  lines  on  the  anterior 
.segments.  The  horn  is  green,  tinted  with  yellow  at  the  sides. 
This  is  the  larva  of  the  purblind  sphinx. 

When  full  grown,  it  buries  itself  under  the  ground,  wlicre 
it  changes  to  a  dark-brown  chrysalis,  and  in  this  condition 
remains  until  the  follow'ing  June  or  July,  when  the  perfect 
insect  escapes. 

The  moth  is  a  very  handsome  one  (.see  Fig.  214),  and  meas- 
ures, when  its  wings  are  expanded,  about  two  and  a  half  inches 


across.  The  head  and  thorax  are  chocolate-brown  with  a 
purplisii  tinge,  the  thorax  having  a  tawny  yellow  stripe  down 
the  middle;;  the  abdomen  is  brown,  with  dull-yellowish  spots. 
The  fore  wings  are  chocolate-brown,  with  black  bands  and 
patches,  and  are  angulated  and  excavated  on  the  hind  n)argin. 
The  hind  wings  are  dull  yellow,  with  the  outer  half  chocolate- 
brown,  and  have  an  eye-like  spot  towards  the  inner  margin, 
blai  k,  with  a  large  pale-blue  centre. 


ATTACKIXG    THE  LEAVES. 


209 


The  insect  is  u  nire  one,  and  not  likely  ever  to  occur  in 
suflicicnt  nuinhors  to  do  nuich  injury. 

No.  112. — The  lo  Emperor-moth. 

Jlyperchiria  Id  (liiiin.). 

This  very  beautiful  insect  appears  in  June  and  July.  It 
remains  inactive  durint:-  the  dav,  but  Hies  about  after  ilusk. 
The  sexes  diifer  in  both  size  and  color,  the  male  (I'^ig.  21o) 

Fio.  215. 


beini^  the  smaller.    It  is  of  adcep-ycllow  color,  with  pur|)lish- 

brown  niMrkiui^s;  on  the  fore  wiiios  are  two  ()l)Ii(|ue  wavy 

lines  near  the  outer  margin,  a  zig/ag  line  near  the  l)ase,  antl 

other  blackish  dots  and  markiiiii's.     The  hind  wings  are  of 

a  deeper  ochre-yellow,  and  are  shaded  with  pur[)le  next  the 

body;   within    the  hind   margin   is  a  curve<l    purplish  band, 

and  inside  this  a  smaller  one  of  a  dark-purj)lish  sluule,  while 

al)out  the  middle  of  the  wing  there  is  a  large,  round,  blue 

spot  with  a  whitish  centre  and  eiuilosed  in  a  .broad  ring  of 

brownish  black.     The  antcnuix)  of  the  male  are  beautifully 

featheretl,  and  the  wings  measure,  when  expanded,  about  two 

and  a  half  inches  across.     The  female  (Fig.  210)  measures 

from  three  to  three  and  a  half  inches.     Th.e  .'intennai  are  but 

very  slightly  feathered;  the  fore  wings  ar(!  purplish  brown 

mingled  with  gray,  the  wavy  lines  crossing  the  wings  being 

also  gray.   There  is  a  brown  spot  about  the  middle,  margined 

U 


210 


iys:£CTS  INJURIOUS   to    the   ClIERRl' 


hy  an  irregular  gray  line,  and  towards  the  base  the  wings  are 
densely  clothed  with  a  wool-like  covering.  The  hind  wings 
are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  male;  the  thorax  and  legs  are 
purplish  brown,  the  abdomen  oehrc-yellow,  with  a  purplish- 
red  edging  on  each  ring. 

Shortly  after  i)airing,  the  female  deposits  her  eggs  in  clus- 
ters, sometimes  as  many  as  twenty  or  thirty  in  one  group, 

Fi(i.  'J  10. 


They  are  top-shajicd,  compressed  on  both  sides,  and  flattened 
above,  about  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  long,  and  one-twentieth 
of  an  inch  in  the  longest  diameter,  creamy  white  in  color, 
with  a  yellowish  spot  above,  which  gradually  becomes  darker 
as  it  approaches  maturity,  until  it  is  almost  black,  when  the 
yellow  larva  within  begins  to  show  through  the  translucent 
sides. 

The  young  larvto  are  darker  in  color  than  the  more  matured 
specimens;  they  keep  together  in  little  swarms,  and  when 
moving  from  one  place  to  another  follow  each  other  in  regular 
processionary  order,  a  single  cater[)illar  taking  the  lead,  closely 
followed  sometin  "s  by  one  or  two  in  single  file,  then  by  two, 
three,  four,  or  more,  in  regular  ranks.  When  about  half 
grown,  tliey  lose  this  habit,  and,  se[)arating,  each  one  shifts 
ibr  itself.  The  larva  attains  maturitv  durino;  August,  when 
it  measures  two  and  a  half  inches  or  more  in  length  and  is 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


211 


ircd 
len 
liar 
cly 
wo, 
lalf 
ifts 
icn 
is 


of  ;i  correspond in<^  thickness.     (See  Y'v^.  217.)      It  is  of  a 
delicate  pale-jrrceii  color,  paler,  ai)proacliini;-  whitish,  along 
the    back,    with    a    broad 
dusky -white     stripe     on  Fn;.  21i. 

each  side,  margined  with 
reddish  lilac;  breathing- 
j)ores  yellow,  ringed  with 
brown.  The  body  is  cov- 
ered with  clusters  of  green 
branching  spines  tipped 
with  black,  arising  from 
>inall  warts,  of  which 
there  arc  a  number  o\\ 
each  segment.  These 
spines  are  very  sharp,  and 
when  the  insect  is  care- 
lessly handled  they  sting 
severely,  producing  on  the 
more  tender  portions  of 
the  skin  an  irritation,  accompanied  by  redness  and  raised 
white  blotches,  very  similar  to  that  of  the  stint^ing  nettle. 
Fiy;.  218  siiows  some  of  these  branch i no- 
spines  magnified,  6  being  stouter  and  more 
acute  than  the  others. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  descends  to 
the  ground,  and,  drawing  together  i)ortions 
of  dead  leaves  or  other  rubbish  to  form 
:ui  outer  covering,  constructs  within  this 
a  slight  cocoon  of  tough,  gummy,  brown 
change  to  a  chrysalis  takes  place.  The  chrysalis  is  rather 
short  and  thick,  of  a  pale-brown  color,  with  a  few  reddish 
bristles  on  the  abdominal  joints,  and  a  tuft  of  the  same  at 
the  end. 

AVhile  common  on  the  cherry,  this  caterpillar  i  ^es  not  con- 
fine itself  to  one  kind  of  food,  but  is  also  found  feeding  on 
the  apple,  thorn,  willow,  elm,  dogwood,  balsam  poplar,  sas- 


siiic 


Ik,  in  which  the 


91  O 


lASLCTS   IXJUniOUS   TO    THE   CIIERRV 


mPIi 


saf'ras,  locust,  oak,  currant,  clover,  cotton,  and  other  plants, 
shrubs,  and  trees.  It  is  much  more  plentiful  in  some  seasons 
than  in  others,  but,  in  consequence  ol"  its  usini;"  so  many  dif- 
ferent sorts  of  food,  it  is  seldom  noticed  as  very  injurious  to 
any  particular  Uintl  of  tree,  shrub,  or  i)lant.  Should  it  prove 
troublesome,  it  may  easily  be  subdued  by  hand-pickin<^,  (he 
operator  usin<;'  a  pair  of  gloves  while  engaged  in  the  work. 
The  larva  is  attacked  by  [)arasites,  j)articularly  by  a  small, 
undetermined,  four-winged  fly.  The  long-tailed  Opliion, 
Opliioii  maerurum,  referred  to  under  No.  28  (see  Fig.  H',]), 
also  preys  upon  it. 

No.  113.— The  May-beetle. 

LnchiiosfcnKifnsca  (Friilil.). 

Every  one  must  be  familiar  with  the  jNIay-beetle, — or  May- 
bug,  as  it  is  commonly  called, — a  buzzing  beetle,  with  ti  slow 
but  wild  and  errati(!  (light,  which  comes  ihumping  against 
the  windows  of  lighted  rooms  in  (he  evenings  in  jNIay  and 
early  in  June,  and,  where  tin;  windows  are  o])en,  dashes  in 
without  a  moment's  consideration,  bumping  against  walls, 
ceiling,  and  articles  of  furniture,  occasionally  (lroj)j>ing  to 
the  lloor,  thei,  suddenly  I'ising  again.  It  sometimes  lands 
uninvited  on  onii's  face  or  neck,  or,  worse  still,  on  one's  head, 
where  its  sharp  (^laws  l)ecom(!  entangled  in  the  hair  in  a  most 
unpleasant  manner.  It  is  a  ihii-k-bodied,  chestnut-brown  or 
l)lack  beetle  (see  Fig.  210,  .*>  and  4),  from  eight  to  nine  tenths 
of  an  inch  in  h'ugth.  Its  head  and  thorax  are  j)unctated  with 
small  indentations ;  the  wing-covers,  though  glossy  and  shining, 
are  roughened  with  shallow,  indented  j)oints,  and  upon  each 
tlwre  are  two  or  three  slightly  elevated  lines  running  length- 
wise. Its  legs  arc  tawny  yellowish,  and  the  breast  is  covered 
with  ])ale-yellowish  iiairs;  the;  under  sui'face  is  j)aler  than  the 
up|)er.  During  the  day  the  beetles  remain  in  repose,  but  are 
active  at  idght,  wl*en  they  (congregate  upon  cherry,  plum,  and 
other  trees,  devoin'ing  the  leaves, — octjisionally,  wiien  very 
niunerous,  entirely  stripping    th(!    trees    of   Ibliage.      I'heir 


ATTACK  IS  a    Tin:   LKAVES. 


213 


strong  j;v\vs  are  well  adapted  for  eiittiiii*;  llieir  food,  and  their 
notched  or  double  elaws  support  them  securely  on  the  t'oHaL^e. 
Tlic  i'eniale  is  said  to  de[)osit  hereijus  between  the  roots  of 
jjrass,  en{!h)se(l  in  a  ball  of  earth;  they  ar(!  white,  translucent, 
and  spherical,  and  about  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
When  hatched,  the  small  white  grubs  begin  at  once  to  feed 
upon  the  rootlets  of  plants;  they  are  several  ycai's  in  reaching 
niaturitv,  and  hence  larva}  of  dillerent  sizes  are  usuallv  found 


Fig.  219. 


av 


to 

nds 
■ad, 
lost 
1  (ir 

IS 

willi 

ng, 

ach 

glh- 

rcd 

III.' 

are 

and 

/cry 

leir 


•^iiJSliiPil. 


in  the  ground  at  tlie  same  time.  Wlion  full  grown,  (hey  arc 
almost  as  tliick  as  a  man's  little  finp'i" ;  (hey  ai'c  soft  and  white, 
have  !i  horny  head  of  a  brownish  color,  and  six  legs;  the 
hinder  part  of  the  l)o»ly  is  usually  curved  undei',  as  shown  at 
-,  l*'ig.  219.  T'lis  larva  is  generally  known  as  "(he  while 
grub,"  and  is  very  injurious  to  strawberries,  devouring  (he 
roofs  and  destroying  the  plants  ;  i(  feeds  also  upon  the  roo(s 
of  grasH  ami  oduM*  plants,  and  when  very  numerous  i(  ■;()  in- 
jures pas(ure-lands  and  lawns  (hat  large  portions  of  (he  (nrf 
eaii  bo  lifted  with  (he  hand  and  rollecl  over  like  a  |)ieeo 
of  carpet,  so  cdiiplelelv  ".'-e  (h(<  roots  devoured.  When  cold 
weather  approat  ';cs,  tlie  grub  l)uries  itself  in  (he  ground  deep 


■iiMJiillnifiiiM 


■MS 


214 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ClIEIiRV. 


enough  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  frost,  and  there  remains 
until  the  following  spring. 


Fio.  2'JO. 


Flu.  L'L^l. 


A\'licM  ready  for  its  next  change,  tlie  larva 
forms  a  cavity  in  the  ground,  bv  turnintj;  itself 
round  and  round  and  pressing  the  earth  until 
it  moulds  a  cell  of  suitable  form  and  size, 
which  it  lines  with  a  glutinous  secretion,  so 
that  the  cell  may  better  retain  its  form,  and 
within  this  it  changes  at  first  to  a  i)U})a 
(shown  at  1  l^^ig.  219),  and  finally  produces 
tlie  perfect  bectk'. 

liemedicH. — It  is  very  difficult  to  reach  the 
larva^  under  ground  with  any  remedy  other 
than  digging  for  them  and  destroying  them. 
lings  arc  very  fond  of  them,  and,  rvhcu  turned 
into  places  where  the  grubs  are  al)undant, 
will  root  up  the  ground  and  devour  them  in 
immense  quantities.  They  are  likewise  eaten 
bv  domestic  fowls  and  insectivorous  birds; 
crows  especially  arc  so  pai'tial  to  them  that 
they  will  often  be  seen  following  the  plough, 
so  as  to  pich  out  these  choice  morsels  from 
the  freshly-turned  turrow.  An  insect  jiara- 
site,  the  unadorned  Tiphia,  Tiphkt  inonutta 
Say,  is  also  actively  (Migaged  in  destroying  tiic 
whit(!  grnl).  l<\'C(piently,  when  digging  the 
grotnid,  a  j)alc-l)rown,  egg-shaped  cocoon  is 
turned  up  (see  c,  Fig.  220);  within  this,  when  fresh,  will  be 
found  a  whilisii  grub,  represented  at  h,  which,  during  its 


'^: 


t^-i 


H 


^ 


ATTACKIXG    THE   LEAVES. 


215 


oTOWth  has  led  upon  the  larva  of  the  jNIav-hcetle.  Within 
tliis  smig'  enclosure  it  soon  ehanges  to  a  ehrysiilis,  and  finally 
assumes  the  perfect  form,  as  shown  at  a  in  the  Hgure.  The 
tlv  is  black,  with  sometimes  ;i  faint  hlnisii  tint,  with  dusky 
wintrs,  and  the  IkhIv  more  or  less  covered  with  ])ale-vellow 
hairs,  whicli  are  thickest  on  the  under  side. 

A  curious  whitish  funj^us  sometimes  attacks  this  larva  and 
destroys  it,  li^rowing' out  at  the  sides  of  the  iiead ;  the  pro- 
(MlH>rance  or  si)rout  rapidly  increases  in  size,  often  attaining 
a  length  of  thrcH'  or  i'our  inches,  when  il  j)resents  the  aj)pear- 
ance  shown  in  h'ig.  221.  A  very  large  ninid)er  frequently 
die  from  this  cause.  Trees  infested  with  the  beetles  should 
he  shaken  early  in  the  morning,  when  the  insects  will  fall,  and 
mav  be  collected  on  sheets  and  killed  by  IxMug  thrown  into 
.-(■aiding  water.  iJcsides  the  cherry  and  plum,  these  insects 
feed  on  the  Lombardy  j)oplar  and  the  oaks.  On  account  of 
the  length  of  time  the  larva  takes  to  mature,  the  beetles  are 
not  often  abundant  during  two  successive  seasons. 

No.  114. — The  Cherry-tree  Tortrix. 

Cdcoecia  ceraalrorinia  (Fitcli). 

Ivirly  in  Jidy  thei'e  may  often  be  found  on  the  choke- 
cheri'y,  and  sometimes  also  on  tin;  cultivated  cherry,  one  or 
niori!  branches  having  all  their  leaves  and  twigs  drawn 
together  with  a  web  of  silken  threads.  On  opening  one  of 
these  enclosures,  there  will  be  Ibund  a  large  nund)er  of  active 
yellow  larviw  'lMies(>  ai'e  about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  long, 
nearly  cylindrical,  the  head  black,  body  above  yellow,  a  little 
paler  between  the  segments,  with  a  few  very  line  yellowish 
hairs.  The  anterior  |>ortion  of  tlie  second  segment  and  the 
hinder  portion  of  the  ternunal  one  are  black;  there  is  also 
a  faint  <lorsal  line  of  a  darker  shade.  'J'he  under  side  is 
sindlar  to  the  upper  in  color,  and  the  si.K  anterior  claw-like 
feet  are  black. 

The  (ihrysalis  is  formed  within  the  tiest  in  which  the  larva 
luiH  li\'ed,  and  is  of  a  pale-brown  color.     The  niolli,  when  at 


mn 


w^ 


21(5 


IXSKCTS   IXJCRIOl'S   TO    Till-:   ClIERRV 


Fiu. 


rest,  is  broad  and  flat,  the  outer  edge  of  the  fore  wiiij^s  heiiij^ 
rounded  towards  tlie  base,  and  straight  from  the  middle  to 
the  tip,  and  when  its  wings  are  spread  (see  Fig.  222)  it  meas- 
ures from  three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  an 
inch  across.  The  fore  wings  are  crossed  by 
ii-rcgnhu'  wavy  baiuls,  alternately  of  bright 
ochre-yellow  and  pale,  dnll,  leaden  blue  ; 
the  yellow  bands  are  varied  witii  darker 
spots,  the  most  c()ns[)icnons  one  of  which  is  j)laced  on  the 
onter  margin  near  the  tip,  and  from  this  sj)ot  a  broader  ochre- 
yellow  band  extends  towards  the  hind  margin,  and  curves 
thence  to  the  imier  angle  ;  the  hind  wings  and  entir'*  uuder 
snrl'ace  are  pale  ochre-yellow. 

Where  this  insect  is  found  to  be  injur'ous,  the  webs  con- 
taining the  larviG  and  chrysaiids  should  be  gathered  and 
destroyed  before  the  winged  moths  matnre. 


No.  115. — The  Cherry-tree  Plant-louse. 

}fi/'.iis  i-i  riisi  (Falir.). 

This  black,  disgusting-looking  louse  begins  to  appear  on  the 
leaves  of  the  cidtivatcd  (iherry  almost  as  soon  as  they  are  ex- 
])andcd,  being  hatched  from  eggs  deposited  on  the  branches 
the  previous  aultunn,  and  they  nudtiply  so  fast  that  tlie  under 
side  of  the  young  foliage  is  soon  almost  entirely  covered  with 
them,  and  the  growth  of  the  tre(>  stunted  by  their  contiiuial 
appropritition  of  its  juices.  They  crowd  together  in  dense 
masses,  often  two  dccj),  standing  on  each  other's  backs,  with 
only  suflicicnt  space  between  to  enable  them  to  insert  their 
extended  beaks  into  the  leaves.  In  a  few  days  these  insects 
multi|)ly  enormously,  their  black  bodies  covering  not  oidv  the 
under  side  of  I  lie  leaves  but  also  the  leaf-stalks,  arid  cluster- 
ing about  thc!  stems  and  gi-ecn  heads  of  the  young  fruit,  while 
swarms  of  flies  and  other  insects,  attracted  by  the  sweet  exu- 
dations iVom  tlu!  bodies  of  the  lice,  keep  u|)  a  constant  hum 
and  bu//  around  tlu;  iid'csted  trees. 

'rh(>  presence  of   these  aphides  in  such   numbers  has  the 


ATTACKING    TIIK   LEAVES. 


217 


effect  of  attraotiiii^  to  the  tree  tlieir  natural  enemies,  wliich 
also  multiply  with  <>;reat  rapidity  and  make  astouisiiiiig- havoc 
among  their  defenecless  victims.  The  lady-hirds  and  their 
larvie,  also  the  larviu  of  Syrphns  Hies  and  hice-winu:;  ilit's,  many 
of  which  are  referred  to  under  Xo.  57,  appear  in  abundance 
among  them,  tearing  and  devouring  them  with  the  greatest 
ferocity,  and  usually  within  two  or  three  weeks  the  armies 
of  lice  are  completely  annihilated,  and  the  leaves  of  the  trees 
ap[)ear  clean  again.  I^ater  in  the  season  the  lice  appear  a 
second  time,  but  occupy  only  the  tender  leaves  at  the  ends  of 
the  slioots,  some  of  them  usnallv  I'emaininir  ihere  durinu:  the 
rest  of  the  summer.  On  the  aj)proacli  of  cold  weather,  males 
are  produced,  and  suhsecpiently  a  stock  of  eggs  is  placed  by 
the  females  about  the  base;  of  the  buds  and  in  tiie  li^sures  of 
the  bark  of  the  branches,  wdiere  they  remain  unhatched  until 
the  following  sjiring. 

These  lice  may  be  killed  by  thoroughly  drenching  them 
with  weak  lye,  strong  .S()ai)suds,  <tr  tobacco-water,  but  what- 
ever solution  may  be  used  it  must  come  in  contact  with  tlu> 
lice  in  order  to  be  elfectual ;  (lij)ping  the  extremities  of  the 
limbs  in  such  solutions,  where  such  a  cour.se  is  ])racticable,  will 
quickly  destroy  them.  'I'he  easiest  i-emedy,  however,  is  to  aid 
nature  by  introducing  among  the  colonics  a  nundK-r  of  lady- 
birds and  other  enemies,  who  at  once  set  to  work  to  devour 
them  with  gi'eat  vigor.  A  vt'rv  nnuute  Jclmeumon  11  v,  a 
species  of  Ai)hidius  (  Trio.ri/ft  rerdsjiliis  l"'itch),  is  parasitic  upon 
these  lice  and  di'stroys  largo  numbers  of  them. 


the 


No.  116.— The  Ursula  Butterfly. 

Liincnilis  uranla  Fiihr. 

This  is  a  mediuni-si/ed  but  haudsonu^  butterfly,  which  is 
soon  on  the  wing  during  th(>  months  ol' fJuui'  and  July.  It  is 
represented  in  b'ig.  22.').  Its  wings  arc  of  a  blackisii  brown 
color  glossed  with  ii  bluish  lint,  and  with  thrc(\  tnarginal  rows 
of  bluish  crescents  of  varviui"' si/e.  in  the  I'cmaic  the  inner 
row  is  less  marked,  and  each  crescent  is  su|)p()rlc(l  bcliind  by 


■i>.liJti,...tury 


•218 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   CIIERRV. 


a  (Iceji-oranuo  patch  or  point.  On  the  fore  wings  tliorc  aro 
several  white  spots  towards  the  tip.  The  margins  of  both 
wings  are  slightly  cienate,  the  liollows  being  edged  with 
white.  AVhen  the  wings  are  spread,  they  measure  about  three 
inches  across. 

Tiie  i'emale  dej)osits  her  eggs  on  the  leaves  of  the  cherry, 
both  wild  and  cultivated,  and  occasionally  also  on  those  of 


Fig.  ::2:5 


the  apple  and  plum.  The  full-grown  larva  is  about  an  inch 
and  a  quarter  long,  of  an  olive-green  color  vari(\gated  with 
russet,  white,  re(ldish  yellow,  and  ochreous,  with  two  h)ng 
reddish  horns  behind  its  head,  and  two  tubercles  on  (>ach  of 
tiie  other  segments,  all  green  excej)t  those  on  the  fifth  seg- 
ment, which  are  reddish.  The  chrysalis  is  I'ussety  marked 
M'ith  white,  is  suspended  by  its  tail,  and  has  on  the  middle 
of  its  back  a  curious  and  prominciut  projection  like  a  lloman 
nose.  Both  the  larva  and  thi;  chrvsalis  resemble  that  of 
Jjhnen'dis  disippm,  Fig.  17<S.  This  insect  is  met  with  only 
occasionally,  an<l  has  never  been  re|)or(ed  as  destructive  any- 
where. It  is  found  as  i'ar  north  as  the  Province  of  Ontario 
in  Canada,  but  is  mu»'h  more  common  in  the  jNliddle  and 
JSouthern  States. 


I 


:s  tliere  are 
lis  of  both 
'<lj^od  with 
iljout  thivo 

tlie  cherry, 
1  those  of 


It  an  inch 
itod  with 

two    loilir 

1  eacli  of 
fifth  soiT- 

inarlced 
e  middh? 
>  Ilomaii 

that  of 
ith  only 
ive  any- 

Onfario 
Idle  and 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  219 

No.  117.— The  Cherry-tree  Thecla. 
Thecla  titus  Fa1)r. 

This  is  a  very  pretty  little  butterfiy,  bettor  known  as 
Tliecla  mopsns.  (See  Fig.  224.)  It  is  of  a  dark-brown 
color  above,  with  a  row  of  seven  or 
eight  orangc-eolored  spots  near  the 
margin  of  the  hind  wings,  which 
are  larger  and  more  conspicnous  on 
the  nnder  than  on  the  npper  side. 
The  wings  beneath  are  light  brown, 
with  a  row  of  deej)  bnt  bright 
oi-ange  spots  near  the  hind  margins 
of  both  j)airs,  an  inner  and  more  irregnlar  row  of  small  black 
spots,  encircled  with  white,  and  on  the  middle  oi'  the  hind 
wings  two  similar  sj)ots,  placed  close  toge'^her.  In  flight  it  is 
active,  bnt  its  movements  are  of  a  jerky  natnrc.  The  wings 
nieasnre,  when  expanded,  an  inch  and  a  qnarter  or  more 
across. 

The  caterpillar,  which  is  fonnd  feeding  on  cherry  leaves 
dnring  the  month  of  May,  is  a  cnrions  flat  creatnre,  re- 
sembling a  wood-lonse  in  ontline,  of  a  dnll-green  color,  per- 
vaded bv  a  vellowish  tint.  There  is  a  i)atch  of  rose  color  on 
the  anterior  segr»ients,  and  another  larger  one  on  the  hinder 
extremity. 

The  chrysalis  is  pale  brown  and  glossy,  with  many  small 
dark-brown  or  blackish  dots  distribnted  over  the  whole 
surface,  and  thickly  covered  with  very  short  brown  hairs, 
scarcely  visible  without  a  magnilying-lens.  The  butterfly 
appears  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  is  very  ])artial  to  the 
flowers  of  the  "  butterfly- weed,"  Ascl<'j)i<ts  tiiherosa,  as  well  as 
to  those  of  the  common  milkweed,  A.sr/cpids  cnrnnti 

Tills  inscHit  is  never  found  in  suiUcient  abundance  to  be 
injurious,  but  whenever  met  with  it  excites  the  curiosity  of  the 
observer. 


M 


220 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   CHERRY. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 

No.  118.— The  Cherry  Bug. 

Mefapodhis  femorafus  ( Fabr. ) . 


Fig. 


oor 


This  insect,  wliich  belongs  to 
the  order  Ilemiptera,  is  said  to 
injnre  the  fruit  of  the  cherry 
in  the  Western  States  by  ])unc- 
turing  it  with  its  bcalc  and 
sucUing  the  juices.  It  is  rep- 
resented in  Fig.  225.  It  is 
said  to  attack  only  the  sweet 
varieties  of  cherry. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICli 
AFFECT  THE  CHERRY. 

ATTACKING   THE   ROOTS. 

The  larva  of  the  stag-beetle,  No.  5,  also  that  of  the  rough 
Osniodernia,  No.  8,  occasic  -ariy  injure  the  roots  of  the  ciierry, 
but  chiefly  affect  those  trees  which  arc  old  and  decaying. 

ATTACKING   THE   BRANCHES. 

The  apple-twig  borer,  No.  13  ;  the  imbricated  snout-beetle, 
No.  14;  and  the  New  York  weevil,  No.  100. 

ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

The  leaves  of  the  cherry-tree  suffer  from  all  the  following: 
the  apple-tree  tent-caterpillar,  No.  20;  the  forest  tent-cutcr- 
pillar.  No.  21  ;  the  white-marked  tussock-moth,  No.  22  ;  the 
i-ed-humped  apple-tree  caterpillar,  No.  24;  the  canker-worms, 
Nos.  25  and  20  ;  the  fall  web-worm,  No.  27 ;  the  Cecropia 
emperor-moth.  No.  28;  the  lurnus  swallow-tail,  No.  30;  the 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST. 


901 


American  lappf't-inotli,  No.  33;  the  obliqvio-bancleJ  leui- 
loller,  No.  35;  the  leaf-cnimpler,  No.  37  ;  tlie  eye-spotted 
hud-moth,  No.  38  ;  the  luanv-tlotted  apple-worm,  No.  43  ; 
the  pahiier-worni.  No.  44 ;  the  hag'-moth  eaterpillar,  No. 
48;  the  saddle-back  caterpillar,  No.  49;  the  tarnished  j>lant- 
hiig,  No.  71  ;  the  pear-tree  slug,  No.  75  ;  the  gray  dagger- 
moth,  No.  84;  the  Di.sippus  butterfly.  No.  87;  the  blue- 
.s[)angled  peach-tree  caterpillar,  No.  102;  the  baskot-v/orin, 
or  bag-worm.  No.  120;  and  the  rose-beetle,  No.  151.  The 
pear-tree  blister-beetle,  No.  73,  devours  the  blossoms  as  well 
as  the  young  leaves. 


ATTACKING   THE    FIIUIT. 

The  plum  curoulio,  No.  94,  affects  the  fruit  to  an  alarming 
extent  in  many  sections,  and,  since  the  cherries  do  not  drop 
i'rom  the  trees  as  the  plums  do,  from  the  injuries  caused  by 
this  insect,  the  extent  of  its  depredations  is  not  easily  ascer- 
tained. Tt  is  not  unusual  to  find  a  considerable  proportion 
of  the  ripe  cherries  in  the  markets  containing  the  larva  of 
this  curculio,  nearly  full  grown. 


T^ 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  QUINCE. 

ATTACKING  THE  TRUNK. 

No.  119.— The  Quince  Scale. 

Aspidiolus  cijdunice  Coinstock. 

This  scale  is  found  on  the  qiiince-troe  in  Florida.  It  is 
of  a  gray  color,  somewhat  transparent,  very  convex  in  form, 
and  about  six-hundredths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Where  it 
is  found  injurious,  it  may  be  removed  from  the  trunk  and 
limbs  with  a  stilf  brush  dipped  in  a  strong  solution  of  soap. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


«. 


No.  120. — The  Basket-worm,  or  Bag-worm. 

'Thyridopleryx  cjihcmcraiformis  (Haworth). 

During  the  winter  the  curious  weather-beaten  bags  of  this 
insect  may  be  seen  hanging  from  many  diiferent  sorts  of 
trees,  both  evergreen  and  deciduous.  In  the  latter  class  they 
are  found  on  the  quince,  apple,  pear,  plum,  cherry,  peach,  elm, 
maple,  locust,  and  linden,  and  in  the  former  on  arbor-vita.', 
Norway  sjuuce,  and  red  cedar.  If  a  number  of  these  bags 
are  gathered  in  the  winter  and  cut  open,  many  of  them  will  be 
found  empty,  but  the  greater  portion  will  be  seen  to  present 
the  appearance  shown  at  e  in  Fig.  22G,  being  in  fact  partly 
full  of  soft,  yellow  eggs.  Those  which  do  not  contain  eggs 
are  male  bags,  md  the  empty  chrysalis  skin  of  the  male  is 
generally  found  protruding  from  the  lower  end. 

The  eggs  are  soft,  opaque,  obovate  in  form,  about  one- 
twentieth  of  an  inch  long,  and  surrounded  by  more  or  less 
2*22 


ATTACK  I  X(i    THE   I.KAVES. 


22;} 


fawn-oolorcd  silUv  down  ;  thev  liatdi  <lurini>;  Mav  ov  carlv 
ill  JuiK'. 

'J'lie  vouny;  larvtc  arc  of  a  brown  color  ;  tluv  arc  vcrv 
active,  tunl  begin  at  once  to  make  tor  themselves  coverings  of 
sillv,  to  wliicli  they  fasten  bits  of  the  leaves  of  the  tree  on 
which  they  are  feeding,  forming  small  cones,  as  -howii  at// 
ill  the  ligurc.  As  the  larvfe  grow,  they  increase  the  size  of 
their  enclosures  or  bags  from  the  bottom,  until  they  become 
so    large   and    heavy  that  they  hang    instead    of   remaining 


Fifi.  2'J(;. 


bags 


upright,  as  at  first.  By  the  end  of  Julj'  the  caterpillars 
become  full  grown,  wiien  they  appear  as  shown  at  f,  Fig. 
22G,  -where  the  larva  is  seen  with  its  liead  and  a  jiortion  of 
its  anterior  segments  ])rotru(lod  from  the  bag.  When  taken 
out  of  the  enclosure  at  this  stage,  it  presents  the  appearance 
shown  at  a  in 'the  figure,  that  portion  of  the  body  which  has 
been  covered  by  the  bag  being  soft,  and  of  a  dull-brownish 
color,  inclining  to  red  at  the  sides,  while  the  three  anterior 
segments,  which  are  exj)osed  when  the  insect  is  feeding  or 
travelling,  are  horny  and  mottled  with  black  and  white. 
The  small,  fleshy  prolcgs  on  the  middle  and  liindcr  segments 
are  fringed   with    numerous  hooks,  by   which   the   larva  is 


^.^^■r.^../.-. 


w 


224 


lySECTS  ISJURIOIS   TO   THE  quiNVJ-:. 


onahl'jd  to  clinfj;  to  the  silUcn  liiiiiii.''  of  its  hair  mikI  ihwa:  it 
aloiii;-  wlierever  it  <i;oos.  TIk'  outer  surface  of  the  haii;  is 
rough  and  irregular  from  th(i  ))rotrii(liiig  poi'tion.s  of  the 
stems  and  leaves  which  are  wovi'ii  into  it.  Durinj;  their 
growth  tliese  catei-|)i]lars  are  slow  travellers,  seldom  leaving 
the  tree  on  which  tli(>y  were  hatched  ;  hnt  when  ahoiit  full 
grown  thev  become  much  more  active,  and  often  lower  them- 
selves to  the  ground  by  silken  threads,  and  slowly  wander 
from  place  to  {)lace. 

\\'heii  about  to  change  to  chrvsalids,  they  fasten  their  bags 
securely  to  the  twigs  of  the  trees  ovi  which  they  hai)i)i'n  to  l)c, 
and  then  underti^o  their  chau're.  The  male  chrvsalis,  shown  at 
b,  Fig.  220,  is  nnich  smaller  than  the  female,  which  is  seen 
Avitliin  the  bag  at  e. 

The  female  moth  is  wingless,  and  never  leaves  the  bag,  but 
works  her  wav  to  its  lower  orifice,  and  there  awaits  the  attend- 
ance  of  the  male.  She  is  not  only  without  wings,  but  is  de>- 
titute  of  legs  also  ;  in  short,  she  seems  to  be  nothing  more  than 
a  yellowish  bag  of  eggs  with  a  ring  of  soft,  pale-brown,  silky 
hair  near  the  tail.  She  is  represented  at  c  in  the  figure.  The 
male  [d,  Fig.  226)  has  transparent  wings  and  a  black  body,  ami 
is  very  active  on  the  wing  during  the  warmer  ],ortions  of  the 
<lay.  After  pairitig,  the  female  deposits  her  eggs,  intermingled 
with  fawn-colored  dowm,  within  the  empty  pupa-case,  and 
when  this  task  is  completed  she  works  her  way  out  of  the 
case,  drops  exhausted  to  the  ground,  and  dies. 

The  bag-worm  is  a  Southern  rather  than  a  Northern  insect, 
although  it  is  found  as  far  north  as  New  Jersey  and  New 
York,  t.'id'  occasionally  in  Massachusetts  ;  it  is  extremely  loctil 
in  its  chars  -'ter,  often  abounding  in  one  jxirticular  neighbor- 
hood li'id  totally  unknown  a  few  miles  away.  Where  they 
occur  in  abundance  they  often  almost  entirely  defoliate  the 
trees  they  attack  ;  this,  however,  may  be  easily  prevented 
by  gathering  the  cases  which  contain  the  eggs  for  the  next 
brood  during  the  wintei"  and  destroying  them.  There  are 
two  species  of  Ichneumon  wliich  attack  the  bag-worm  :  one  of 


■ineasBBMHapi 


ATTACKING    THE   FRUIT. 


•117y 


tliem,  Cn/ptiis  inqniaitor  (Say)  {¥h^.  227),  is  about  two  iiftlisof 
ail  inch  ]()n<^,  tlie  other,  IlemiUirn  thi/ridoptrri/.c  RUvy,  is  about 
(iiie-tliircl  of  an  inch  loiij:;;  tlie  male  is  shown  in  Fig.  228, 
the  female  in  Fig.  229,  both  magnified.     Five  or  six  of  this 


Vui.  221 


Fig.  '228. 


Fig.  22!). 


Fig.  2:^,0. 


latter  species  will  sometimes  occujn'  the  body  of  a  single 
caterpillar.  After  destroying  their  victim  they  spin  for  them- 
selves tongh,  white,  silken  cocoons  within  the  bag,  a  section 


of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  230. 


Fia.  2.11. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 
No.  121. — The  Quince  Curculio. 

Conotrachelus  cnthviji  Walsli. 

This  is  a  broad-shouldered  snout-beetle,  larger  than  the 
plum  curculio,  No.  94,  and  has  a  longer  snout ;  in  Fig.  2ol,  a 
shows  a  side  view  of  the  in.sect,  b  a  back  view.  It  is  of  an 
ash-gray  color,  mottled  with  ochre-yel- 
low and  whitish,  with  a  dusky  almost 
triangular  spot  at  the  l)ase  of  the 
thorax  above,  and  seven  narrow  longi- 
tudinal elevations  on  the  wing-covers, 
with  two  row's  of  dots  between  etu'h. 
It  is  an  indigenous  insect,  having  its 
iiome  in  the  wild  liaws,  in  which  it  is 
frequently  found,  but  it  is  also  very 

injurious  to  the  quince.     It  appears  during  the  month  of 
June,  and  punctures  the  young  fruit,  making  a  cylindrical 


22G 


INSKCrS  INJURlOiS   TO    THE    QUIXCE. 


hole  a  little  lar<i;ei*  tlitiii  is  siiflicient  to  admit  the  e^t!:,  mid 
onhirged  at  the  base.  Within  this  rece[)taele  the  egg  is 
placed,  and  hatches  there  in  a  few  days.  The  larva  does 
not  penetrate  to  the  core,  but  burrows  in  the  fruit  near  the 
surface;  it  resenil)les  the  larva  of  the  plmn  cureulio  in  ap- 
pearance, but  is  somewhat  larger,  and  has  a  narrow  dusky 
line  down  the  bacU.  In  about  a  month  it  becomes  full 
grown,  when  it  leaves  the  fruit  through  a  cylindrical  opening 
and  buries  itself  two  or  three  Inches  in  the  ground,  where  ii 
remains  during  the  autunui,  winter,  and  early  spring  months 
without  change.  It  becomes  a  chrysalis  early  in  May,  and 
assumes  the  beetle  Ibrm  a  few  days  aftcrwarils.  The  beetle 
also  feeds  on  the  quince,  burying  itself  completely  in  the 
substance  of  the  fruit;  it  oceasicmally  attacks  the  pear. 

Where  these  beetles  prove  destructive  they  may  be  collected 
by  jarring,  as  recommended  for  the  plum  curcnlio;  and  care 
should  be  taken  to  destroy  all  the  fruit  which  falls  prema- 
turely to  the  ground. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  QUINCE. 

ATTACKING   TIIK   TRUNK. 
The  round-headed  apple-tree  borer,  No.  2. 


ATTACKIN(i    TIIK   liEAVKS. 


The  leaf-crumplf'r,  No.  .'J7  ;  the  tarnished  plant-bug,  No. 
71  ;  and  the  |)ear-tree  slug,  No.  75.  The  jjcar-trec  blister- 
beetle,  No.  73,  eats  both  the  (lowers  and  the  leaves. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  GHAPE. 

ATTACKING  THE  EOOTS. 

No.  122. — The  Broad-necked  Prionus. 

Prionus  laticolUs  (Drurj'). 

This  is  a  gigtintic  borer  (Fij^.  232),  iVoin  two  aiul  ti  half  to 
three  inches  in  length,  of  a  yellowish-wliito  color,  with  a 

FiQ.  232. 


Hhiall,  horny,  reddish-brown  head,  and  a  bluish  line  down  the 
bacU,  whi(  h  cuts  for  itself  a  cylindrical  hole  through  the 
centre  of  the  i-oot  of  the  vine,  a  little  below  the  surface;  and 
wlien  till!  root  is  barely  Itirge  enough  to  contain  the  larva, 
nothing  but  a  thin  skin  of  l.)ark  is  left,  but  this  is  always 
ibund  entire,  so  that  the  inse(;t  cannot  be  easily  discovered, 
it  is  prcbable  that  it  lives  in  the  larval  state  about  three 
years,  and  that  it  changes  to  a  chrysalis  (i'^'g.  233)  within  tiio 
root  towards  the  end  of  Jun<'. 

Tlie  beetle  a|)|)ear~  about  ■'<  middle  of  July,  and  is  known 
as  the  Broad-necked  Prioiuis.  i''ig.  234  represents  the  fiMuale, 
whieij  measures  from  an  inch  and  a  (|UMrter  to  an  inch  and 
three-quarters  in  length,  and  is  of  a  brownish-bhu'k  color,  with 
strong,  thick  jaws;  the  antenna*  are  rather  slender;  the  tliorax 
is  short  and  wide  and  armed  at  tln'  sides  with  three  teeth.  Th(3 
wing-covers  iiave  three  slightly-elevated  lines  on  each,  and 

227 


uiA 


IMIiMiUUIAI 


i^ 


228 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


arc   thickly  punctated.     In    the    male   the  body   is   shorter, 
wliile  tlie  antenna;  are  longer,  stouter,  and  toothed. 

Little  or  nothing  can  be  done  in  the  way  of  extirjiating 
these  under-ground  borers,  as  their  ])resence  is  seldom  suspected 


Fuj.  2:53. 


FiQ.  '2.34. 


until  the  vine  becomes  sickly,  or  dies  from  the  injuries  they 
have  cause(;.  Where  grape-vines  die  suddenly  I'rom  any 
uid\no\vn  cause,  the  roots  should  be  carefully  examined,  and 
if  evidences  of  the  pi'esence  of  thi>J  borer  are  discovereil,  it 
should  be  searched  for  and  destroyed. 

No.  123.— The  Tilo-horned  Prioims. 

Prionus  imhricornis  (Linn.). 

Tlie  larva  of  this  beetle,  a  species  closely  allied  to  No.  1!?2, 
lias  also  been  found  devouring  the  roots  of  the  grapi  viu  •. 
The  larvie  of  theiiC  two  species  resemble  each  other  so  cIoscIn 
that  they  are  almost  indistinguishable.  When  lull  grown, 
the  borer  collects  together  a  few  fibres  and  chips  of  the  roots, 
and  with  th(>  aid  of  these  constructs  a  loose  cocoon,  within 
which  it  chmigcs  to  a  jjupa  almost  identical  with  that  of 
i\o.  122.    (See  Fig.  2^1) 

Tliis  beetle,  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  2135,  is  ciir'^d  the 
Tile-iiorncd  Prionus  because  the  Joints  of  the  anteniir:    •'*    he 


"::^ 


ail 


I 


ATTACKING    THE  ROOTS. 


229 


male  overlap  one  another  like  tilts  on  a  roof.  It  is  verv 
similar  in  appearance  to  the  l)roa(l-uecke(l  prionus,  but  the 
two  species  may  be  distinonished  by  the  diiVerence  in  the 


Fig.  235. 


number  of  the  joints  in  their  antenna) :  in  hnh)-icnr)ii-i  the 
niale  lias  about  nineteen  joints,  and  the  female  about  sixteen, 
while  in  IdficnUii-'  both  sexes  have  twelve-jointed  antennie. 
Any  remedial  measures  useful  for  one  species  will  be  equally 
applicable  to  the  other. 

No.  124. — The  Grape-vine  Root-borer. 

ACf/eria  polisli/onnis  Harris. 
This  lavva  resenddes  that  of  the  peach-tree  borer,  No.  1)7, 
in  appearance  and  habits,  but  is  a  little  lari2;er  in  si/e.  The 
larvjc  of  the  Prionus  beetles  have  only  six  le<is,  while  this 
Ki^crian  larva,  in  common  with  most  lepidopterous  insects, 
has  sixteen  legs, — six  horny  ones 
on  the  anterior  sen'inents,  and  ten 
lleshy  or  mend)i'anoiis  (Mies  on  tlu; 
hinder  sr<>;ments, — and  when  full 
jUrown  it  measures  from  an  inch  to 

an  inch  ami  a  half  in  lennth.  (See  Fit?.  2.'^().)  Tt  live."?  ex- 
clusively under  ground,  and  consumes  the  barU  and  sap-wood 
y\{'  the  grape-roots,  eating  irregular  furrows  into  th(>ir  sub- 


Fro.  2;l(l. 


Ifll 


230 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


Fig.  2:57. 


stance;  sometimes  it  eats  tlie  bark,  and  at  other  times  works 
its  way  under  the  surface. 

When  full  jj^rown,  the  larva  forms  a  pod-like  cocoon  of 
a  gummy  sort  of  silk,  covered  with  little  bits  of  wood,  bark, 
and  earth,  and  situated  within  or  adjacent  to  the  injured  root. 
Within  this  it  chauiies  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  which,  when 
matiu'e,  works  itself  out  of  the  cocoon  bv  means  of  minute 

teeth,  with  which  the  segments 
are  armed,  and  thence  to  the 
surface  of  the  gromid,  when  the 
|)erfect  insect  escaj)es.  Fig.  237 
shows  the  cocoon  with  the  chrys- 
alis j)artly  protruding  from  it 
and  the  newly-escaped  moth 
resting  on  it. 

The  moth  resembles  a  wasp  in  a])pearan(!e,  and  in  the  noise 
it  makes  during  its  flight.  The  female  is  shown  in  Fig.  238. 
The  antemire  are  simjde  and  black,  the  body  of  a  brownish- 
l)lack  color,  marked  with  orange  or  tawny  yellow.  There 
's  a  bright-yellow  band  on  the  base  of  the  second  segment 
of  its  abdomen,  and  usually  a  second  one  on  tiio  fourth 
joint,  but  sometimes  thi^  latter  is  wanting;  near  the  tip  of 
the  abdomen  below  there  is  a  short  pencil  of  tawny  orange 
hairs  on  q\\v\\  side.  The  fore  wings  are  brownish  black,  with 
a  more  or  less  distinct  clear  patcli  at  the  base  ;  the  hind  wings 
transpai'ent,  with  the  veins,  the  terminal  edge,  and  the  fringe 
brownish  black.  In  the  male  (Fig.  239)  tiie  antennre  arc 
tooth, (1,  excej)t  for  a  short  distance  near  the  tip;  the  thorax 
and  abdomen  are  darker  in  color,  and  in  addition  to  the 
short  pcMicils  of  orange  hairs  on  the  abdomen  below,  there 
are  two  longer  ones  above.  The  wings,  when  expanded, 
measure  from  an  inch  to  an  incli  and  a  half  across.  The 
moth  apjK'ars  during  vVugust. 

The  f<  niah^  is  salil  to  deposit  her  eggs  on  the  collar  of  the 
grape-vine,  close;  to  the  (>arlh,  and  the  yoinig  larva\  as  soon 
as  hatcihed,  descend  to  the  roots. 


A'JTACKLXG    TlIK   HOOTS. 


231 


This  insect  inhabits  the  Middle,  Western,  and  some  of  the 
Southern  States.  It  is  said  to  have  been  exceedingly  destructive 
ill  North  Carolina  both  to  wild  and  cultivated  grapes,  and  is 
reported  as  injurious  also  in  Kentucky.  The  moth  is  found 
in  the  South  from  the  latter  part  of  June  until  September. 

It  is  stated  that  the  Scuppernong  grape,  a  variety  of  the  fox- 
Lii-ape,  T7^/6'  vulpina,  is  never  attacked  by  this  borer;  if  this 


Fro.  238. 


Fig.  '239. 


be  so,  its  ravages  may  be  prevented  by  grafting  other  vines  on 
roots  of  tlie  Scuppernong.  When  it  has  been  ascertained  that 
the  boi'crs  are  at  work  on  a  vino,  the  earth  diould  be  (bleared 
away  from  above  the  roots  and  the  invaders  searched  for  and 
destroyed  ;  hot  water  aj)plied  about  the  roots  is  said  to  kill 
them.  As  a  preventive  measure,  mounding  the  vines,  as 
recommended  for  ])each-trecs,  under  the  head  of  the  peach- 
tree  borer,  No.  97,  would  probably  be  beneficial. 

No.  125. — The  Grape  Phylloxera. 

Phj/Ilnxera  vastntrix  Pliiticlion. 

This  tiny  foe  to  the  grape-vine  has  attained  great  celebrity 
during  the  past  few  years,  and  miuili  attention  has  been  piiid 
to  the  study  of  its  life-history  and  Iribits,  in  the  lio|)('  of 
devising  some  practical  measures  for  its  extermination.  The 
destruction  it  has  occasioned  in  1^^'aiice  has  been  so  great  that 
it  has  become  a  national  calamity,  which  tlu!  government  has 
ap|>(>inted  special  agents  to  iiuiuire  into;  large  sums  of  money 
have  also  been  olfered  as  jiri/es  to  be  given  to  any  one  who 


232 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


shall  discover  an  efficient  remedy  for  this  insijct  |)e8t.  At  the 
same  time  it  has  made  ahirniing  progress  in  Portugal,  also 
in  Switzerland  and  in  some  parts  of  Germany,  and  among 
vines  nnder  glass  in  England.  It  is  a  native  of  America, 
■whence  it  lias  doubtless  been  carried  to  France;  it  is  common 
thronghoutthe  greater  portion  of  the  United  States  and  in  one 
of  its  forms  in  Canada;  but  our  native  grape-vines  seem  to 
endure  the  attacks  of  the  insect  nnich  better  than  do  those  of 
KnroiJC.  llecently  it  has  appeared  on  the  Pacific  slope,  in  the 
fertile  vineyards  of  California,  where  the  European  varieties 
are  largely  cultivated,  and  hence  its  introduction  there  will 
probably  [)rove  disastrous  to  grape-culture. 

This  insect  is  found  in  two  different  forms:  in  one  instance 
on  the  leaf,  where  it  produt^es  greenish-red  or  yellow  galls  of 
vai'ious  shapes  and  sizes,  and  is  known  as  the  type  Gal/ax'ola, 
or  gall-inhabiting;  in  the  other  and  more  destructive  form,  on 
the  root,  known  as  the  type  Radleicola,  or  root-inhabiting, 
causing  at  first  swellings  on  the  young  rootlets,  followed  by 
decay,  which  gradually  extends  to  the  larger  roots  as  the 
insects  congregate  u|)on  them.  These  two  forms  will  Ibr 
convenience  be  treated  together,  a  slight  departure  from  the 
general  plan  of  this  work. 

The  lirst  reference  made  to  the  gall-producing  form  was  by 
Dr.  Fitch  in  1854,  in  tlu'  "Transactions  of  the  New  York 
State  Agricultural  Society,"  where  he  described  it  under  the 
name  of  Feiiiphigas  vHifuHiv.  I'^arly  in  June  there  ai)|)ear 
upon  the  vine  leaves  small  globular  or  cup-shajied  galls  of 
varying  sizes.  A  section  of  on(!  of  these  is  shown  at  f/,  Fig. 
241 ;  th(wareof  a  greenish-red  or  yellow  color,  with  their  outer 
surfac;e  somewhat  uneven  and  woolly.  Fig.  240  represents  a 
leaf  badly  iid'estcd  with  these  galls.  On  o|)cning  one  of  the 
freshly-formed  galls,  it  will  be  found  to  contain  from  one  to 
four  orange-colored  lice,  many  v  :y  nniuiti',  sliining,  oval, 
whitish  eggs,  and  usually  a  considerable  nund)er  of  young 
lice,  not  nuich  larger  than  the  eggs,  and  of  the  same  color. 
Soon  the  gall  becomes  over-))opulated,  and  the  surplus  lice 


ATTACKING    THE  ROOTS. 


•233 


wander  oil'  tlirougli  its  j)artly-()pcne{l  mouth  on  the  upper 
hide  of  the  lent",  anil  establish  themselves  either  on  the  same 
leaf  or  on  adjoining  young  leaves,  wlu!re  the  irritation  oe- 
casioned  hy  their  punetures  eauses  tlie  formation  of  nrw  galls, 
within  whieh  the  liee  remain,  .\fter  a  time  the  older  lice 
die,  and  the  galls  wlfuh  they  have  inhal)ited  open  out  and 
gradually  become  flattened  and  almost  ol)literateil  ;  hence  it 
may  happen  that  the  galls  on  the  older  leaves  on  a  vine  will 

Fi(i.  240. 


K^. 


M 


■J^.^ 

t0^ 


■^ 


be  empty,  while  those  on  the  younger  ones  are  swarming  with 
occupants. 

Tho'se  galls  are  very  common  on  the  Clinton  grape  and  other 
varieties  of  the  same  type,  and  are  also  found  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent  on  most  other  culli\ate(l  sorts.  TJiey  sometimes 
occur  in  such  abundance  as  (o  cause  the  leaves  to  turn  briwu 
and  drop  to  tlu;  ground  ;  and  instances  ai'e  recorded  where 
vines  have  been  defoliated  from  this  cause.  'J'he  nnndxT 
of  eiro's  iu  a  simile  ijall  will  vnrv  from  (iftv  to  foui'  or  live 
hundred,  according  to  its  si/,e.  There  are  sevei'al  genera- 
tions of  the  lice  during  the  season,  and  they  continue  to 
extend  the  sphere  of  tJK'ir  operations  throughout  the  greater 
j)art  of  the  suujincr.     liHtc  in  the  scii^oii,  as  the  leaves  become 


KdMMM 


234 


INSECTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE   Gil  APE. 


less  succulent,  the  lice  seek  other  quarters,  niul  many  of  them 
find  tlieir  way  to  the  roots  of  the  vines  and  ''stablisii  them- 
selves on  the  smaller  rootlets.  By  the  end  of  September  the 
galls  are  usually  deserted.     In  Fig.  241  we  have  this  type 


Fig.  241. 


i: 


of  the  insect  illustrated :  a  shows  a  front  view  of  the  young 
louse,  and  b  a  back  view  of  the  same,  c  the  egg,  d  a  section 
of  one  of  the  galls,  e  a  swollen  tendril,/,  rj,  h,  mature  egg- 
bearing  gall-lice,  lateral,  dorsal,  and  ventral  views,  l  antenna>, 
and  J  the  two-jointed  tarsus. 

When  on  the  roots,  the  lice  subsist  also  by  suction,  and  their 
punctures  result  in  abnormal  swellings  on  the  young  rootlets, 
as  shown  at  a  in  Fig.  242.  These  eventually  decay,  and  this 
decay  is  not  confined  to  the  swollen  portions,  but  involves  the 
adjacent  tissue,  and  thus  the  insects  are  induced  to  betake 
themselves  to  fresh  jiortions  of  the  living  roots,  until  at  last 
the  larger  ones  become  involved,  and  they,  too,  literally  waste 
away. 

In  Fig.  242  we  have  the  root-inhabiting  type,  Radicicola, 
illustrated:  a,  roots  of  Clinton  vine,  showing  swellings;  h, 
young  louse,  as  it  appears  when  '  ibernating;  c,  r/,  antomiie 
and  leg  of  same ;  e,  f,  g,  reprcf  ent  the  more  mature  lice. 


ATTACKISG   THE  ROOTS. 


2:35 


It  is  also  further  illustrated  in  Fig.  243,  where  a  shows  a 
healthy  root,  b  one  on  which  the  lice  are  workinj^,  c  a  root 
which  is  decaying  and  has  been  tleserted  by  them  ;  (J,d,d,  in- 
dicate how  the  lice  are  found  on  the  larger  roots;  e  represents 
the  female  pupa,  seen  from  above,  /  the  same  from  below,  f/ 
winged  female,  dorsal  view,  h  the  same,  ventral  view,  I  the 
antennje  of  the  winged  insect,  and  j  the  wingless  female,  lay- 
ing eggs  on  the  roots;  Ic  indicates  how  the  punctures  of  the 
lice  cause  the  larger  roots  to  rot.     Most  of  these  figures  are 

Fig  242. 


highly  magnified,  the  short  lines  or  dots  at  the  side  showing 
the  natural  size. 

During  the  first  year  of  the  insect's  presence  the  outward 
manifestations  of  the  disease  are  very  slight,  although  the 
fibrous  roots  may  at  this  time  be  covered  with  the  little  swell- 
ings; but,  if  the  attack  is  severe,  the  second  year  the  leaves 
assume  a  sickly  yellowish  cast,  and  the  usual  vigorous  yearly 
growth  of  cane  is  much  reduced.  In  course  of  time  the  vino 
usually  dies;  but,  before  this  takes  place,  the  lice,  having  little 
or  no  healthy  tissue  to  work  on,  leave  the  dying  vine  and  seek 
for  food  elsewhere,  either  wandering  under  ground  among 
the  interlacing  roots  of  adjacent  vines,  or  crawling  over  the 


236 


IS  SECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


siirtUce  of  the  irroiuid  in  search  of  more  congenial  ([uarter.s. 
During  the  winter  many  of  theni  remain  torpid,  and  at  that 
season  they  assnnie  a  (hill-brownisli  (joloi,  so  like  that  of  tlie 


ATTACKIXG   THE  ROOTS. 


23< 


these  ogt^s  liatcli,  and  the  young  one.s  shortly  beeomc  eirg-laying 
mothers  like  the  first,  and,  like  them,  also  remain  wingless. 
After  several  generations  of  these  egg-bearing  liee  have  l)een 
produeed,  a  number  of  individuals  about  the  middle  of  sum- 
mer aequire  wings.  Tliese  also  are  all  females,  and  they 
issue  from  the  ground,  and,  rising  in  the  air,  liy,  or  are  carried 
with  the  wind,  to  neighboring  vineyards,  where  they  deposit 
eggs  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  among  their  downy 
liairs,  beneatii  the  loosened  bark  of  the  branches  and  trunk, 
or  in  crevices  of  the  ground  about  the  base  of  the  vine. 
Occasionally  individual  root-lice  abandon  their  underground 
habits  and  I'orni  galls  on  the  leaves. 

The  complete  life-history  of  this  insect  is  extremely  inter- 
esting and  curious,  and  those  desiring  further  information  as 
to  the  ditferent  modifications  of  form  assumed  bv  the  insect  in 
the  course  of  its  development  will  find  it  given  with  much 
minuteness  of  detail  in  the  fifth,  sixth,  seventh;  and  eighth 
"Reports  on  the  Insects  of  Missouri,"  by  C.  Y.  Riley. 

lioncdies. — This  is  an  extremely  diflicudt  insect  to  subdue, 
and  various  means  for  the  purpose  have  been  suggested,  none 
of  which  appear  to  be  entirely  satisfactory.  Flooding  the 
vineyards,  wdiere  practicable,  seems  to  be  more  successful  than 
any  other  measure,  but  the  submergence  must  be  total  and 
prolonged  to  the  extent  of  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  days; 
it  should  be  undertaken  in  September  or  October,  when  it  is 
said  that  the  root-lice  will  be  drowned  and  the  vines  come 
out  uninjured. 

Bisulphide  of  carbon  is  stated  by  some  to  be  an  efficient 
remedv  ;  it  is  introduced  into  the  soil  bv  means  of  an  auger 
with  a  hollow  shank,  into  which  this  liquid  is  poured  ;  several 
holes  are  made  about  each  vine,  and  two  or  three  ounces  are 
poured  into  each  hole.  Beiii^  '  :<.tremely  offensive  in  odor 
and  very  volatile,  its  vai)or  permeates  the  soil  in  every  direc- 
tion, and  is  said  to  kill  the  lice  without  injuring  the  vines. 
This  su'  jtance  should  be  handled  with  caution,  as  its  vapor 
is  very  inflammable  and  explosive.     Alkaline  stdpho-carbon- 


T^ 


238 


INSECTS  INJVRIOVS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


ates  are  also  recomiiienclcd  ;  those  are  gradually  decomposed 
in  the  soil  and  give  oflf  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  bisulphide 
of  carbon.  Carbolic  aeid  mixed  with  water,  in  the  propor- 
ticm  of  one  ])art  of  the  acid  to  fifty  or  one  hundred  parts  of 
water,  has  also  been  used  with  advantage,  })oured  into  two  or 
three  holes  made  around  the  base  of  each  vine  with  an  iron 
bar  to  the  deptli  of  a  foot  or  more.  Soot  is  also  recommendcMJ 
to  be  strewed  around  the  vines. 

It  is  stated  that  the  insect  is  let  ..jurious  to  vines  grown 
on  sandy  soil,  also  to  those  grown  on  lands  impregnated  with 
salt. 

Since  large  numbers  of  these  insects,  both  winged  and 
wingless,  are  known  to  crawl  over  the  surface  of  the  grountl 
in  August  and  September,  it  has  been  suggested  to  sprinkle 
the  ground  about  the  vines  at  this  period  with  quicklime, 
ashes,  sulphur,  salt,  or  other  substances  destructive  to  insect 
life.  The  application  f)f  fertilizers  rich  in  jjotash  and  annno- 
nia,  such  as  ashes  mixed  Vvith  stable-manure  or  sal  ammo- 
niac, has  been  found  useful.  A  simple  remedy  for  the  gall- 
inhabiting  type  is  to  pluck  the  le;r  as  soon  as  the  galls 
ap})ear  and  destroy  them. 

Several  species  of  predaceous  insects  prey  on  this  louse. 
A  black  species  of  Thrips  with  white-fringed  wings  [Thrips 
pliyUo.vene  Kiley,  see  Fig.  244)  de})osits  its  eggs  within  the 

gall,  which  when  hatched 
produce  larvae  of  a  blood- 
///l'///lM0^i^--  red  color,  which  i)lav  sad 
-'^^  havoc  among  the  lice. 
The  larva  of  a  Syrphus 
fly,  F'lpiza  radicum,  which 
feeds  on  the  root-louse  of 
the  apple  (see  Fig.  2),  has 
also  been  found  attacking 
the  Phylloxera.  Another 
useful  friend  is  a  small  mite  {Tyroghjphus  phyltoxenv  P.  & 
li.,  see  Fig.  245),  which  devours  the  lice;  and  associated  with 


Fig.  244. 


ATTACK  I XG    THE  ROOTS. 


2:39 


this  is  sometimes  fouiul  anotlier  species  {Ifop/ophora  ardaia 
Kiley)  of  II  very  curious  form,  remiiuliiig  one  «»f  :i  imisscl. 
Fill:.  24G  represents  this  insect  in  ilitferent  attitmlfs,  lii^^hiy 
inatriiified. 

The  giill-inhabitini^  type  is  very  subject  to  the  attacks  of  a 
small  two-winged  fly,  Dlplo,sis  yrassator  Fyles,  which  deposits 


Fi  .  -IA: 


its  eggs  either  in  the  gall  or  at  its  entrance,  from  which  the 
larva  is  soon  produced.  This,  although  destitute  of  legs,  is 
very  active,  and,  groping  about  in  the  interior  of  the  gall, 
seizes  on  the  young  lice  soon  after  they  are  hatched  and  sucks 
them  dry.    It  does  not  appear  at  first  to  attack  the  parent  lice; 

Pig.  24G. 


the  tender  progeny  are  more  to  its  liking,  and  these  are 
produced  in  sufficient  numbers  to  furnish  it  with  a  constant 
supply  of  fresh  food.  In  some  instances  one  larva,  in  others 
two  are  found  in  a  single  gall,  and  as  they  increase  in  size 
they  devour  the  lice  very  rapidly,  and  before  changing  to  the 


2iU 


lASECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE    GRAPE. 


Fio.  247. 


chrysalis  state  clear  the  ga'l  entirely  of"  its  contents.     The 
larva  (Fig.  247,  a)  is  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  pale 

pinkish-yellow  color,  glossy 
and  semi-trans^  irent,  with  a 
(lark  line  down  the  back  on 
the  two  anterior  and  some 
of  the  i)osterior  segments. 
On  the  terminal  segment 
there  are  two  short,  fleshy 
horns  united  by  a  slight 
ridge;  the  horns  are  tipped 
with  brownish  black,  and 
have  a  minute  cluster  of 
spines  at  their  sun)mit. 

The  chrysalis,  shown  at  h 
in  the  figure,  is  a  little  less 
than  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in 
length,  of  a  reddish-brown 
color,  with  a  few  short  hairs  scattered  over  its  surfate,  and 
two  blackish  horns  united  by  a  ridge  near  the  hinder  extremity. 
Both  the  chrysalis  and  the  larva  are  magnified. 

The  ]HM"fect  insect  escapes  in  about  a  fortnight  after  the 
chrysalis  is  foi-med.  Jt  is  a  very  pretty  little  two-winged  fly, 
shown  iiMich  magnified  at  c  in  the  figure,  and  of  its  natural 
size  at  d. 

The  Phylloxei'a  is  also  preyed  on  by  the  larva  of  a  dull- 
colored  lady-bird,  a  species  of  Scymnus,  by  several  other 
species  of  the  lady-bird  family,  and  by  the  larviu  of  the  lace- 
wing  ilies  referred  to  under  No.  57. 

To  guard  against  its  introduction  into  new  vineyards,  the 
roots  of  young  vines  should  be(!arefully  exiunined  before  being 
planted,  and  if  knots  and  lice  are  foinid  upon  them  these 
latter  may  be  destroyed  by  immersing  the  roots  in  hot  soap- 
suds or  tobaci'o-watcr. 

Our  native  Americiui  vines  are  found  to  withstand  (he 
attacks  of  this  insect  much  better  than  do  those  of  Kuro|)eaii 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES. 


241 


ori<2;in ;  lience  by  grat'tiiit;  the  more  susfeptiblo  varieties  on 
these  hardier  sorts,  the  ill  efFeets  nroducod  bv  the  lice  inav  in 
some  measure  be  counteracted.  The  roots  recommended  to  be 
used  as  stocks  are  those  of  Concord,  Clinton,  llerbemont,  Cun- 
ningham, Norton's  Virginia,  Kentz,  Cynthiana,  and  Taylor. 
The  Clinton,  one  of  the  varieties  reeomm  Mided,  is  particularly 
liable  to  the  attaei<s  of  the  gall-producing  type  of  Phylloxera, 
but  the  lice  are  seldom  found  to  any  great  extent  on  its  roots, 
and  the  vine  is  so  vigorous  a  grower  that  a  slight  attack  would 
not  ])r()duee  any  perceptible  injury. 


ATTACKING  THE  BEANOHES. 

No.  126. — The  Grape-vine  Bark-louse. 

Pah)inaria  iinninwrdhilis  liutlivoii. 

Durinj;  the  month  of  June  there  are  .sometimes  foiuid  on 
th'j  branches  of  the  grape-vine,  brown,  hemispherical  scales, 
from  under  one  end  of  which  there  protrudes 
a  cotton-like  sub.stance,  which  increases  in 
size  until  the  bco;inning  of  July,  bv  which 
time  it  has  beeonu;  a  mass  about  foiu*  times 
as  large  as  the  scale,  (See  Fig.  2-18.)  This 
cottony  niiitter  contains  the  q\i;'j:,^  of  (he  in- 
sect, :uid  very  soon  there  issue  iVom  it  miimt(^, 
oval,  yellowish-white  lice,  which  distribute 
themselves  over  the  branches,  to  which 
tiiey  attach  themselves,  and  shortly  become 
stationary,  sucking  the  juices.  This  species 
is  bebeved  to  be  (he  sauK;  as  the  I{;uro[)ean 
scale-insect  of  the  vine.  These  scales  are 
not  usually  found  in  any  great  al)undanee, 
and  may  be  readily  scraped  oil' with  a  knife 
or  other  suitabhi  instrument,  whlcih  should 
be  done  before  the  young  liee  escape. 

It] 


242 


JASECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   GRAPE. 


No.  127. — The  Four-spotted  Spittle-insect. 

Aphropliora  Ji.-notala  Say. 

OccasioiuvUy  there  appear  upon  the  brandies  in  June  spots 

of  wliite,  frotliy  matter,  resembling  spittle,  embedded  in  whieli 

is  found  a  soft,  pale,  wingless  inseet,  which  punctures  the  barU 

and  sucks  the  juices  from  the  branch,  at  the  same  time  secreting 

ovf^r  and  around  itself  this  s])ittle-like  covering.     The  perfect 

or  winged  insect  (see  Fig.  249)  is  a  flattened  tree-hopper  of  a 

brown  color  -v  .lich  occurs  upon  the  vines  in  the  early 

Fin.  249.  part  of  July.     It  is  -ibout  three-tenths  of  an  inch 

\f:^   '<"^g5  'fs  Aving-cover,     .-e  brown,  with  a  blackish  s[)ot 

'i^^l    '^''  ^''^'  ^'1^'  "^  second  one  on  the  middle  of  the  outer 

'W^  jiiiirgin,  and  a  third  one  at  the  base,  with  the  spaces 

between  the  spots  whitish.     Should  tiiis  insect  at  any  time 

prove  injurious,  it  may  be  easily  destroyed  by  tlie  hand  while 

in  the  soft,  wingless  form  enclo.sed  in  its  frothy  covering. 


No.  128, — Signoret's  Spittle-insect. 

Aphroi^hora  Sif/iwreli  Fitch. 

This  is  an  insect  very  similar  in  habits  and  appe;  'ance  to 
No.  127,  surrounding  itself  while  in  the  soft  or  larval  condi- 
tion with  the  same  sort  of  frothy  mass.  W'^hen  perfect,  it  is 
a  litthi  more  than  three  tenths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  tawny- 
brown  color  clouded  with  dull  white,  :>.!'.d  thickly  punctated 
with  black  dots.  The  wing-covers  have  on  their  inner  n>argin, 
near  the  tij),  a  small  white  spot,  and  another  larger  one  o|»po- 
site  this  on  the  outer  margin  ;  but  the  wings  are  not  spotted 
with  black  as  in  No.  127. 


No.  129.— The  Two-spotted  Tree-hopper. 

Eilf/iciinptt  hinolaitt  (Siiv), 

This  is  a  sniad  Init  vciy  odd-looking  brown  ins(H't,  \vith  two 
yellowish  spots  on  (he  edge  of  the  back,  and  i  |vrolongation 
ill  front  like  the  beak  of  u  bird.     Jt  sometimes  |)uncturos  the 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES. 


243 


or 


tender  steins  of  the  grape,  eausing  them  to  wilt  and  turn 
l)ro\vn.  Wliile  this  tree-hopj)er  is  occasionally  found  on  tlie 
vine,  it  is  much  more  common  on  the  red-hud,  Cercis ;  but 
its  favorite  home  is  on  the  wafer-ash,  Ptelea  trifoUatd. 

No.  130. — The  Red-shouldered  Sinoxylon. 

Sinvxijlon  basilar e  (Siiy), 

The  ku'va  of  this  insect  (Fig.  250,  a)  bores  into  the  stems 
of  grape-vines,  and  sometimes  also  into  the  branches  and 
trunks  of  aj)ple  and  peach 

trees.     It    is    a  yellowish,  ^^"^^  '^■^'^• 

wrinkled  grub,  about  three- 
tenths  of  an  inch  long,  with 
the  anterior  segments  swol- 
len, the  liead  small,  and 
the  body  arched  or  bent. 

The  chrysalis  (Fi^.  2;')(), 
h)  is  of  a  pale-yellowish 
color,  and  is  formed  in  the  chambers  mined  l)y  the  lai'va. 

Tlie  beetle  is  shown  in  the  figure  :it  <*.  It  is  about  one-fifth 
of  an  inch  long,  black,  with  a  large  reddish  sj)ot  at  the  base 
of  each  wing-cover.  The  thorax  is  punctated  and  armed 
with  short  spines  in  front;  the  wing-covers  arc  roughemil 
with  dots,  and  ap|)ear  as  if  cut  oil'oblicjuely  behind,  the  outer 
edge  of  the  cut  portion  being  I'nrnishcd  with  three  teeth  on 
each  side. 

The  only  method  suggested  for  d(!stroying  this  insect  is  to 
l)urn  the  wood  infested  by  it. 

No.  131. — The  Grape-vine  Wound-gall. 
Vitis  vulnus  Ililoy. 

This  curious  gall,  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  251,  is  pro- 
du(!ed  by  the  Sesostris  snout-beetle,  Ainpclof/fi/jitcr  kScsostris 
(Lee).  The  be<>tle(Fig.  252)  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
long,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  with  n  stout  beak  half  as 
long  as  its  body.     Tin;  thorax  is  punclated,  and  the  wing- 


HMMM^dMMHI 


riMiMgikJkM 


L.. 


1 


244 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


Fui.  2-51. 

illl'l 


iV 


cases  are  polislied  and  glossy,  without  any  markings.  It 
appears  during  the  eai'ly  })art  of  July,  wlien  the  female  punc- 
tures the  stem  of  the  vine  and  de])osits  an  egg 
tiierein,  which  shortly  hatches,  producing  a  tiny 
whitish  grub,  wdiich  lives  within  the  swollen 
])art  and  feeds  upon  it.  At  first  th(!  gall  is 
small  and  inconspicuous,  but  towards  the  end  of 
the  season  it  assumes  the  form  of  an  elongated 
knot  or  swelling,  as  shown  in  the  figure;  this  is 
generally  situated  immediately  above  or  below  a 
joint.  Usually  there  is  a  longitudinal  depres- 
ij  >\ou  on  one  side,  div.'ding  that  j)ortion  into  tvn 
prominences,  which  commonly  have  a  i"osy  tint. 
Within  the  gall  I  lie  larva  remains  until  June 
of  the  following  year.  ^\'hen  full  grown,  it  is 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long, 
white,  cylindrical,  and  footless,  with 
a  larne  yellowish  head.  During  the 
month  of  June  it  changes  to  a 
cluysalis,  from  which  the  })crfect 
beetle  is  produced  in  about  a  fort- 
night. 

These  galls  do  not  apjiear  to  injvU'e  to  any  material  extent 
the  branches  on  which  they  occur;  shoidd  thevcver  multiply 
BO  as  to  become  injurious,  their  increase  may  be  readily  checked 
by  culling  off  and  burning  those  jjortions  of  the  canes  on  which 
they  are  situated,  before  tiie  beetles  escape. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


No.  132. — The  Green  Grape-vine  Sphinx. 

Darapsn  inj/roii  (Cramer). 

The  lai'va  of  (his  insect   is  one  of  the  most  (jommon  and 
destructive  of  the  leaf-eating  insects  injurious  to  tiie  grape. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


245 


The  first  brood  of  the  perfect  or  wiiioed  insect  appears  from 
tiie  middle  to  tlie  end  of  May,  when  the  female  deposits  her 
eggs  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  generally  placing  them 
singly,  but  sometimes  in  groups  of  two  or  three.  The  eggs 
are  nearly  round,  about  one-twentieth  of  an  inch  long,  a  little 
less  in  width,  smooth,  and  of  a  pale  yellowish-green  color, 
changing  to  reddish  before  hatching. 

The  young  cater[)illar  comes  out  of  the  egg  in  five  or  six 
days,  when  it  makes  its  first  meal  on  a  part  of  the  empty  egg- 


Fi(i.  253. 


In  and 
Igi'ape. 


shell,  and  then  attacks  the  softer  portions  of  the  grape-vine 
leaves.  When  first  hatclied,  it  is  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long, 
of  a  pale  yellowish-green  color,  with  a  large  head,  aiul  having 
a  long  black  horn  near  its  posterior  extremity,  h;^f  as  long 
as  its  bodv.  As  it  increases  in  si/e,  tlic  iiorn  becomes  rela- 
tivcly  shorter  and  changes  in  color ;  the  markings  of  the  larva 
also  vary  considerably  at  each  moult.  AVhen  full  grown,  it 
presents  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  253.  It  is  then  about 
two  inches  long,  with  u  rather  small  head  of  a  ])ale-green 
color  dotted  with  yellow  and  with  a  pale-yellow  strij)0  down 
each  si(l(i ;  the  body  is  green,  of  a  slightly  deeper  shad(^  than 
the  head,  and  covered  with  small  yellow  dots  or  granulations ; 


HMI 


24U 


JiXSKCTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


along  the  sides  of  tlie  body  these  granulations  arc  so  arranged 
as  to  form  a  series  of  seven  oblique  strij)es,  extending  back- 
wards, and  margined  behind  with  a  darker  green.  A  white 
lateral  stripe  with  a  dark-green  margin  extends  from  just 
behind  the  head  to  the  horn  near  the  other  extremity.  Along 
the  back  are  a  series  of  seven  spots,  varying  in  color  from 
ri'd  to  pale  lilac,  each  set  in  a  ])atch  of  })alc  yellow.  The 
caudal  horn  is  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  varies  in  color 
from  reddish  to  bluish  green,  granulated  with  black  in  front, 
and  sometimes  yellow  behind  and  at  the  tip.  This  larva 
lias  the  power  of  drawing  the  head  and  next  two  segments 
within  the  fourth  and  fifth,  causing  these  latter  to  appear 
much  distended;  the  feet  are  red,  the  ])rolegs  pale  green. 
tSome  specimens,  cspccitdly  among  those  of  the  later  brood, 
will  be  found  exhibiting  remarkable  variations  in  color; 
instead  of  green  they  assume  a  delicate  reddish-pink  hue,  with 
markings  of  darker  shades  of  red  and  brown,  which  so  ahcr 
their  appearance  that  they  might  at  first  sight  be  rcacliiy 
taken  lor  a  dilferent  species;  a  careful  comparison,  howevei', 
will  show  the  same  arrangement  of  dots  and  spots  as  in  the 
normal  form. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  descends  from  the  vine  and 
draws  a  few  leaves  looselv  together,  binding  them  with  silken 
threads,  usually  about  or  near  the  base  of  the  vine  on  which 

it    has    l(>d,  and  within    this 

rude  structure  changes    to  a 

chrysalis  (see  Fig.  251)  of  a 

j)al(>-brown  coloi',  dotted  and 

streaked  with  a  darker  shade, 

and  with  a  row  ol"  oval  dark- 

bi'own  spots  along  eacrh  side. 

The  moths  from  this  first  brood  of  larvic  usually  appear 

during  the  latter  ])art  of  July,  when  they  deposit  eggs  for  a 

seevnd  brood  wliich  mature  late  in  September,  pass  the  winter 

in  tiie  j)U[)a  stale,  and  emerge  as  moths  in  the  following  ]\Iay. 

The  wings  oi'  this  insect,  when  fully  expanded,  measme 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


247 


about  two  and  a  half  inches  aorofis,  their  form  being  h)ng  and 
narrow,  as  shown  in  Fiji;.  "JoO.  The  fore  winj^.s  arc  of  a  dai'lc 
olive-green  color,  crossed  by  bands  and  streaks  of  greenish 
gray,  and  shaded  on  the  outer  margin  with  tlie  same  hue. 
The  hind  wings  an;  dull  red,  with  a  patch  of  greenish  gi'ay 
next  the  body,  shading  gradually  into  the  surrounding  color. 
On  the  under  side  the  red  ajipears  on  the  f  )re  wings,  the  hinder 
pair  being  greenish  gray.  The  antenufcare  dull  white  al)ove, 
rosy  below,  head  and  shotdder-covers  deej)  olivc-grctn,  (he 

Fig.  2r.o, 


rest  of  the  body  of  a  paler  shade  of  green;  underneath  the 
body  is  dull  gray. 

This  moth  rests  quietly  during  the  day,  tahing  wing  at 
dusk,  when  it  is  extremely  active  ;  its  flight  is  very  swift  and 
strong,  and  as  it  darts  suddenly  from  flower  to  flower,  rapidly 
vibrating  its  wings,  remaining  j)oised  in  the  air  over  the 
obje(!ts  of  its  search,  while  the  long,  sl(Mulor  tongue  is  in- 
serted and  the  sweets  extracted,  it  reminds  one  strongly  of  a 
humming-bird. 

The  caterpillars  are  very  destructive  to  the  foliage  of  the 
vino,  being  capable  of  consuming  an  enormous  quantity 
1)1"  food;  one  or  two  of  them,  when  nearly  full  grown,  will 
abnost  strip  a  small  vine;  of  its  foliage  in  the  coiii-sc  of  two 
or  ihree  days.  \\\  some  districts  tiiey  are  said  to  nip  off  the 
stalks  of  (he  half-grown  clusters  of  gra[)es,  so  that  they  fall 
lairipc!  to  the  groiuid. 


«    '  -A 


248 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


Remedies. — The  readiest  and  most  effectual  method  of  dis- 
posing of"  these  pests  is  to  pick  them  off  the  vines  and  kill 
them.  They  are  easily  found  hy  the  denuded  canes  which 
mark  their  course,  or  where  the  foliage  is  dense  they  may 
be  tracked  by  their  large  brown  castings, 
which  strew  the  ground  under  their  places 
of  resort.  Nature  has  provided  a  very 
efficient  t^heck  to  their  undue  increase,  in 
a  small  })arasitic  fly,  a  species  of  Ichneu- 
mon (see  Fig.  256),  the  ieniale  of  which 
punctures  the  skin  of  the  caterpillar  and 
deposits  her  eggs  underneath,  where  they  soon  hatch  into 
young  larv»,  which  feed  U[)on  the  fatty  portions  of  their 
victim,  avoiding  the  vital  organs.  By  the  time  the  sphinx 
caterpillar  has  become  full  grown,  these  parasitic  larvre  have 

matured,  and,  eating  their  way 
through  the  skin  of  their  host,  they 
construct  their  tiny  snow-white 
cocoons  on  its  body,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  257,  from  Nvhich,  in  about  a 
week,  the  friendly  fly  escapes  by  pushing  open  a  nicely-fitting 
lid  at  one  end  of  its  structure.  No  larva  thus  infested  ever 
reacihes  maturity;  it  invariably  shrivels  up  and  dies. 


Fig  257. 


No.  133.— The  Paiidorus  Sphinx. 

Philampclus  Pandorus  (llUbn.). 

This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  Sphinx  nioths,  a 
rare  as  well  as  lovely  creature,  and  an  object  highly  prized  by 
collectors.  It  is  found  throughout  the  Northern  United  States, 
and  occasi(mally  in  Canada,  but  is  nowhere  very  common.  It 
is  represented  in  Fig.  258.  Its  Avings,  when  exi)anile(l,  will 
measure  I'rom  four  to  four  and  a  half  inches  across;  they  are 
of  a  light-olive  color,  mixed  with  gray,  and  varied  Midi 
])atches  of  a  darker  olive-green,  rich  and  velvety,  and  some 
portions,  esjKX'ially  on  the  hind  wings,  of  a  rosy  hue.  The 
body   is  pale  greenish  browji,  ornamented  with    dark-olive 


A  TTA  CKING    Til  E  L  KA  \  KS. 


249 


]>;itchcs.  The  moths  appear  in  July,  when,  ai'tcr  j)airiiitr, 
the  female  deposits  her  eg<i^s  singly  on  the  leaves  of  the  grape- 
vine, or  Virginia  creeper,  ^4???^>r/o/),s'/6'  quinqtiefoIia,whG\v  they 
shortly  hatch,  producing  small  green  larvre  of  a  ])iidvish  hue 
along  the  sides,  and  with  a  very  long  })ink  horn  at  the  tail. 
As  the  caterpillar  increases  in  size,  the  horn  becomes  shorter, 


Fio.  258. 


and  after  a  time  curves  round,  as  shown  at  c,  Fig.  2')d.  As 
the  larva  approaches  maturity,  it  changes  to  a  reddish-brown 
color,  aud  after  the  third  moult  entirely  loses  the  caudal 
horn,  which  is  replaced  by  a  glassy,  eye-lilv!  spot,  '.riie 
mature  larva,  when  in  motion,  as  shown  at  a  in  the  figure, 
will  measure  nearly  four  inches  in  length,  but  when  at  rest  it 
draws  the  head  and  two  adjoining  segments  within  the  fourth, 
as  shown  in  the  iigure  at  h,  which  shortens  its  body  nearl}' 
an  inch,  giving  it  a  very  odd  appearau'-e,  with  its  anterior 
portions  so  blunt  and  thick.  It  is  of  a  rich  reddish-bi'own 
color,  of  a  lighter  shade  along  the  back,  with  live  nearly 
oval  cream-colored  spots  along  each  side  from  the  seventh  to 
the  eleventh  segment  inclusive.  On  the  anterior  segm(>p.ts 
there  are  a  number  of  black  dots;  a  dark,  polished,  raised, 


250 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


FiQ.  259. 


eye-like  spot  in  place  of  the  tail,  the  breathiiit^-pores  alonjj; 
the  sides   black,  showing  [)roniinently  in  the  creani-colored 

spots.  It  is  a  very 
voracions  feeder,  and 
strips  the  vine  of  its 
leaves  with  such  ra- 
pidity that  it  soon 
attracts  attention. 
_  AVhen  i'nll  grown, 
p:/)\t  descends  from  the 
vine  and  buries  itself 
in  the  ground,  where 
it  forms  an  oval 
cell,  within  which  it 
changes  to  a  chrysa- 
lis. Tlie  chrysalis  is 
of  a  chestnut-brown 
^y  color,  with  the  seg- 
ments roughened  with 
impi'essed  ])oints,  the 
terminal  joint  having 
a  long  thi(!k  spine. 
Tiic  insect  usually  re- 
mains in  the  chrysa- 
lis state  until  the  fol- 
lowing summer,  but 
occasionally  it  ma- 
tures and  escapes  tiie 
same  season.  Should  these  larvte  at  any  time  prove  trouble- 
some, they  can  be  readily  subdued  by  hand-picking. 

No.  134. — The  Achemon  Sphinx. 

riuUimpclus  arlicmoii  (l)riiry). 
The  caterpillar  of  this  sphinx  (Fig.  2G0)  is  truly  a  formida- 
ble-looking creature,  measuring,  wdien  full  grown,  if  at  rest, 
about  three  inches,  and  when    in   motion  about  three  and  a 


ATTACK! yo    THE  LKAVES. 


2r)i 


luilf  inelios.  It  much  resemhles  timt  of  I'aiulonis,  Xo.  l.j'3, 
aiul  feeds  also  on  the  Virginia  creeper  [AmpclopHis  (juinfjucfolin) 
;i-  well  as  on  the  grape-vine.  The  egg  is  laid  on  the  under 
side  of  the  leaf  in  July,  and  the  young  larva,  when  hatched, 
is  of  a  light-green  color,  with  a  very  conspicnous  reddish- 
brown  horn,  half  as  long  as  its  body,  whicii,  as  the  larva 
increases  in  size,  becomes  shorter,  and  tinally  disap])ears,  its 
place  being  occui)icd  by  a  polished  tubercle  with  a  central 
black  dot.  The  mature  larva  varies  from  a  pale  straw-color 
to  a  reddish  brown,  the  color  growing  darker  down  the  sides, 


Pio.  260. 


becoming  deep  brown  as  it  approaches  the  under  surface.  An 
interrupted  line  of  brown  runs  along  the  back,  and  another 
unbroken  one  extends  along  each  side;  Ixjlow  this  latter  there 
are  six  eream-colored  s])ots,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  one  on  each 
segment,  from  the  si.\th  to  tiie  eleventh  inclusive.  The  body 
is  nuich  wrinkled,  and  dotted  with  minute  spots,  which  are 
dark  on  the  back,  lighter  :ind  annulated  at  the  sides.  The 
head  and  next  two  segments  arc  small,  and  arc  drawn  within 
the  fourth  when  at  rest,  as  seen  in  the  figure.  It  becomes  full 
grown  during  tlu;  latter  part  of  August  or  early  in  September, 
and  just  before  undergoing  its  next  change  assumes  a  beau- 
tiful piidc  or  crimson  color. 

Leaving  the  vine,  it  descends  to  the  ground,  where  it  buries 
itself  to  the  depth  of  several  inches,  and,  having  formed  for 
itself  a  smooth  cell,  changes  to  a  chrysalis  (Fig.  201)  of  a 
(lark,  shining,  mahogany  color,  with  the  antcTior  edg(\s  of  the 
segments  along  the  back  roughened  with  mimite  points,  and 
with  a  short,  blunt  spine  at  the  extremity.    The  inse(,'i  usually 


252 


IS  SECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   GRAPE. 


remains  in  this  condition  in  the  "-round  until  late  in  Juno  the 
following  year;  but  instances  have  been  recorded  where  the 
moth  has  appeared  the  same  season. 


Fig. 261. 


The  moth  is  of  a  brownish-gray  color,  variegated  uith  ligln 
brown,  and  with  deep-brown  spots,  as  shown  in  Fig.  262. 
The  hind  wings  are  pink,  becoming  deeper  red  near  the  middle. 
There  is  a  broatl  gray  border  behind,  with  a  row  of  darker 


Fig.  262. 


spots  along  its  front  edge,  becom'ng  t.    li'^r  towards  the  outer 
margin.    The  body  is  redd!  ,  with  two  triangular  patches 

of  deep  brown  on  the  tl 

This  insect  is  found  in  most  a^^  ])artsof  the  United  States 
and  Canada  where  the  grap*  is  altivated,  but  has  never  oc- 
curred in  sufficient  numbers  to  be  injurious.    It  is  S'    conspic- 


ATTACKISO   THE   LEAVES. 


253 


uous  in  the  larval  state  that  it  might  easily  be  controlled  by 
Ii:nul-))icldng  shonkl  it  at  any  time  prove  tronblesome. 

No.  135.— The  Abbot  Sphinx. 

Thi/retis  Ahbotil  Swiiiiison. 

This  is  not  a  common  insect,  yet  it  is  fonnd  occasionally 
over  a  large  portion  of  the  United  States  and  (,'anada.  The 
oaterpilhir  (see  Fig,  268)  attains  fnll  growth  abont  the  end  of 

Pig.  203. 


Jnly  or  the  beginning  of  Angnst,  when  it  measures  nearly  two 
iuid  a  half  inches  in  length.  It  varies  considerably  in  color, 
from  dull  yellow  to  reddish  brown,  each  segment  being  marked 
transversely  with  six  or  seven  fnie  black  lines,  and  longitu- 
dinally with  dark-brown  patches,  giving  to  the  larva  a  check- 
ered ai)pearance.  Near  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body 
there  is  a  polished  black  tubercle  above,  ringed  with  yellow. 

The  chrysalis  is  commonly  formed  in  a  little  cavity  on  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  covered  with  a  few  pieces  of  leaves 
loosely  fastened  together  and  mixed  with  grains  of  earth,  but 
it  is  said  sometimes  to  bury  itself  below  the  surface.  It  is 
about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  of  a  dark-brown  color, 
roughened  with  small  indentations  except  between  the  joints, 


254 


JNSfJCTS  INJUR  JO  US   TO    THE   GRAPK. 


niul  tcriniiiatiiig  in  ;i  flattened  point,  with  two  suiail  thorns  at 
the  entl.  T!)o  insect  remains  in  the  chrysalis-  condition  until 
the  followinti"  sprini^. 

The  moth  (Fig.  26."i)  is  found  on  the  winj;  from  the  early 
part  of  April  to  the  entl  of  INTay,  and  measures,  when  its 
wings  :ire  spread,  two  and  a  half  inches  or  more  across.  It 
is  oi"  u  dull  chocolate-brown  color,  the  front  wings  hecomin*; 
])ale  beyond  the  middle,  and  marked  with  dark  brown  as  in 
the  fiijnre.  The  hind  wings  are  vellow,  with  a  broatl  brow  n 
IxH'der,  brcakirig  into  a  series  of  short  lines  as  it  approaches 
the  bo(ly.  The  abdomen  is  furnished  with  tnfr.s  along  the 
sides  r.ear  the  extremity,  and  when  the  inseet  is  at  rest  is 
cnr\ed  upwards. 

It  is  scarcely  likely  that  it  will  ever  prove  destructive; 
should  it  at  any  time  become  so,  It  may  be  subdued  by  liand- 
])icking.  It  is  preyed  upon  by  a  small  species  of  Ichneumon 
tly,  which  in  the  larval  state  lives  within  the  body  of  the 
si)hinx  caterpillar  and  liiiaily  destroys  it. 

No.  136.— The  White-lined  Deilephila. 

Dcikphila  lincala  (Fair.). 

This  handsome  moth  (sec  Fig.  2G4)  is  a  comj)aratively 
common  insect,  and  has  a  wide  goographical  range,  being 
found  throughout  the  greater  portion  of  tlu>  United  States 
and  Canada,  also  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  ^rexieo.  It  is 
double-brooded,  ap|)earing  on  the  wing  eai'Iy  in  .luuc,  and 
again  in  S(>pteniber.  Its  ])erio(l  of  activity  begins  with  the 
twilight,  when  it  may  be  seen  Hitting  about  with  greai  I'apidily, 
liovcring  like  a  huuiming-bird  over  tlowers  while  cxtrai'tiug 
their  nectar.  TIk^  ground  col^r  of  the  fore  wings  is  a  rich 
greenish  olive,  with  a  j)ale-bun'  stripe  or  bar  extending  along 
the  middle  of  the  wing  from  the  bas-e  to  near  the  tip;  ;.loMg 
the  outer  mai'gin  there  is  another  band  or  stripe  nearly  ecpial 
in  width  and  of  a  duli-gray  color,  and  the  veins  are  distincily 
margined  with  white.  The  hind  wings  are  small,  and  are 
crossed  by  a  witle,  rosy  band,  which  covers  a  large  j>ortion  <»f 


ATTACK! AG   THE  LEAVES. 


255 


tliorns  at 
ion  until 

the  early 
when  its 
!ross.  1 1 
hoconiiiii; 
3\vn  as  in 
ad  brown 
pi)roaolios 
ilonj:;  the 
it  rest   is 

striictivc  ; 

by  liaiul- 

'hneuiiii»n 

Iv  of  the 


iratively 
>;■(',  being 
tl  States 
).  It  is 
\\\i\  ami 
witli  the 
lapidiiy, 
'xtrai'lini;' 
IS  a  rich 
insj;  aion<i' 
j) ;  i.loni;' 
•ly  e(inal 
listint^ily 
and  are 
Driion  of 


tiuii  surface,  wliile  above  and  below  tiiis  band  the  c(»Ior  is 
almost  black,  the  hinder  niari^in  beinj^  frinijed  with  'Ahitc 
On  the  bodv  there  is  a  line  of  white  on  each  side,  extendinir 

Fig.  12(j4. 


from  the  head  to  the  base  of  (he  thorax,  wiicrc  it,  unites  with 
another  line  of  the  same  color,  which  extends  down  the  mid<ll(', 
and,  dividing,  sends  a  branch  to  each  side.     The  abdomen  is 


Kkj.  !>(;; 


w  III  n 


greenish  olive  spotted  witli  white  and  black;  the  wings, 
expanded,  measure  about  three  and  a  half  inches  across. 

'J'he  liirvii  is  Ibund  occasionally  feeding  on  (he  leaves  of  th(> 
grape-vine,  but  more  commonly  on  purslane;  it  i'eeds  also  on 
turnip,  buckwheat,  and  apple  leaves.  It  is  very  variable  in 
color.  The  most  common  form  is  that  shown  in  I'ig.  '2(55, 
where  the  body  is  yellowish  green,  with  a  row  of  |U'ominent 


mmim 


256 


jySECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


:!>j)ot.s  along  each  side,  each  spot  consisting  of  two  curved  black 
lines,  enclosing  a  crimson  patch  above  and  a  i)ale-yell()\v  line 
below,  the  whole  being  connected  by  a  i)ale-yelIow  stripe 
edged  with  black.  In  some  ii:stances  these  spots  are  discon- 
nected, and  the  space  between  the  black  crescents  is  of  a  inii- 
ibrm  cream-color.  The  breathing-pores,  lower  down  the  side, 
are  margined  with  black,  or  l)!ack  edged  with  yellow.  The 
other  form  of  the  caterpillar  is  black,  with  a  yellow  Hue  down 


Fuj.  L'G( 


the  back,  and  a  <louble  series  of  yellow  spots  and  dots  along 
the  sides.     It  is  shown  in  Fig.  200. 

When  matni'e,  it  buries  itself  under  the  surface,  where, 
■within  a  smooth  cavity,  it  (changes  to  a  light-brown  chrysalis, 
the  moth  emerging  early  in  September,  when  it  dej)osits  eggs, 
from  which  the  .'^econd  brood  of  larvie  are  produced,  which 
niatui(>,  enter  the  ground,  and  change  to  chrysalids  belbro 
\vinter  sets  in. 

Since  it  feeds  mainly  on  plants  of  little  value,  and  on  these 
iji  no  great  abundance,  it  is  scarcely  entitled  to  be  classed  with 
injuricus  iiiKccts;  yet  on  account  of  its  being  found  occasionally 
feeding  on  grape  l(>aves  it  is  deserving  of  mention  here.  A 
two-winged  parasitic  lly,  a  s|)ecies  of  Tachina,  iid'ests  it  and 
destrovs  a  lari>e  number  oi'  {\\(\  larva\ 


No.  137. — The  Dark-veined  Deilephila. 

Dcilrphila  c/Kiinanicyii  Uiirris. 

This  moth  very  closely  r(\seml)les  the  white-lined  Deile- 
])hila,  No.  l;JG,  as  will  be  seen  from  Fig.  207.  It  Ins  the 
same  greenish-olive  color,  and  almost  the  same  stripes  and 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


257 


black 
\v  line 
stripe 
liscoM- 
a  \\W\- 
e  side, 
The 
i  down 


1  along 


wlierc, 

rvsalis, 

ts  eggs, 

^vlli('ll 

hel'oro 

II  those 

I'd  with 

)()ii;dly 

r.       A 

it  and 


|])ei  le- 
as the 
Ls  und 


inarkuigs;  but  there  are  differv'nces  whii-h  will  enable  anyone 
w  ith  ease  to  .sej)arate  the  two  species.  JJncuta  is  much  the 
larger  insect,  measuring,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  about  three 
and  a  half  inches,  while  diamtxner'd  rarely  exceeds  two  inches 
and  three-qi  arters.  The  central  band  on  the  fore  wings  in 
chamicncru  is  wider  and  more  irregular,  the  thorax  also  is  less 
marked  with  white;  but  the  most  striking  point  of  ditlerence 
iii  that  the  veins  of  the  fore  wings  in  lincala  are  ilistinctly 
lined  with  white,  a  characteristic  wanting  in  cliamivDcrii 

The  mature  larva  measures  from  two  and  a  half  to  three 
inches  in  length.     The  head  is  small,  dull  red,  with  a  black 

Fro.  -2(\7. 


stripe  across  the  front  at  base.  The  body  above  is  deep  olive- 
gi'tjen,  with  a  polished  surface;  there  is  a  pale-yellowish  line 
along  the  bacrk,  terminating  at  the  base  of  iUv  caudal  horn, 
and  on  each  segment,  from  the  third  to  the  twelfth  inclusive, 
there  is  a  pale-yellow  spot  on  each  side,  about  half-way 
between  the  dorsal  line  and  the  breathing-pores,  largest  on 
the  segments  I'rom  the  sixth  to  the  eleventh  inclusive;  the 
spot  on  the  twelfth  s(>gment  is  elongated,  and,  extending 
u|»wards,  terminates  at  the  base  of  the  horn.  There;  is  a  wide 
hut  indistinct  blackish  band  across  the  anterior  part  of  each 
segment,  in  which  the  yellow  spots  are  phmed,  and  iUo.  sides 
of  the  body  below  the-  spots  are  thi<'kly  sprinkled  with 
minute  raised  yellow  dots.  The  horn  is  long,  curved  back- 
wards, red,  tipped  with  black,  and   roughened  on  its  surface; 

17 


258 


JASKCIS    IXJLRIOiS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


the  brcatliinjr-porcs  oval,  yellow,  and  iiiar«;i iicd  with  dull 
black.  Under  .surface  pale  piuUisli  green,  feet  black,  prole«is 
])ink,  with  a  patch  of  black  on  the  outside  of  each. 

This  dcsci'iption  of  the  larva  was  taken  from  three  s])e('i- 
mens  found  feeding  on  a  grape-vine  early  in  duly.  One  of 
tlicin  matured  and  formed  a  slight  cocoon  of  leaves  fastened 
with  silken  threads  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  after  (he 
manner  of  the  green  grape-vine  sphinx,  No.  Jo2;  the  other 
two  died  before  eom[)leting  their  trar.sformations.  This  larva 
is  said  to  feed  also  on  purslane;  it  U  not  nearly  so  common 
as  li)ic(d((,  and  is  not  likely  ever  to  [)rove  injui'ious  to  tuiy 
considerable  extent. 


No.  138.— The  Beautiful  Wood-nymph. 

I'liilnjiis  ijrtihi  ( fiilii'.). 

The  larva  of  this  lovely  moth  is  (piite  destructive  to  the 
foliage  of  the  vine,  upon  which  the  moth  itself  is  often  found 
resting  during  the  daytime,  its  closed  wings  forming  a  steep 
roof  over  its  back,  and  its  fore  legs,  which  have  a  curi<»us 
nnill'-like  tuft  of  white  hairs,  protruded,  giving  the  inscd 
a  very  singular  aj)|)earance.  When  its  wings  are  expanded, 
they  measure  about  an  inch  and  three-(piartei's  across.  (See 
Fig.  2(>8.)      Its   foie  wings  are  creamy  white,  with  a  glossy 

surface;  a  wide  brownish- 
purple  st'ipe  extends  along 
the  anteridi'  margin,  reach- 
ing from  the  base  to  a  little 
bcyoud  the  middle  of  llic 
wing,  and  on  the  outer  mar- 


gm   1 
same 


broad   band 


lue 


wid 


I'lung    p(»te 


rioriv,  and   haviuir  a   wavv 


while  line  running  through  it,  formed  by  nn'mite  pearlv  do<s 
or  scales,  and  a  didl  deep-green  edging  on  its  inner  side. 
The  brownish-purple  band  is  continued  along  the  hinder 
edge,  but  gradually  l)eeomes  narrower,  and  terminates  wluii 


ATTACKLWG    THE  LEAVES. 


259 


iioar  the  base.  There  are  also  two  brownish  spots  near  the 
middle  of  the  wiiis^,  one  round,  the  otiier  kidnov-shaped  ; 
these  are  sometimes  s;)  eovered  with  pearly-white  scales  as  to 
he  indistinct  above,  "out  arc  clear  and  strikint;'  on  the  under 
side.  The  hind  wings  are  deep  yellow,  with  a  broad  brownish- 
piu'{)le  band  along  the  hinder  margin,  extending  nearly  to  the 
outer  angle,  and  powdered  with  a  few  pearly-white  scales  ; 
there  is  a  faint  dot  on  the  middle  of  the  wing,  which  is  more 
|)iv)minent  on  the  under  side.  The  head  is  black,  and  there 
is  a  wide  black  stri[)e  down  the  back,  mei-ging  into  a  series 
of  black  spots  extending  to  near  the  tip  of  the  abdomen, 
which  is  tufted  with  white.  The  shoulder-covers  are  white, 
and  the  sides  of  the  body  deep  yellow,  with  a  row  of  black 
dots  along  each  side  close  to  the  under  surface.  The  wings 
IxMieath  are  reddish  vellow,  and  the  bodv  white.     The  moth 


ihey  eat  small  holes  in  the  leaves,  and,  when  at  rest,  throw 
th(,'  hinder  segments  of  the  bodv  lorward  over  the  anterior 
i>ues,  making  a  curious  sort  of  loop;  as  they  grow  larger 
they  devour  all  |)arts  of  the  leaf,  the  framework  as  well  as 
the  softer  substance.  When  nuiture,  they  are  about  an  inch 
and  a  hall'  long,  and  appear  as  sjiown  at  <(  in  b^ig.  2(]0.     The 


260 


i:  SECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   GRAPE. 


body  tapers  towards  the  head,  and  becomes  thicker  as  it  a])- 
proaciies  tiie  posterior  extremity;  the  head  is  orange,  dotted 
with  black,  the  body  pale  bluish,  crossed  by  bands  of  orange 
and  many  lines  of  black.  Each  segment,  except  the  head 
and  the  terminal  one,  is  crossed  by  an  orange  band  of  nearly 
uniform  width,  except  that  on  the  twelfth  segment,  which  is 
wider;  on  the  terminal  segment  there  are  two  bands.  All 
these  bands  are  dotted  more  or  less  with  black,  a  single  short 
brown  hair  arising  from  each  dot.  The  number  oi"  black 
lines  crossing  each  segment  is  usually  six  ;  b  shows  one  of  the 
segments  magnified ;  at  c  the  horny  shield  behind  the  head  is 
shown  ;  and  at  d  the  hump  towards  the  hinder  extremity, 
all  enlarged.  The  breath ing-pores  are  oval  and  black.  The 
under  side  is  very  similar  to  the  uj)per.  Although  partial  to 
the  vine,  it  feeds  also  on  the  Virginia  creeper,  and  occasionally 
on  the  hoj). 

When  full  grown,  which  is  usually  some  time  during  the 
month  of  August  or  early  in  September,  the  larva  descends 
from  the  vine  and  seeks  some  suitable  location  in  whic^h  to 
])ass  the  chrysalis  state.  It  frequently  bores  into  decaying 
wood,  and  is  fond  of  taking  refuge  in  corn-cobs  ;  it  is  also 
said  to  burrow  under  groiuul  sometimes.  In  confinement  it 
bores  readily  into  j)ieces  of  cork,  excavating  with  its  jaws  a 
chamber  but  little  larger  than  the  chrysalis  which  is  to  rest 
in  it,  and  when  finished  the  chamber  is  })rovided  with  a  caj) 
or  cover  composed  of  minute  fragments  of  cork  united  by  a 
glutinous  secretion.  On  lifting  this  lid,  there  will  be  seen  w 
dark-brown  chrysalis,  about  seven-tenths  of  an  inch  long. 
Sometimes  the  moth  escapes  from  the  chry.salis  late  in  the 
.sune  season,  but  commonly  it  remains  in  this  conilition  until 
(he  following  spring. 

This  insect  is  subject  to  the  attacks  of  a  two-winged  para- 
site, a  species  of  Taiihina,  not  unlike  the  conunon  house-lly  in 
apj)earauce.  (See  Fig.  273,  which  shows  (he  insect  in  its  (hi'ee 
stages  of  larva,  chrysalis,  and  fiy  ;  sdso  the  anterior  .segments 
of  a  caterpillar,  with  eggs  in  posidon.)     This  parasite  is  also 


ATTACKiyO    THE  LEAVES. 


261 


5  it  iij)- 
,  dotted 

orange 
le  head 

nearly 
'hieh  is 
,s.  All 
le  short 
i"  blaeic 
e  of  the 

head  is 
treniity, 
k.  The 
artial  to 
isionally 

ring  the 
deseends 
vhich  to 
leeaying 

is  also 

inent  it 

;  jaws  a 

IS  to  rest 

th  a  eaj) 

teil  by  a 

seen  a 

h  long. 
b  in  the 
Ion  vnitil 

'(I  jiara- 
ise-lly  ill 
jits  three 
leginents 
le  is  also 


found  on  the  army-worm  and  several  other  caterpillars.     It 
is  about  a  quarter  of  au  inch  long,  with  a  white  face,  large 
reddish  eves,  a  dark,  liairv  bodv. 


r>^) 


Fio. 


four  dark  lines  down  the  thorax, 
and  patches  of  a  grayish  shade 
along  the  sides  of  the  abdomen. 
The  ])arent  fly  deposits  her  eggs  on 
the  back  of  the  caterpillar,  usually 
a  short  distance  behind  the  head,  se- 
curely fastened  by  a  glutinous  sub- 
stance secreted  with  them.  From 
tliese  hatch  tiny  grubs,  which  eat  their  way  into  the  l)ody  of 
the  cater[)iHar,  feed  upon  its  substance,  and  finally  destroy 
it,  the  grubs,  when  mature,  escaping  IVom  the  body  of  their 
victim  and  clianging  io  oval,  smooth,  dark-brown  chrysalids. 
Ijsually  a  large  proportion  of  the  caterpillars  are  infested  by 
this  friendly  parasite;  otherwise  they  would  soon  become  a 
sonrcc  of  nuieh  annoyance  to  grape-growers. 

Where  artificial  remedies  arc  re(iuired,  the  vines  may  be 
syringed  with  helkjbore  and  water  or  Paris-green  and  water, 
as  directed  for  tlie  larva  of  No.  140.  Hand-picking  may 
also  be  resorted  to. 

No.  139.— The  Pearl  Wood-nymph. 

Eiidrj/iis  H)iio  (HUlmcr). 

This  is  a  very  near  relative  of  Eitdri/as  grata,  Xo.  138, 
and  so  closely  do  the  two  species  resemble  each  other  in  the 
larval  condition  that  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  between  them. 
Unio  has  usuiilly  been  regarded  as  a  grape-feeding  insect,  but 
from  re(!ent  observations  of  ISlr.  Ijintner,  of  Albany,  Xcw 
York,  wlu)  has  ibund  and  reared  the  larva  on  an  entirely  difTcr- 
c."  plant,  J'jipliorbia  coloraf.iun,  it  is  possible  that  it  may  not 
feed  on  the  grape-vine  at  all,  and  that  Dr.  Fitch,  who  first  an- 
nounced this  as  its  food-plant,  may  have  nustaken  the  larva 
of  E.  fjnita  for  unio.  Since  there  seems  io  be  some  doubt 
about  tlse  matter,  we  shall  briefly  describe  the  insect  here. 


262 


INSECTS  JXJUJilOUS    TO    THE   GRAPE. 


Fi(i.  1271. 


The  moth  (Fi*^.  271)  is  ;i  little  siimller  than  (jnda,  iiietis- 
uring,   when  expanded,   about   one   inch    and   tliree-eighths. 

It  dill'ers  also  in  the  Ibllowing  pai'- 
tieulars:  on  the  fore  wings  the 
l)r<)\vnish-j)ur})le  stripe  on  the  front 
margin  is  extended  farther  along 
the  wing,  the  bordering  of  the  outer 
margin  is  paler  and  more  uniform  in 
width,  the  inner  edge  is  wavy  instead 
of  .straight,  and  the  bordering  of  the  hind  margin  is  wider  and 
more  distinet.  The  border  on  the  hind  wings  is  mneh  paler, 
and  extends  the  whole  length  of  the  outer  margin. 

The  laiA'a  is  nearly  an  ineh  and  a  (piarter  long.  The  head 
is  of  an  orange  color,  spotted  with  Idaek,  the  body  banded 
with  white,  black,  and  orange,  most  of  the  segments  having 
three  white  and  three  black  lines  on  each  side  of  a  central 
orange  band.  The  botly  tapers  towards  the  head,  the  hinder 
segments  l)eing  elevated. 

The  chrysalis  is  I'eddish  brown,  with  rows  of  very  minute 
teeth  on  the  back,  and  a  thick,  blunt  spine  on  each  side  of 
the  abtlonien  at  the  tip. 


No.  140.— The  Eight-spotted  Forester. 

Ah/pia  orfdiiKtriiliifa  (Fiiljr. ). 

While  the  moth  of  this  species  is  v(!ry  dilTcrent  in  appear- 
ance from  Nos.  138  and  139,  the  larva  is  yt^vy  similar,  being 
white  or  pale  bluish,  with  many  black  lines,  and  an  orange 
band  across  each  segment.  This  larva  (Fig.  272,  a)  may, 
however,  be  (bstinguished  by  its  having  eirjlit  black  lines  on 
each  segment  (counting  the  two  which  border  the  oi'ange  baud) 
(see  6,  Fig.  272)  instead  of  .six;  it  has  also  a  series  of  white 
spots  along  each  side  close  to  the  under  surfiun;.  Tlxf  orange 
bands  are  fainter  on  the  anterior  segments,  and  those  on  the 
nnddle  segments  are  dotted  with  black,  and  I'rom  each  of 
these  dots  there  arises  a  short  whitish  hair.  The  lirad  and 
the  u[)i)er  {)art  of  the  next  segment  are  of  a  deep  orange, 


AT  TACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


2t)3 


ulong 


hppcur- 

',  heiiiii,' 

()r:in<ie 

\)  may, 

lint's  on 

'  hand) 

white 

oraiiiiiv 

on   the 

\\\r\\   of 

■ad  and 

|oran;^'(', 


Avith  hluek  dots  and  a  jjohslied  surface.      When  younu-,  the 
larva  is  ])aler,  with  less  distinct  markings;  it  feeds  on  the 
under    side    ot"    tiie    leaf,   and 
when    alarmed    can   let   itself  5"'" 


'27-> 


down  to  the  ground  hv  ti  si 
thread,   regaining   its   jjosi 
hy  the  same  thread  when 
danger  is  })ast.     When  ne 
i'nll  grown,  it  sometimes 
{•cals  itself  dui'ing  the  dayt 
within  a  folded  leaf. 

jjofore  effecting  its  next 
change,  it  moujds  for  itself  an 
earthen  cell,  upon  or  just  below 
the  surface,  which  is  not  lined 

with  silk,  and  within  this  enclosure  is  transformed  into  a 
Ijiown  chrysalis,  from  which,  in  the  early  hrood,  the  moth 
t'scapes.  in  a  few  days.  There  an;  usually  two  hroods  eacdi 
year,  the  moths  ai)pearing  on  the  wing  in  May  and  August, 
tlie  caterpillars  in  June  and  Jidy  and  in  September. 

The  moth  is  shown  ate  in  tlicfigiu-e.  It  is  a  veiy  beautiful 
creat'  re,  of  a  deej)  blue-black  color,  with  two  large  pale-yellow 
spots  on  each  of  the  front  wings,  and  two  white  spots  on  each 
of  the  hind  wings.  In  the  figure  the  fitsmale  moth  is  repre- 
sented; the  male  has  the  spots  on  the  wings  projiortionately 


arger,  and  a  cons|)icuous  white   mark  along 


the  t 


11)    ot 


tl 


le 


ahdouien.  TlHishoidder-coversare  yellow, and  the  legs  j>artly 
orange.  The  wings,  when  sj)read,  measure  from  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  quarter  or  more  across. 

This  insect  is  very  generally  distributed,  being  found  in 
most  portions  of  tlie  United  States  and  Canada.  Where  the 
larva  j)roves  destructive,  it  may  be  subdued  by  syringing  the 
foliage  with  Paris-green  and  water,  in  the  proportion  of  a 
leaspoonful  to  two  gallons,  or  powdered  hellebore  and  water, 
in  the  proportion  of  one  ounce  to  two  gallons. 


264 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GliAPE. 


Fio.  273. 


Cty 


No.  141. — The  Grape-vine  Epimenis. 

J'si/comorpha  epimenis  (Drury). 

Tliere  is  still  another  gnipe-feeding  insect  which,  in  the  cat- 
erpillar state,  bears  a  strong  general  resemblance  to  Nos.  1.38 
and  139.     The  larva  (Fig.  273,  a)  in  this  species  is  smaller,  of 

a  bhiish-white  color,  with 

fonr  transverse  black  binds 
c-  Ci-i^^i-:!)        yjj  ^.j^pjj  gQgpieijf;^  ag  shown 

at  i  in  the  fignre,  and  a  feu- 
black  dots,  bnt  lacks  the 
oranire  bands  which  (lis- 
tingnish  the  three  species  last  described.  The  shield  behind 
the  head,  the  hnmpon  the  twelfth  segment,  and  the  anal  plate 
are  of  a  dnll-orange  color;  the  dots  on  the  hiunp  are  arranged 
as  shown  at  c  in  the  fignre.  The  yonng  larva  attacks  the  ter- 
minal buds  of  tlie  vine  in  spring,  fastening  the  young  leaves 
bv  a  few  silken  tlireads,  and  secreting  itself  within  the  en- 
dostu'e.  When  full  grown,  which  is  usually  towards  the  end 
of  May,  it  bores  into  soft  wood  or  any  other  suitable  sub- 
stance, and  there  changes  to  a  reddish-brown  chrysalis,  about 
four-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  roughened  on  the  joints,  and 
having  a  curious,  flattened,  horny  projection  on  each  side  of 
the  tip.  Within  this  enclosure  it  remains  until  the  following 
spring,  when  the  perfect  insect  escaj)es. 

The  moth  (Fig.  274)  is  of  a  velvety-black  color,  with  a 
broad,  irregular,  white  ])atch  extending  nearly  across  the  front 

wings,  and  a  somewhat  larger  and   moie 

regularly  formed  spot  of  a  didl  orange-red 

across  the  hind  wings.   The  wings  tire  alsd 

si)rinkled  with    brilliant    purplish   scales, 

most  numerous  along  the  outer  margins, 

where   they  form    a    narrow   band.     The 

under  side  is  paler,  with  similar  markings,  the  purplish  scales 

ap|)earing  very  distinct  on  the  front  and  posterior  margins  of 

the  hinder  wings.     The  antenna^  of   (he  male  are  toothed, 


Fia.  274. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


265 


Fi(i.  27; 


tliose  of  the  female  tliread-llla'.  Fig.  274  represents  the  male. 
Should  this  insect  ever  prove  destructive,  it  may  be  suhdiied 
I»y  the  trratmeiit  recommetided  for  No.  140,  the  species  last 
(K'scribtHl. 

No.  142. — The  American  Procris. 

Prncris  Anwrii'dun  Ifiirris. 

The  larvseof  this  destructive  insect  feed  in  flocks,  arranged 
in  a  sini^le  row  on  the  under  side  of  the  vine  leaves,  as  .'ehown 
ill  Fig.  275.  The  egg-clusters  from  which  these  larvtc  pro- 
ceed, consisting  of 
t  wenty  eggs  or  more, 
are  fastened  by  the 
moth  to  the  under 
side  of  the  leaves. 
While  young,  the 
little  caterpillars  eat 
oidy  the  .soft  ti.ssucs 
of  the  leaves,  leaving 
the  tine  net-work  of 
veins  untouched,  as 
shown  on  the  right 
of  the  ligurc,  but 
as  they  grow  older 
tliev  devour  all  but 


the  larger  vein.s,  as 


shown  ou  the  oppo- 
site side.  They  acquire  full  growth  in  August,  when  they 
measure  about  six-tenths  of  an  inch  in  length,  are  of  a  yellow 
color,  slightly  hairy  (see  Fig.  270,  «),  with  a  transverse  row 
of  i)lack  spots  on  each  .segment ;  they  feed  with  their  heads 
towanls  the  margin,  and  gradually  retreat  as  the  leaf  is  de- 
voured. When  full  grown,  they  disperse,  and,  retiring  to 
some  sheltered  spot  or  crevice,  construct  their  tough,  oblong- 
oval  cocoons,  one  of  which  is  shown  at  c  in  the  tigure,  within 
which  in  about  three  days  they  change  to  shining  brown  cluy.s- 
alids  (/;)  about  three-tenths  of  an   inch   long,  from  which  the 


2GG 


ISSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


Fig.  270. 


moths  esc'ai)o  in  about  ten  or  twelve  days,  and  soon  dej)osit 
eggs  for  the  second  brood,  whieh  mature  hUer  in  the  season. 

Some  iew  of  them  produce 
moths  before  winter  ap- 
j)roaches,  butthegi'eater  poi-- 
tion  remain  in  the  elirysalis 
condition  (hii'ing  the  winter, 
the  moths  escaping  the  fol- 


a 


lowing  June. 


The  moth  is  of  a  blue- 
black  color,  with  an  orange- 
yellow  collar,  and  a  notched 
tuft  at  the  c.\tre;nity  of  the  body  ;  the  wings  are  very  narrow, 
and  when  expanded  measure  nearly  an  inch  across.  In  Fig. 
27G,  e  represents  the  moth  with  the  wings  spread,  d  the  same 
with  the  wings  closed.  This  insect  is  more  conunon  in  the  West 
and  South  than  in  the  East,  and  is  sometimes  very  injurious. 
Thov  mav  be  destroyed  bv  syringing  the  vines  with  Paris- 
green  and  water,  as  recommended  for  No.  140.  There  is  a 
.small  parasite,  a  black,  four-winged  fly,  which  attacks  this 
larva  and  destroys  it. 


No.  143. — The  Grape-vine  Leaf-roller. 

Drsiiiia  nutriilittis  AVe.stwood. 

This  insect,  although  most  abundant  in  the  Southern  States, 
is  very  generally  distribnted,  and  will,  no  doubt,  in  its  cater- 
pillar form  be  I'amiliar  to  most  gnipe-growers.  In  Fig.  277, 
1  represents  the  larva,  natural  size,  2  a  magnilied  view  of  a 
portion  of  the  anterior  part  of  its  body,  3  the  chrysalis,  4  the 
male  moth,  5  the  female  moth. 

The  moth  is  a  very  pretty  little  creature,  measuring,  when 
its  wings  are  expanded,  about  nine- tenths  of  an  inch  or  more 
across.  The  wings  arc  dark  brown,  nearly  black,  with  a 
coppeiy  Instre,  and  lightly  fringed  with  white  ;  the  fore  wings 
have  two  white  sj)()ts,  nearly  oval  in  form,  the  hind  wings  l)nt 
one  white  spot  in  the  male,  which  is  usually  divit'^d,  forming 


ATTACK  ISO   THE  LEAVES. 


'207 


two,  in  the  female.  The  body  is  hhick,  crossed  in  tlic  feiniile 
hv  two  white  h:uid.s,  in  tlie  male  by  one  only.  The  male 
moth  has  the  antennte  elbowed  and  thickened  near  the  middle, 
in  the  female  thev  are  uniform  and  thread-liUe. 


Fig.  277. 


There  are  two  broods  of  the  insect  durini>;  the  summer. 
The  first  moths,  which  have  passed  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis 
state,  appear  early  in  June,  and  deposit  tlieir  ej^^gs  sinuly  on 
the  leaves  of  the  vine,  wiiich  are  soon  hatched,  the  yount; 
worm  at   once  manifesting   its   lea^folding   propensities  by 
turning  down  a  small  portion  of  the  leaf  on  which  it  is  placed 
and  livino;  withiu  the  tube  thus  forined.     As  it  increases  in 
size,  a  larger  ease  is  made,  often  the  whole  leaf  being  rolled 
into  a  large  cylinder,  wider  at  one  end  than  at  the  othci",  and 
firmly  fastened  with  stout  silken  threads,     iu  this  hiding- 
place  the  little  active  wriggling  creature  lives  in  comparative 
safety,  issuing  from  it  to  feed  on  the  surrounding  foliage.     It 
is  so  very  rapid  in  its  movements,  both  ba(;k\var(ls  and  for- 
wards, that  it  freciuently  escapes  detection  In'  suddeidy  slipping 
out  of   its  case  when   disturbed   and  falling  to  the  ground. 
The  length   of   the    full-grown    caterpillar    is    about    three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  ;  the  body  is  yellowish  green  at  the  sides, 
a  little  darker  above,  glo,s,sy  and  ,semi-(raiis|)arent,  with  a  few 
fine   yellow    hairs    on  each   segment.     The   head   is  reddish 
yellow,  and  the  next  segment  behind  it  has  a  crescent-shaped 
patch  above  of  the  same  color;  on  the  third  segment  there 
are  two  or  three  black  spots  on  each  side,  and  on  the  twelfth 


2G8 


lASECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   GRAPE. 


.soo'Mieiit  one.  The  first  brood  of  oiiterpillars  arc  full  grown 
about  the  last  of  July,  when  tiiey  change  to  chrysalids,  i'roiii 
which  Hie  moths  escape  early  in  August;  the  seeoiul  brood 
of  larva)  are  found  on  tiie  vines  in  September. 

The  chrysalis  (3,  Fig.  277)  is  about  lialf  an  inch  long  and 
of  ;i  dark-brown  color.  It  is  usually  formed  within  the 
ioided  leaf;  hence  the  last  brood  Avhich  pass  the  winter  in 
this  inactive  state  may,  in  a  great  measure,  be  destroyed  by 
carefully  going  over  the  vineyard  late  in  the  season,  before 
the  leaves  fali,  and  |)iclcing  olf  the  folded  leaves  and  l)urning 
them;  or  the  larvte  may  be  destroyed  earlier  in  the  season  by 
crushing  the  ibUhd  leaves,  taking  care  that  the  active  oc.-ii- 
])an(s  do  notesca[)c.  Although  this  insect  is  usually  common, 
it  is  seldom  vcrv  destructive  anvwiiere. 


No.  144. — The  Gartered  Plume-moth. 

Oxi/piUiispcrtscclkladyhis  (Fiteh )• 

The  i'amily  of  moths  to  which  this  insect  belongs  are  called 
])lume-niotIis,  from  their  having  the  wings  divided,  into  feather- 
like lolics. 

The  larva  (Fig.  278,  a)  appears  on  the  grai)c- vinos  in  spring, 
as  soon  as  the  young  foliage  has  fairly  started,  fastening  the 
terminal  leaves  into  a  spherical  form,  and  living  within  the 
enclosure,  where  it  feeds  on  the  tender  leaves  and  young 
bunchefj  of  blossom.  It  is  usually  .solitary  in  its  habits, 
but  sometimes  two  or  three  are  found  togethei*.  ^^'hen  full 
growji,  which  is  usually  early  in  Jun(>,  it  is  about  half  an  inch 
long,  a.id  is  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  \n  ith  transverse  rows 
of  dull-yi'llow  tuberciles,  from  each  of  whicli  arises  a  small 
tuft  of  white  hidrs.  There  is  a  lin  ;  down  the  back  of  a 
deeper  green,  and  the  body  is  paler  l)etween  the  segments. 
The  head  is  small,  yellowish  green,  with  a  band  m|"  black 
aero,ss  ihe  front;  feet  black,  tiupi'd  with  pale  green;  the  |>ro- 
Icg.-5,  which  arc  long  and  thin,  are  greenish.  When  matured, 
it  spins  a  few  silken  threads  on  the  under  side  of  a  leal',  or 
in  .M)me  other  convenient  s|)ol,and,  having  entangled  its  hind 


I 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


2(>9 


"nil  grown 
ilids,  from 
oiKJ  brood 

long  iiiul 
•itliiii  till' 
"winter  in 
it  roved  l)v 
on,  hefure 
1  bnrniiig 
season  hy 
tive  oc'.'ii- 

eonmion. 


are  called 
o  f'eatlier- 

n  s[)ring, 

ning  the 

idiin  tlie 

1  yoiniLi,' 

liabifs. 

!ien  111  1 1 

an  inch 

rse  roA\s 

I    SIIKlll 

■k   of  a 

•gnieiils. 

'  hlaek 

lie  |»r(i- 

i.ilnred, 
leaf,  (tr 
is  liiiid 


Fia.  278. 


legs  firmly  in  the  web  of  silk,  sheds  its  hairy  skin  and  be- 
comes a  chrysalis. 

An  odd-looking  little  thing  it  is  (sec  Fig.  278,  6),  about 
four-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  angnlar  and  rugged,  and  when 
touched  it  wriggles  about  very 
briskly.  It  has  two  rather  long, 
compressed  horns  ])laced  :-ide  by 
side,  extending  upwards,  on  the 
middle  of  its  back  ;  one  of  these 
is  shown,  enlarged,  at  c;  it  has  also 
other  smaller  {.rojecting  points  and 
ridges.  At  first  its  color  is  pale 
yellowish  green,  but  it  soon  grows 
darker,  becoming  reddish,  brown, 
with  darker  spots.  It  remains  in 
this  condition  from  one  to  two 
weeks,  when  the  perfect  insect 
a[)i)cars. 

The  moth,  which  is  .shown  in 
tlu!  i'igure  at  (/,  is  an  elegant  little 
insect,  its  wings  ineasuri.g,  when 
exj)anded,  about  seven-tenths  of  an 

inch  across.  The  fore  wings  are  long  and  nariow,  and  cleft 
down  the  midtlle  about  half-way  to  their  base,  the  j)osterior 
half  of  the  wing  ha\ing  a  notch  in  the  outer  margin.  Their 
color  is  yellowish  brown,  with  a  metallic  lustre,  and  .several 
didl-whitish  streaks  and  spots.  The  iiind  wings  ai'(!  similar 
in  color  to  the  iinterior  pair,  and  are  divided  into  three  lobes; 
the  lower  division  is  complete,  extending  to  the  base,  the 
upper  one  not  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  distance!.  The 
niit(!r  and  hind  margins  of  the  wings,  as  well  as  all  the  ('dges  of 
llieir  lobes, are  bordered  with  ii  deep  whitish  fringe, spriidcled 
here  and  there  with  brown;  the  body  is  long  and  sleiidt'r, 
:md  a  little  darker  than  tin;  wings.  The  ant((nnie  arc;  moder- 
ately long  and  thread-like,  nearly  black,  but  beautifully  dotted 
with  white  throughout  their  whole  length.     Tlu;  legs  are  long, 


270 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   QRAPE. 


biiiided  alternately  witli  yellowish  brown  and  white,  the  hind 
ones  ornamented  with  txro  pairs  of  diverging  spuies,  having 
at  their  base  a  iiarter-like  luft  of  long  brown  seales,  from 
whieh  feature  the  moth  derives  its  name. 

This  inseet  is  single-brooded;  it  is  common  throughout  On- 
tario and  Quebec.  >V'here  troublesome,  it  may  be  sr.lxlued  by 
hand-picking,  or  by  pinching  the  clusters  of  leaves  and  crusjiing 

the  larvse. 

No.  145. — The  Grape-vine  Cidaria. 

C'ularia  diversilincald  Ili'ihii. 

This  is  a  pretty  yellow  moth,  pro(hu'ing  a  geometric  or 
looping  caterpillar  which  consumes  the  foliage  of  the  vine. 
The  insect  passes  the  winter  in  the  caterpillar  state,  hiber- 
nating in  some  secure  retreat  until  aroused  to  activity  by  the 
warmtii  of  spi'ing,  when,  after  feeding  a  few  day  on  the 
young  vine  leaves,  it  becomes  a  chrysalis,  |)rodueing  the  moth 
about  ten  days  afterwards.  The  moths  within  a  few  days 
deposit,  their  eggs  on  the  leaves  of  the  vine,  n 'li  h  liatch  early 
in  .lune,  and  the  larva^  nearly  comj)Iete  their  growth  by  the 
end  of  the  month,  pass  into  the  chrysalis  state,  and  appear  as 
moths  again  in  duly  and  August.  These  latter  deposit  eggs 
for  the  second  brood  of  larvic,  which,  before  reaching  maturity, 
become  torpid,  and  rcmiiin  in  this  (!ondition  until  s[>ring. 

The  moth  (  b'ig.  271))  measures,  when  its  wings  are  ex- 
panded, about  an  inch  and  a  half  across.  Its  color  is  pale 
ociu'c-yellow, crossed  by  many  grayish-brown  lines,  and  clouded 

with  patches  of  the  same,  pai'- 
ticulnrly  along  the  n>argin  of  the 
wings.  The  bodv  and  leirs  are 
similar  in  color  lo  the  wings,  the 
latter  being  marked  with  black 
about  the  joints. 

I^arly  i"  June  th^-  reddish 
geometi'ic  caterpillars  (»f  (his  ntoth  are  found  upon  the  leaves, 
out  of  which  they  eat  numerous  pieces  of  various  Hi/es  and 
shapeH.      liy   liie    middle    of   liie    mouth    they   beconie    lull 


Fu).  219. 


A  T  TA  CKL\  G    THE   L  KA  VES. 


271 


0,  the  hind 
nos,  liaviiiu; 
'ciiles,  from 

ighout  On- 
iiib(hie(l  bv 


1(1  erii:?luiiir 


Fi<;.  L>80. 


"xneti'ic  or 

the  vine. 

iite,  hlher- 

ity  by  the 

}s  on  tlie 

f  the  moth 

few  (hivs 

iiteh  early 

th   by  the 

appear  as 

losjt  e<rii\s 

iuaturitw 

iriiio'. 

ire  ex- 
>r  is   paic 

rh)n(h'il 

I  me,  par- 

.iii  of  Ihi' 

leu'-^  ai'c 

iny-,  the 

h    bhlek 

reddish 

»•  ieavi's, 
i/»'s  and 
nic    full 


<>;ro\vn,  wlicn  tliey  mea.snre  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter 
louijj.  (See  Fig.  280.)  Tiie  head  is  dull  reddish  brown,  the 
body  yellowish  green,  with  a  few 
-mall  whitish  dots  on  eaeh  .segment. 
On  eaeh  side  of  the  seeond  segment 
is  a  small  reddish  spot,  and  on  the 
I  bird  a  larger  one  of  a  darker  shade ; 

(III  this  latter  segment  there  is  a  fold  in  the  skin,  which  makes 
the  spot  appear  as  a  brown  ])rominenee.  The  terminal  seg- 
ment is  furnished  with  two  short,  greenish  spines,  which 
extend  baekwards ;  the  surface  of  the  body  is  wrinkled;  the 
under  surface  reddish,  with  a  central  reddish  line,  bordered 
with  white,  which  is  margined  with  dull  red.  These  larvie 
are  very  variable  in  color,  being  sometimes  yellowish  green, 
whitish  green,  deep  red,  and  oecasit)nally  dark  brown,  nearly 
hlaek.  When  alarmed,  they  straighten  themselves  out,  and 
remain  for  some  time  without  moving,  when,  being  so  nearly 
of  the  color  of  the  twigs  they  rest  on,  tliey  usually  escape 
detection. 

Where  these  larvtc  are  sufficiently  numerous  to  prove 
troublesome,  the  vines  may  be  syringe'd  with  Paris-green  and 
water,  or  hellebore  an<l  water,  as  recommended  for  Xo.  140. 

No.  146.— The  Yellow  Woolly-bear. 

SitildSdiiiii    \'iri/iiilcii  (Kuhr.). 

This  common  caterpillar  is  so  well  known  that  it  is  searcely 
necessary  to  describe  it.  I'A'cry  one  wh'  has  a  garden  in 
which  I'ruits  oi-  llowei's  are  grown  must  have  ''re(pienfly  met 
with  it,  for  no  inseet  is  .so  uniformly  common  and  troul)lesoino 
as  tiiis  one.  It  secMus  to  have  a  special  liking  foi*  the  leaves 
nf  the  grape-\iue.  but  it  leeds  also  on  the  leaves  of  a  great 
variiJty  of  plants,  shrubs,  and  trees. 

'I'he  moth  from  which  the  larva  is  produced  is  sh(»wu  at  c, 
I'ig.  2M1,  and  is  commoidy  known  as  the  "white  miller." 
It  passes  (h(!  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state,  and  ap|H'ars  on  the 
wing  lute  in  April  or  eai'ly  in  May,  and,  when   its  wings  iire 


272 


INSECTS   ISJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


e\i)aiulcHl,  measures  IVom  one  aiul  a  luilt'  to  two  inches  across. 
'IMie  figure  represents  a  female ;  the  males  are  somewhat 
smaller.  Both  sexes  have  the  winj^s  white,  with  a  few  black 
(lots,  which  vary  in  mimber  in  (litlerent  specimens;  in  some 
there  are  two  on  each  of  the  front  wings,  and  three  on  each 
of  th(^  hinder  pair;  in  others  the  sj)ots  are  partly  or  almost 
entirely  wanting.  The  dot,  however,  near  the  middle  of  tlu; 
front  wings  is  almost  always  present,  although  sometimes 
very  faint.     The  un(h'r  side  usually  has  the  spots  more  dis- 


Fi(i,  281. 


<r2. 


tinct  than  the  ni)|ier,  and  sometimes  there  is  a  slight  tinge  of 
yellow  over  its  white  surfiiee.  The  antoniKc  are  whit«!  above, 
dark  brown  below,  tlu;  head  and  thora\  white,  and  the  ab- 
domen of  an  orange  color,  usually  streaked  across  with  white, 
and  having  three  rows  of  black  sjjots,  one  above  and  one  on 
each  side.  The  under  sid(!  of"  the  abdomen  is  white,  occa- 
sionally tinged  with  orange,  and  the  thighs  of  the  fore  legs 
ochre-vellow. 

The  eggs,  which  jwc  round  and  yellow,  are  deposited  on  the 
tmder  side  of  the  leaves  in  large  clusters,  and  in  a  few  days 
hatch  into  small  hairy  ealeri)illars,  which  feed  for  a  time  in 
company,  devouring  at  this  tender  age  the  under  side  of  the 
leaf  only,  the  outer  skin  over  the  eaten  part  soon  becoming 


ATTACKISC    THE    LEAVES. 


27:'» 


es  across, 
iomowluit 
fow  black 
in  .some 
e  on  each 
or  almost 
lie  of  the 
;()uietini('s 
more  dis- 


tm^e  ol 

i(c  above, 

1    the  ab- 

h  white, 

(1  one  oil 

lite,  oeca- 

Ibre  leys 


'(1  oil  the 
("e\v  (liivs 
I  time  in 
le  of  the 
l)e(H)miiig 


yellow  i'.id  withered.  When  partly  L;ro\vii,  they  se[)arate, 
eiu'h  one  choosing"  his  own  i'onrse,  aii<l  bv  this  tinu!  their 
dii^estive  powers  have  become  siiniricntly  stroiio-  to  enabli' 
them  to  cat  freely  of  all  |>arts  of  the  leaf. 

The  fiill-i^rown  caterpillar  (Fi,u'.  281,  a)  is  nearly  two 
inches  long-,  and  nsiially  of  a  yellowish  color,  but  the  color 
varies  i;'reatly,  and  in  the  same  brood  there  may  be  found 
with  the  yellow  some  straw-colored  and  others  brown,  from 
a  light  to  a  very  dark  shade.  On  each  segment  there  are  a 
nuiid)er  of  yellowish  tubercles,  from  each  of  which  there  arises 
a  tuft  of  hairs  ol'  a  yellowish  or  brownish  color,  sometimes 
intermingled  with  a  lew  black  ones.  'I'hc  s[)aces  between  the 
segments  are  crossed  bv  dark-brownish  or  sometimes  black 
lines,  and  there  is  a  line  of  the  same  color  along  each  side ; 
tlic  uiKJer  surface  of  the  body  is  dark  also.  When  mature, 
it  seeks  some  sheltered  nook  or  cranny  in  which  to  })ass  the 
chrysalis  state,  and,  having  found  a  suitable  location,  proceeds 
to  divest  its  body  of  the  hairy  covering,  and  with  this  woven 
together  bv  silken  threads  it  constructs  a  slight  cocoon,  within 
which  the  chrysalis  is  formei',  of  ;i  I'liestnut-brown  color,  as 
shown  at  /;  in  the  figiu-e.  There 
arc  at  least  two  broods  ol'  this 
insect  er.ch  year,  and  these 
l)roods  so  intenningli>  that  the 
insect  may  almost  always  !)(> 
found  in  one  or  other  ol  its 
stages  from  May  to  ()ct<tb(r. 

This  species  is  subject  to  the 
attack  of  several  kinds  of  li:h- 
neiimon  flies,  whicii  destroy  iin- 
iiiense  nitwalw^rs  t)f  them  every 
year.  "Mic  ot   these,  O^ihion  hl- 

liiiC(Ui(.s  Say,  is  represented  in  Fig.  'JS2.  Were  it  not  for 
these  friei.,llv  agencies  constant Iv  at  work  th(  <'ominon  woolly- 
bears  would  ."lOon  become  very  de^tru«•l ive.  A-n  it  is,  tiiey  arc 
soinetinies  very  injurious;  when  ihi-  i^  'he  .'ase.  hand-[)ieking' 


I'Ki.  1282. 


274 


INSECTS  INJURIOrs    TO    THE   (.'/!. I /'E. 


sliould  be  resorted  to,  ami  if  tliis  is  done  wliile  the  larvse  are 
V()iiii<r  and  feediiiii:  i'l  eoiunanv,  their  destriutioii  is  easilv 
aceotnplisiied. 

No.  147. — The  Pyramidal  Grape-vine  Caterpillar 

I'jirophihi  jii/rdiin'iliiidcs  ((iiicii.). 

This  eaterpiUar  ( Fiu,'.  "-'vS-'^)  is  iVeciuciitly  destructive  to 
grape-vines,  partieidarly  to  tiiose  grown  under  ghiss,  and  may 
be  ibiuul  on  the  leaves  lull  i^rown  about  the  niiddh!  of  June 

It  is  nearly  an  inch 
^'"-  -^'•-  and  a  hall"  long,  the 

body  tapering  to- 
wards the  front,  and 
thickened  l)ehini!. 
The  head  is  rather 
small,  of  a  whitish- 
given  color,  with  the  mandibles  tij)ped  with  black;  the  body 
whitish  green,  a  little  darker  on  the  sides,  with  a  white  stripe 
down  the  back,  a  little  broken  between  the  segments  or  rings, 
and  widening  behind.  Thei-c  is  a  bright-yellow  strii)e  on 
each  side  close  to  the  under  sni'face,  which  is  most  distinct  on 
the  hinder  segments,  and  a  second  one  of  the  same  color,  but 
fainter,  half-way  between  this  and  the  (htisal  line;  thi^i  lattei" 
is  more  distinct  on  the  j)osterior  portion  of  the  body,  and 
follows  the  peculiar  j)ronunence  on  the  twelfth  segment,  as 
shown  in  the  (igure.  The  nndei-  side  of  the  body  is  [)ale 
green. 

When  full  grown,  the  caterpillar  descends  to  the  groinid, 
and,  drawing  together  soint!  loose  fallen  leaves  or  other 
rni)bish,  spins  a  slight  cocoon,  within  which  it  changes  to  a 
dai'k-browu  chrysalis,  from  which  the  perfec;t  insect  escapes 
in  the  latter  part  of  duly. 

The  moth  (Fig.  28  I)  measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded, 
about  one  and  three-cpiarter  inches.  The  Ibi-e  wings  ai'e<lark 
brown  shaded  with  |)aler  brown  and  with  dots  and  wavy  lines 
of  dull  white;   the  hind  wing>^  are  reddish,  with  a  co])i)ei'y 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


275 


irvjo  are 
is   easily 


ir 

i(!tive  to 

iuid  may 

1)1'  Jmic. 

an  inch 

long,  tlio 

•ins;-     to- 

•ont,  and 

hohiml. 

is   ratlicr 

\vliiti>li- 

tlie  body 

ite  stripe 

or  riiiu's, 

;tripe  <in 

inct  on 

)lor,  l)ni 

i-.  latter 

dy,  and 

nent,  as 

is   pale 

"•round, 
)r    other 

Li'cs  to  a 
eseapi'- 

panded, 

iire  dark 

ivy  lines 

(•o|)|)('ry 


histre,  he(!oniin<2;  brown  on   the  outer  angle  o("  the  front  edge 

ot"  the  wing,  and   paler  towards  the  hinder  and   inner  angle. 

The    under  surfaee    ol"   the 

wings   is   much   paler   tluui 

t  lie  nj»i)er.   The  body  is  dark 

brown,    its    hinder    portion 

l)auded  with  lines  of  a  paler 

hue. 

While  j)artial  to  the  grape, 
I  he  hirva  feeds  also  on  thorn, 
j)luni,  rasj)berrv,  red-bud, 
Cercis  CiDKuIenfiia,  p()j)lai-,  and  probably  other  trees,  shrubs, 
etc.  The  insect  is  distributed  over  a  wide  area.  Where  they 
are  numerous  enough  to  prove  troubU'sonie,  thev  may  be  col- 
lectexl  and  destroyed  by  jarring  the  trees  or  vines  on  which 
thev  are  feeding,  when  thev  will  (b'op  to  the  txround. 

No.  148.— The  Silky  Pyrophila. 

Pi/ro/i/ii/ii  /rii(/<)ji'ii/inls  (Linn.). 

Tiie  caterj)inar  of  this  moth  is  of  a  yellowish-green  <vi]or, 
with  a  few  very  fine  brownish  hairs  scattered  over  the  upper 
sm'faee  of  its  body.  It  is  found  feeding  on  the  grape-vine, 
and  sometimes  in  suHieient  numbers  to  become  a  source  of 
annoyance;  it  attains  full  growth  about  the  middle  of  June, 
when  it  measures  an  inch  and  a  quarter  or  moi-e  in  length. 
The  head  is  small,  grecni,  the  jaws  tipped  with  bi-own  ;  the 
upper  siirl'aee  of  the  body  is  yellowish  gre(!n,a  little  pah'r  be- 
Iween  the  joints;  there  is  a  white  sti'ipe  down  the  bach,  and 
two  of  the  same  color  along  each  side,  the  lowest  one  IxMug 
most  distinct.  On  eich  segment  there  are  several  small 
whitish  dots,  from  each  of  which  arises  a  single  line  hair. 
The  under  side  is  deeper  in  color  than  the  up|K'r.  When 
matiu'c,  It  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  a  little  imder  the 
MU'lace  of  the  groinid,  from  whii'h  the  perfect  insect  escapes 
in  .July. 

The  moth   measures,  when   its  wings  are  spread,  about  an 


27H 


INSECTS  lyjURIOUS    TO    THE   GRAPE. 


inch  and  ii  quarter  across.  Its  lore  wings  are  grayish  brown 
with  a  silky  lustre,  with  several  pale  (h)ts  ou  the  front  edge, 
and  three  short  (hirk  streaks  near  the  middle.  Tlie  hind 
wings  are  paler. 

A\'heu  lonnd  to  he  injurious,  the  cMtcrpillars  may  be  subilued 
by  lKUuI-[)icking. 

No.  149.— The  Spotted  Pelidnota. 

Pelidiidta  piimlala  [  Linn.). 

This   enemy  to  the   grape-vine   is   a   large  and    handsome 
beetle  (Fig.  285,  c),  wdiieli  eats  the  leaves,  making  numerous 


-  -  -^^  •  ■ 'i&iiiiiiriiii  '  '#  -. 

^^:n  ■        -  - 


holes  ill  tliem.  It  measures  about  an  inch  in  length  and  hiilf 
an  inch  in  width  at  its  widest  ))art,  is  nearly  oval  in  form,  ut' 
a  (hdl  i-eddish-yellow  eolor,  with  a  polished  surface,  and  three 
black  spots  on  the  outer  side  of  (\ich  wing-cover.  The  tho- 
lax,  which  is  rather  darker  th;in  the  wing-covers,  is  slightly 
bron/A'd,  and  has  a  small  blaiik  dot  on  each  side;  the  jaws  and 
hinder  part  of  the  head  are  black,  so  also  is  the  scutiilhun,  :i 
small,  nearly  triangular  piece  at  the  point  of  juncture  of  the 
W'ing-covors  with  the  thorax.     Tiie  transparent,  gauzy  wings, 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


'J,  I  i 


liandsoinc 
numerous 


which  are  concealed  under  the  wing-cases  Avlien  not  in  use,  are 
(hirk  l)r()wn.  The  under  side  of  the  beetle  is  (jari<  u'reciijwith 
a  metallic  lustre,  downy  about  the  middle,  with  tine  brownisli 


liairs. 


I 


^ej^s,  (lar 


Innmij:  irreen 


It 


appears  du!  ing 


Jub 


and  August,  and  is  active  during  the  day,  tlying  tVoui  vine  to 
vine  with  a  heavv,  awkward  flight  and  a  loud,  buzziusx  noise. 
The  female  deposits  iier  eggs  in  rotten  wood,  on  which  the 
hirva,  when  hatched,  feeds  ;  tiie  decaying  stumps  and  exposed 
decaying  roots  of  pear,  hickory,  and  other  trees  being  selected 
for  this  purpose. 

When  full  iirown,  the  larva  measures  nearly  two  inches  iu 


the  ti 


irure, 


lengtli,  and  presents  the  appearance  shown  at  <i,  \n 
It  lias  a  chestnut-brown  head  and  a  transhiccMit,  white  body, 
and  much  reseuibles  the  larva  of  the  .Mav-bcetle,  No.  ll-'J, 
but  is  of  a  clearer  white  coh>r,  and  has  a  heart-siia[)ed  swelling 
on  the  terniin;  1  segment,  which  is  short  and  cut  off  squarely. 
A  front  view  of  the  markiny^s  on  this  segment  is  <ji;ivcn  at  d 


iu   the  fiy-ure.     When   mature,  it  forms  a  slidit 


diicl 


1  are  woven  its  own  castmgs  mixed  with  particles  ol   th( 


cocoon, into 
th 


surrounding  wood,  and  within  this  it  changes  to  a  chrysalis, 
as  seen  at  b,  from  which  the  beetle  escai)es  about  ten  days 
afterwards;  e  repi-esents  the  antenna  of  the  larva,  and /one 
of  its  legs,  both  magnified. 

This  insect  is  common  throughout  the  Eastern  and  Western 
States  and  the  central  portions  of  Canada.  Should  it  at  any 
time  prove  injurious,  it  can  easily  1 


)e  reduced   m   nnmhers  hy 


hand-picking.     It  feeds  also  on  the  Virginia  crct'ix'r,  Anipe- 
lopsis  quiiiqucfoUa.  ,  . 

No.  150. — The  Grape-vine  Flea-beetle. 

(iraphi(U'ra  r/ni!i/hc<i  (llli^-.). 

This  pretty  but  destructive  little  beetle  (see  Fig.  2S()) 
forces  itself  upon  the  attention  of  grape-growers  very  [)roni- 
inently  in  the  sj)ring  season,  when,  awakened  by  the  reviving 
warmth  of  tiie  sun  from  its  winter  state  ()f  tor[)idity,  and 
with  appetite  shari)ened  by  its  long  fast,  it  commences  its  work 


278 


L\SKCTS   IXJUJilOUS    TO    Tlll-l    GliAPK. 


of  (k'stnu'tioii  l)v  eatiii":  awiiv  tlic  .substance  of  the  buds  as 
soon  as  tlicv  hvAn  to  swell,  thus  (lestrovint;;  inanv  buncihes  of 

Yw,.  'im.  Vui.  2S7. 


ii'rapps  in  embryo.  It  goes 
on  with  this  wori<  for  about 
a  month,  when  it  gradually 
disappears.  Before  leaving, 
Jiowever,  the  beetle  provides 
for  the  eontinuanee  of  its 
race  by  depositing  little 
clusters  of  orange-colored 
eggs  on  the  under  side;  of 
the  young  vine  leaves,  which 
in  u  few  days  produce  colo- 
nies of  small,  dark-brown 
larvffi,  M'hich  feed  on  the 
uj)per  side  of  the  leaves, 
riddling  them,  and  when 
numerous  they  devour  the 
whole  leaf  exce[)t  the  larger 
veins,  and  sometifnes  en- 
tirely strip  the  vines  of  foli- 
age. Fig.  287  rcjjresents 
the  larv.e  in  various  stages 
of  growth  at  work  on  the  vine,  accompanied  also  by  some 
of  the  beetles. 

In  three  or  four  weeks  the  larva  attains  full  growth,  when 
it  is  a  little  more  than  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  usually 


.  I  TT.  I  CKISd    Til E   L  K.  1  \  ES. 


279 


I-'ki,  2SS. 


(il'a  Iit;lit-I)r()\vii  color,  soiiiotimes  dark,  and  occasionally  j)alor 
an<l  yollowisli.  The  head  is  black,  and  tlici-c  arc  six  oi'  cii2;lit 
sliiniii";  black  dots  on  each  of  the  other  scy-nients  of  the  hodv, 
each  dot  emitting  a  single  hrownlsh  hair.  The  under  surface 
is  paler  than  the  upper,  its  feet,  six  in  iHiiid)er,  are  black,  and 
there  is  a  fleshy,  orange-colored  proleg  on  the  terminal  seg- 
ment.     It  is  shown  niagnilied  in  Fig.  28(S. 

When  mature,  the  larvic  leave  the  vin(>s  and  descend  to  the 
irround,  where  thev  burrow  under  the  earth  and  form  small, 
smooth,  oval  cells,  within  which  they  change  to 
dark-vellowish  ehrv.salids.  After  remaining;  two 
oi'  three  weeks  in  this  condition,  the  beetles  issue 
fi-oin  them,  and  the  work  of  destruction  goes  on; 
but  since  tluy  live  at  this  season  of  the  yeai'  alto- 
gether on  leaves,  of  which  there  is  an  abundance, 
the  injuiy  done  is  much  less  than  in  the  spring. 

The  beetle  is  about  three-twentieths  of  an  inch 
long,  and  varies  in  color  from  a  polished  steel-blue 
to  given,  and  occiasionaliy  to  a  purplish  hue,  with 
a  transverse  depression  across  the  hinder  [)art  of  the  thorax. 
The  under  side  is  dark  green,  the  antenuie  and  feet  brownish 
black  ;  the  thighs  are  stout  and  robust,  by  means  of  which 
the  inse(;t  is  al)le  to  jum|)  about  very  nimbly.  One  of  the 
legs,  detached  from  the  body,  is  shown  in  Fig.  280.  On  the 
a|)i)roach  of  winter  the  beetles  retire  to  some  suitable  shelter, 
as  under  leaves,  pieces  of  bark',  or  in  the  earth  immediately 
around  the  roots  of  the  vines,  A\here  they  remain  inactive 
initil  the  following  spring.  Besides  the  vine,  they  feed  on  the 
A^irginia  crcei)er,  Ampchjji^ixtjniti'iKcfolin,  and  the  alder,  Ahnis 
,sei'n(/<if(t,  and  sometimes  eat  the  leaves  of  the  plum-tree. 

Jicnii'dics. — To  destroy  the  beetles  it  is  recommended  to 
sti'ew  in  the  autunui  air-slaked  lime  or  unleached  ashes 
around  the  inl'ested  vines,  removing  and  destroying  all  rid)- 
bish  which  might  affonl  shelter.  In  the  spring  the  canes  and 
young  foliage  may  hn  syi-ingi^d  with  water  in  which  has  bijen 
stirred  a  teaspoonful  of  Paris-green  to  each  gallon.     Strong 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Sciences 

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LXSKCTS  IXJVIilOVS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


!«():il)-MU(ls  liavo  also  been  rocoinmciuletl,  and  arc  deserving  of 
trial.  On  ciiilly  mornings  the  bec.'tlt's  arc  comparatively  sing- 
gisli  and  inactive,  and  may  then  he  jarred  iVoin  the  vines  on 
sheets  r.nd  c«  Uected  and  destroyed.  These  insects  are  much 
more  ahuiKhint  in  some  seasons  than  in  others. 


No.  151.— The  Rose  Beetle. 

Macrodtictijlus  .siilispinosn.-i  (Kulir.). 

This  beetle,  commoidy  known  as  the  rose-bng,  attacks  tlie 
rose,  and  is  also  very  injnrions  to  the  grape-vine,  tlie  apph", 
cherry,  peach,  phun,  etc.  Its  i)ody  (see  Fig.  2H9)  is  a  little 
more  than  one-thinl  of  an  inch  long,  slender,  and 
tapering  a  little  towards  each  extrennty.  Its  color 
is  didl  yellowish  when  IVesh,  arising  I'rom  its  being 
covered  with  a  grayish-yellow  down  or  bloom,  and 
its  long,  sprawling  legs  are  of  a  dull  pale-reddish 
hue,  with  the  joints  of  the  feet  tipped  with  black  and 
armed  with  verv  long  (flaws.  The  down  on  the  bodv  ot"  the 
lu'ctle  is  easily  rubbed  off,  producing  quite  a  change  in  its 
appearance,  the  head,  thorax,  and  the  under  side  of  its  body 
bcconnng  of  a  sinning  black. 

These  beetles  soiuetimcs  apjK'ar  in  swiirms  about  (he  time 
of  the  blossoming  of  the  ro-e,  which  in  the  Northern  United 
States  and  Canada  is  usually  during  the  second  week  in  June; 
they  remain  about  a  month,  at  the  end  of  which  period  (he 
males  become  exhausted,  drop  to  the  ground,  and  perish, 
while  (he  females  burrow  under  (he  surface,  deposit  their 
eggs,  (hen  rea})i)ear  above  ground,  and  shortly  afterwards  die 
also. 

ICach  female  lays  about  (hir(y  eggs,  which  arc^  buried  in 
(he  earth  (o  (he  depdi  of  from  one  to  four  inches;  the  eggs 
are  about  one-thirtieth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  whitish,  and 
nearly  globular.  In  about  thret!  weeks  they  hatch,  and  the 
yoimg  larva'  at  once  begin  to  i'v.vd  on  such  tender  rof)ts  as  are 
within  their  reach.  'I'hey  attain  full  growth  in  (he  autumn, 
when  they  are  abou(  three-(piarters  of  an  inch  long  and  about 


.1 7"/'.  I  ( 'Kiya  THE  L  /•:.  i  vi:s. 


•2S1 


'vinj^  of 
'ly  slii<i;- 
viiu's  oil 
re  much 


IH'k.S  llu' 
lie  apple, 
s  a  little 
ider,  and 
Its  eolor 
its  beiiiiLi; 
)om,  and 
.'-reddish 
iliiek  and 
ly  of  the 
<;e  in  its 
its  bodv 

(he  time 
Fnite.l 

n  June ; 
iod  tii<> 
perish, 

<it   their 

ai'ds  die 

lU'ied  in 
he  eji'ys 
ish,  and 
and  the 
s  as  are 
lutiimn, 
id  about 


an  ei<j;lith  of  an  iiM-h  in  diameter,  of  a  veUowish-whitc  cnlor, 
with  a  tin^•<'  of  l)Ine  towards  the  hinder  extremity,  which  is 
thielv,  obtuse,  and  rounded  ;  the  head  is  pale  red  and  lioiiiv, 
\\\\i\  there  are  a  few  short  hairs  scattered  over  the  surface  of 
the  body.  In  October  the  larva  descen<l-  Itilow  the  reach  of 
trost,  and  j)asses  the  winter  in  a  tor|)id  state;  in  the  sprinij!;  it 
approaches  the  siu'faee  and  forms  foi"  itself  a  little  oval  cell 
of  earth,  within  which  it  is  transfornied  to  a  pnoa  dnrlii'.''  the 
month  oi'  May. 

In  form  the  pu|)a  bears  some  resemi)lance  to  the  perfect 
insect,  and  is  of  a  yellowisji-white  eolor,  it-^  whole  body  beinii; 
enclosed  in  a  thin  film  that  wraps  each  |»art  se|»arately.  in 
.June  this  iilmy  skin  is  rent,  when  the  enchi-.-d  beetle  with- 
draws its  IxHJy  and  limbs,  bursts  o|»en  its  earthen  cell,  antl 
forces  its  way  to  the  surface  ol  the  ^roinid,  thu--  completiuii; 
it'^  various  sta|i:;es  within  the  space  ol'  one  vear. 

Although  these  insects  have  many  natural  foe-,  such  as 
carnivorous  e-round-beetles,  inseetiviir(in<  birds,  (lomestie 
fowls,  toads,  etc.,  they  ol'ten  need  the  interveninii;  hand  of 
man  to  keep  (hem  within  due  bounds.  When  ninnerous, 
they  may  be  (letaehe(l  iVom  the  vines  with  a  sudden  and 
violent  jar,  I'alliui;'  on  sheets  spread  below  to  receive  them. 
They  are  ntidn-ally  sluijgish,  do  not  fly  readily,  and  are  f  )nd 
of  conu'reiiatiuir  in  masses  on  the  folia<'e  thi'v  ai'c  consiiminii', 
and  hence  in  the  mornine",  befori'  the  day  becomes  warm,  they 
can  be  easily  shaken  from  their  restin^-j)Iaces,  collecied,  and 
bm'nt,  crushed,  or  thrown  into  scaldini;-  water.  This  in>ect 
is  very  |)ar(ial  to  the  Clinton  ii:ra|)e,  and,  where  this  is  to  be 
liad,  will  coiit:;reea(e  on  it  in  preference?  (o  other  varieties,  a 
j)eeiiliarity  which  may  be  made  use  <if  by  plaiuinj::  ('lin(on 
vines  as  a  decoy,  and  (hiis  ina(erially  l(ssenin|L!;  the  labor 
involved  in  (he  destrnedon  of  (he  beedes. 


w 


2<S2 


lySKCTS   IS.IURIOl'S   TO    THE   (iiiAPE. 


Vu..  uno. 


No.  152. — The  Grape-vine  Fidia. 

Fiih'il  liiin/li)iti  (MlAs.). 

This  enemy  to  tli(,'  gnipe-viiio  is  ii  eltc'stnut-l)n)\vii  hectle 
(sec  FiiT.  200),  about  a  quarter  of  an  ineli  lont^,  with  its  Ixxly 
(lonselv  covered  with  verv  short  whitish  liairs,  wliioli  y;ive  it 
a  hoary  aj)})earan('e.  Ft  is  Hrst  seen  in  June,  and  oy  the  end 
of  July  lias  usually  disa|»|)eai"cd.  Its  mode  oi' 
o|)eratiou  is  to  cut  sti'aiifht,  elouijated  iiole- 
about  oue-ei<2;hth  of  au  inch  in  diameter  in  tiie 

1  leaves,  and  when  the  insects  ai'e  numi'rous  tiieso 
are  so  thickly  perforated  as  to   be  reduiied  to 

mere  shreds.     This   is  said  to  be  one  of  th(! 

worst  f(»es  the  a;ra|)e-p;rower  has  to  contend  with 
in  Missouri  and  Kentucky,  where  at  times  it  literally  swarms, 
and  then  almost  entirely  destroys  the  foliage  of  lar«2;e  vine- 
yards. Tt  is  a  native  insect,  found  in  the  woods  fecdini^  on 
the  wild  grape,  also  on  the  red-bud,  Cnris  (Janndnif^is ;  ol' 
the  vines  in  cultivation  it  is  said  to  prefer  the  Concord  and 
Norton's  ^'ir^ini;l.  Upon  the  slightest  disturbance,  or  when 
danger  threatens,  it  has  the  habit  of  doubling  u|)  its  legs  and 
i'alling  to  the  ground,  where  for  a  time  it  remains  motiotdess, 
feigning  death  in  the  same  manner  as  tlu-  plum  cureulio. 
Advantage  may  be  taken  o\'  this  habit,  and  the  insects  col- 
lected by  placing  sheets  inider  the  vines  and  jari'ing  them 
with  the  hand.  The  grape-vine  I'^idia  belongs  to  the  great 
family  ('/iri/somcfidn',  which  includes  the  grape-viui;  Hea- 
bcctle,  the  potato-beetle,  and  many  other  injiu"ious  species. 
Of  the  early  stages  of  this  insect  nothing  is  yet  known. 

No.  163. — The  Grape-vine  Colaspis. 

Cdldspis  linmiiea  Fiihr. 

This  beetle  also  belongs  to  the  ('/iri/sonir/ldiv,  ixm]  injures 
the  vino  leaves  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  of  the  species  last 
described,  riddling  them  with  small  round  holes,  interspersed 
with  larger  irregular  ones,  in   a  wholesale   manner.      It    is 


iiwn  beetle 
li  its  body 
icli  t;ive  it 
W  llie  end 
ts  mode  of 
iited    liolcs 
icier  ill  the 
leroiis  these 
rctlueed  to 
one  of  the 
intend  with 
lly  swarms, 
l:iri>;e  vine- 
feedinj^  on 
'(/ni.s/.s;  ol' 
Kiieord  and 
'c,  or  when 
t.s  lejijs  and 
niotionU'ss, 
cnreulio. 
is(,'('ts  eol- 
iini;-  them 
tlie  orcat 
vine    Ih'a- 
is  speeii'-;. 
lown. 


nd  injnri's 
■i|K'('ies  hist 
itersperscd 
er.      It   is 


; 


ATTAVKISU    TIIK   LEAVl'S. 


28;i 


nearly  onr-fil'th  of  an  inch  long  (sec  Fii;-.  2!ll  ),  ol"  a  ])ale- 
\eIlowisii  color,  with  the  body  ih-nsely  i)nnctated,  and  with 
( levated  hues  on  the  winir-  ■c<      .,„ 

covers    between   the    rows     ^  / 

A'  dots.     It    is   found    in     ''<\yT.  / 
most  of   tlie  Kastern  and      >i^\r\ 

I   A 

le-  *^ 


Y\r..  I'll: 


.Middle    Stat<'s,    and    (K 

vonrs  also   the    leaves  of 

the  strawberry  ;  it  a|)|)ears       ^   ^ 

eaflv  in  Jiilv  and  diirini>'  Aiijiriist. 

The  e;J,•^■s  are  deposited  either  upon  or  in 
close  proximity  to  strawberry-])lants,  and 
when  hatched  tlu.'  young  larvic  bnri'ow  into 
the  earth  and  i'w<\  upon  the  roots  of  the 
strawberrv-vines,  on  which  thev  mav  he  Ibiind  all  throii<>h 
the  fall,  wint<'r,  and  spiMiig  months.  It  is  a  sinonlar  larva, 
shown  magnilied  in  Fig.  2!)l2,  and  has  on  the  under  side 
of"  each  ot"  the  legless  joints  a  i)air  of  lleshy  [)rojections  re- 
minding one  of  legs,  each  tipped  with  two  or  three'  still' 
hairs.  Its  bodv  is  vellowish  or  uravish  white,  with  a  vel- 
low  jiead.  The  pupa  is  i"ormed  in  the  earth  during  the 
month  of  June,  the  perfect  insect  maturing  two  or  three 
wci  Ivs  afterwards. 

llcmedk'H. — The  beetles  may  be  collected  by  jarring  them 
Irom  the  vines  on  sheets  early  in  the  morning,  and  destroyed. 
Ashes,  soot,  or  lime  a|)plied  to  I  Ik;  strawberry-vines  will  in 
most  instances  deter  the  beetles  from  depositing  their  eggs 
on  them,  or  will  destroy  the  young  larvic  as  soon  as  hatched. 


No.  164. — The  Red-headed  Systena. 

Si/s/i'iiii  I'riiii/dlis  (Fill)!'.). 

This  insect  belongs  also  to  the  ('///7/No/;t(7/f//»',  and,  although 
very  generally  distributed  throiigliont  tlu;  northern  portions 
of  America,  has  not  until  of  late  been  recorded  as  injurious. 
During  the  summer  of  1.S82,  in  some  parts  of  the  Province 
of  Ontario,  it  iuHicted  mu(!h  injury  on  the  vines  by  devour- 


284 


lysECTS  L\JiIil()LS    TO    Till:    a  HAVE 


Km.  'I'.'W. 


K^^' 


iiii^  tlie  <^rc('ii  tissues  on  I  lie  iipiH-r  side    f  llic  leaves,  caiisinn- 

them  to  (li.-eolor  and  eventually  to  witliei'.  Tliis  insect  is 
rnrnisiied  with  stout  thijuhs,  which  enaMc  it  to 
junip  like  the  llea-heetle  of  the  vine,  to  wliicli 
it  is  closely  allied.  The  beetle  (Im^-.  '^.H:]) 
is  about  one-sixth  oi"  an  inch  in  lenixth,  the 
thorax  and  wint^-cases  black  and  denseU  but 
very  finely  jxinctated.  The  head  is  pale  led 
above,  between  the  eyes;  the  anteniiic  are 
rather  loiii;-  and  rt'ddish,  with  the  ba>al  joiiii 
black.    The  underside  is  brownish  black.    Tiie 

legs  are  well   adapted    lor  iuni[)inii',  the   thiiihs   being  thick 

and  robust. 

No.  156. — The  Light-loving  Anomala. 

AiKiiiiii/d  hh'ii-tila  (  Fill)!".). 

'i'his  insect  is  a  beetle  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long  (sei' 
V'wi.  2!)  I),  in  form  resembliiiy;  the  Mav-beetle,  No.  llu,  which 
aj)pears  late  in  .June  or  early  in  .Inly.  It  is  common  on  both 
the  wild  and  the  cultivated  grape-vine,  feeding  uj)on 
Fid.  'J!)4.  tlie  leaves.  The  beetle  is  of  a  pale  dull-yellow  color, 
the  thorax  black,  margined  with  dull  yellow,  the 
hind  part  of  the  heal  and  th<'  under  side  of  the 
body  also  blaelc  ;  sometimes  the  abdomen  is  brown. 
The.se  beetles  o(!casionally  ap|)ear  in  swarms,  when 
they  devotu'  the  foliage  very  rapidly,  the  vine  leaves  soon 
rc.'^embling  a  piece  of  net-work,  only  tlu^  lai'ge  veins,  with 
.some  of  the  smaller  ones,  being  left. 

liCiiicdics. — Dusting  the  vines  with  fresh  air-slaked  lime, 
or  syringing  tl'iem  with  a  solution  of  whale-oil  soap  or  strong 
tobacco-water,  has  been  recommended.  Prolnibly  hellebore 
or  Paris-green  with  water,  as  recommended  for  No.  1  1<>, 
would  be  mor(>  elVectual. 


.i'rTA(Ki.\<;  Tin-:  ij:.\vi:s. 


28/> 


(•tvusiii;^; 
iisirt   is 

l»lc  it  to 
I)  wiiicii 

-.  '^!'-) 
:;lli,  the 
>cl\  lull 
|):ile  r<'il 
lHiO  .'ire 
-ill  juinl 

■U.  'VUr 

ijr   tliick 


loiiii;  (soc 
;>,  which 

oii  both 
iiiiLi'  upon 
()\V  coloi', 
ll(»\v,  the 
V  of   tht' 

brown. 

IS,  when 

Vl'S     SUOll 

lis,  witli 
;('il    lime, 

1)1-   stl'Oll^' 

iclU'huni 
No.    liO, 


No.  156. — The  Grape-vine  Saw-fly. 

Sr/tiii'In'il  rilis  Iliirii-. 

This  is  a  siiiali  roiii--wiiin((l  \\y  (Fi<i-.  liH")),  with  :i  shiniii>i,' 
ithii'U  body,  ('.\('('|)t  the  upper  sich;  ot"  the  thorax,  which  is 
rc<l  ;  the  wiii<is  ww  scini-tiiinspai-ciit,  .iiul  have 
•  lark-brown  veins,  the  iVont  |)air  Ix-iiij;-  cloiidi-d,  '■"'<'•  -•'•"•■ 
<pi'  of  a  snioixv  color.  The  lore  lei:s  and  under 
~i(ic  of  ijjc  other  le;;>  are  |)ale  yellow  or  whili-h. 
ihe  i)ody  of  the  leniali!  measures  about  ihi(c- 
teiitlis  of  an  inch  in  lenutli,  that  ol'  the  male  -oiuewhat  less. 
The  in-ei't  is  double-brooded,  the  first  bidod  of  llii >  appearinj^ 
in  the  sj)rinir,  the  .second  late  in  .Iiily  or  eaily  in  Aimu.-t. 

The  egi^s  are  laid  on  the  under  >ide  o|'  the  terminal  leaves 
of  the  vine  in  small  clusters,  and  the  larva',  when  hatelicd, 
feed  in  com|)any,  side  by  sid( ,  from  al)out  hall"  a  do/.eii  to 
fifteen  or  twenty  in  a  iiioup,  preserviini'  their  raid<>  with 
nuicli  reii'iilarity,  as  shown  in  l''i^\  2IMI.  Tli<  y  bciiin  at  one 
ediic  of  the  leaf  and  eat  the  whole  ol'  the 
leaf — includini::  the  ribs — to  the  stalk,  and  •"'"  -"•"'• 
jiroceed  from  leaf  to  leaf  down  the  branch,  f* 
devouriuL:,'  as  they  >:;o,  until  they  are  full 
urowii.  When  mature,  they  ineMsiire  about 
livc-eii-hths  of  an  inch  in  lenulh.  ai'i'  ■<oiii(«\vhat 
^-lender  and  ta|>eriiiii-  behind,  and  iliiekeneil 
before  the  middle,  riicyareof  a  pale-yellow 
color,  darker  or  i>:reenisli  on  the  itack,  with 
two  traiiHver.se  rows  of  minut(>  black  points  acro.s.s  each  riuii;, 
the  head  and  tip  of  the  last  sep;ment  beiiiu;  black  ;  the  under 
>ide  is  yellowish.  After  the  he-t  moult  the  larva;  becoiiu! 
entirely  yellow,  when  tluy  leave  the  vine<,  descend  to  the 
;j,  roil  I  id,  and  burrow  under  its  surface.  There  they  form  oval 
cells  in  the  earth,  which  they  line  with  silk,  and  within  (li(>se 
enclosures  chan^'c  to  chry.silids,  from  which  the  perfect  Hies 
escape  in  about  a  fortniijht.  'I'he  second  brooil  pass  the 
winter  in  tiie  ehrv.salis  .^tate.     In  ¥\\i.  121)0  one  of  the  oval 


m 


2S() 


LXSKCTS    l.XJUiaoL'S    TO    TIIE    Glt.lJ'/-: 


'I 


cells   is  shown  with   llio   fly  resting  on    it  ;  ;ils(»  one  of    the 
clirvsilids. 

Oceasjonally  tliis  insect  is  very  destrnctive,  sometimes  en- 
tirely stri|>|)ing  the  vines.  In  such  cases  the  I'oliagc!  shonid 
l)c  ^prinUleii  with  hellebore  and  water,  or  Paris-green  and 
water,  in  the  proportions  given  under  No.  140. 

No.  157. — The  Grape-vine  Leaf-hopper. 

/■'ri/l/iniiniinin'/is(\\nvr\s}. 

Tlie  accom|)anying  figure,  2U7,  represents  the  in-^eet  com- 
monly  known  among   vine-growers  as   the    "Thrip."     Tlif 

insects  are  shown 
magn  i  lied  ;  the 
?-hortei"  lines  adj<»in- 
ing  indicate  their 
natnial  size.  'J'he 
'iW  ('  figiM'e  to  the  left 
ttiiilv  ^  shows  the  mature  in- 
sect with  its  wings 
I'Xpanded,  the  other 
the  sam(>  with  its  wings  closed.  It  is  rather  moi'c  than  one- 
eighth  of  an  incii  long,  crossed  hy  two  hroail,  hlood-red  hands, 
and  a  diird  dusky  one  at  the  apex,  the  anterior  l)and  occu- 
lting the  base  of  the  thorax  and  the  l)a>e  of  the  wing-covers, 
the  middh>  one  wide  ai)ove,  narrowing  towards  the  margin. 
Besides  r/V/.s-,  there  are  half  a  <lo/.en  or  more  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  distinct  specits,  all  about  the  same  size,  and  with 
the  same  habits,  dill'eriiig  only  in  the  markings  on  the  wings. 
ThcM'  insects  pass  the  winter  in  the  perfect  state,  hiber- 
nating under  dead  leaves  oi- other  rubbish,  the  survivors  be- 
coming active  in  spring,  when  they  deposit  theii'  eggs  on  the 
young  leaves  of  the  vine.  Thc!  larvu'  are  hatched  during  the 
month  (tf  June,  and  resembh!  the  perfect  insect  exce|)t  in 
size  and  in  i)eing  destitute  of  wings.  During  their  growth 
they  shed  their  >kins,  which  are  nearly  white,  several  times, 
and,  although   exceedingly  delicate  and    gossamer-like,   the 


of   ilie 

UK'S    Cll- 

;  slumld 
i'vw  and 


Oct  ('(im- 
"     'PI 

;         tlM. 
•i    iuljttill- 

(r      tlu-ii' 
'x:      Tlio 
the     left 
latui'i'  ill- 
its   \vii)<;s 
till'  other 
lliaii  t»iK'- 
I'd  hands, 
id   occu- 
ii-covcrs, 
iiiai'iLi'm. 
ari'  siip- 
nd  wiili 
U'  \vinj;s. 
tc.  hihcr- 
ivors  he- 
;s  on   thi! 
uriiiii  the 
'xccpt    in 
V  iri'owth 
•a I  tinu's, 
like,   the 


ATTACK  I. \(1    THE   LEAVES. 


287 


empty  skins  remain  for  some  time  attached  to  the  h'aves. 
The  insects  ieed  t(ti^ether  on  the  under  si(h'  ol'  the  h-aves,  an<l 
are  very  (|nick  in  their  movements,  hoppini;  hriskjy  aiiout  hy 
means  of  their  hind  li'<;<,  wliich  are  especially  titled  for  this 
pii''|)ose.  They  have  a  p(-cidiar  hahit  of"  rnnniiiLr  sidewavs, 
and  when  they  sec  that  they  are  observed  upon  one  side  of  a 
leaf"  tliev  will  often  dudp-  (piickly  aronnd  to  th(!  other.  Tliev 
,ire  fnrni>lied  with  a  sliai'p  heak  or  prohuscis,  with  whidi 
iliev  piincliire  the  >kiii  of  the  leaf,  and  throntxh  which  tliev 
-nek  lip  the  saj),  the  exhaustion  of  the  sap  |)rodnciiii;'  on  the 
upper  siii-f"ace  yellowish  or  hrownish  s|)ots.  At  first  these 
spots  are  small  and  do  not  attract  much  attention,  but  as  the 
insects  increase  in  si/e  the  discolored  spots  become  Parser 
until  the  whole  leaf  is  involved,  when,  chaii^dni^  to  a  yellow 
(a>t,  it  appears  as  if  scorc;hed,  and  often  drops  from  th<;  vine. 
Occasionally  the  vines  become  so  far  defoliated  that  the  fruit 
fails  to  ri|)en. 

As  the  leaf-hopper  enters  the  second  stau;e  of  its  cxi.-tencc, 
•rrespondinti;  to  the  chrysalis  stati;  in  other  injects,  diminntivo 
wiiiii's  appear,  which  gradually  lirow  until  fully  i!iatiire<|,  the 
inject  meanwhile  becomiiiin;  increasiimly  active.  With  the 
full  growth  of  the  win<;'s  it  ac(|iiires  such  jiowers  of  flight 
that  it  readily  flies  from  vine  to  vine,  and  thus  spreads  itself 
in  all  directions.  It  continues  its  mischievotis  work  until 
lute  in  the  season,  when  it  seeks  shelter  for  the  winter. 

The  Clinton,  Delaware,  and  other  thindeaved  varieties 
siitU'r  more  l"r()m  the  attacks  of  these  insects  than  do  the  thick, 
li'athery-leaved  sorts,  such  as  ( 'oiicord.  These  leaf-li(»p|)ers 
are  sometimes  (piite  abundant  in  a  vineyard  one  season  and 
comparatively  scarce  the  next,  their  preservation  (le|»eiidin(r 
so  much  on  favorable  weather  and  suitable  >helter  for  the 
perfeet  insects  tlurinj;  winter. 

liciiicdhx. — \"arioiis  measures  have  been  siitrircsted  as  reine- 
dies.  Since  the  insect  does  not  consume  the  outer  siirl;u'e  of 
the  leaf,  it  beeomes  diflicult  to  di'al  with  it.  Syriimiiiy;  with 
stronj^  tobacco- water  or  soap-suds,  or  fiimi<;atiiii>;  with  tobacco 


(•( 


•J.S8 


LxsKCTs  ly./iiiioc.s  TO  Till:  liiiAri:. 


wlioro  the  vines  ciiii  he  ciirloscd,  so  as  to  prevent  llii;  free  es- 
(•;i|K'  of  the  sinoUe,  are  the  most  ellicicnt  remedies.  Dusting 
with  lime,  sul|>hnr  and  lime,  hellebore  and  Cayenne  pepjior, 
have  all  been  reeonimended.  Carrvju*;  liiihted  torches  throiiu:h 
the  vineyard  at  nii;lit,  the  folia<;e  at  the  same  time  beinfj;  <iis- 
tnrbed  with  a  stick,  will  destroy  a  fjjreat  nianv  o|'  them,  since 
they  fly  to  the  lij^ht  and  are  bnrnt.  As  a  preventive,  the 
^ronnd  in  the  nei^hborhooil  of  the.'  vines  shonld  be  kept  tlmr- 
oni;hly  clean,  and  be  sevond  times  I'aked  or  otherwise  di— 
tnrbed  late  in  the  antnmn  an<l  early  in  the  sprimj;,  so  as  to 
expose  any  concealed  insects  to  the  killini;'  inlhicnce  of  fro-t. 
A  species  of  bnii;  known  as  the  (ilassy-wini^ed  .S(»ldier-l)ii:^, 
C(impi//(»icui'a    vltripoiniiS  Say,   feeds  on  these  loaf-hoppers, 

and  devoni's  lariro  nnmbers  ol' 

l''l(i.L".tS.  l-'Mi.-J'.i'.t. 


them,      ^i<,^    2i)<S    shows    tin- 


r       friendly    insect    in    the    larv: 
^s^    state,  and  Fii^.  290  in  the  pe 


,_.       feet     condition.     This     nsefnl 


Y  iViend,  wluMievcr  scrn,  shonlij 
^,  be  protected.  In  both  fi  tin  res 
\  the  insect  is  matiiiified,  the  lino 
at  the  side  showini;-  the  natnral 
si/e.  The  matnre  insect  is  of  a  pale  tureen ish-yel low  coloi'. 
the  head  and  thorax  arc  tini^cd  with  pink,  and  the  npper 
'vings  are  transparent  and  ornanjented  with  a  rose-colored 
cross. 


The  Grape-leaf  Gall-louse. 

J^/ii/lloxcra  vUlj'nliii  Kiicli. 

This  lias  been  already  treated  of  nnder  the  grajx;  [ihyl- 
loxera,  Xo.  125. 

Tree-hoppers. 

Several  insects  may  be  ji;roup(>il  nnder  this  name  which  at- 
tack the  leaves  of  the  vine,  and  some  of  them  the  siiccnlent 
branches  also. 


.1  rr.\<i<is<i  Tin:  i.i:.\  i/.w. 


'Jvs) 


No.  158. — One  of  tlicsc,  tlic  Waved  riNtconia,  Pmconld 
itn(l(it((  i"'al)ri('ius  (sco  J*'ii;.  ."KMh,  is  a  cNlimlrical  jiiinplii;^ 
iiisL't't  iitarly  liall"  an  iiicli  luiiu.  wliidi  is  -aiil  ti»  lay 
its  i'ir<jj.s  ill  siiiu'lc  I'ows  in  liic  wood  of  the  canes.  IJe-  '' '"  ••""• 
sides  attacking-  tlie  leaves,  this  \nv^  puiii-inro  with  its  '\t 
heak  the  sterns  of  the  hunches  ol"  ^iMpes,  caiisin«;  the  '^ 
stems  to  wither  ami  the  Itnnehes  t<t  drop  nil'.  Some-  l^j 
limes  it  pMm|)s  out  the  sap  so  viirorously  tVoni  the 
^ll('c^lent  hi-anche.s  that  the  drojts  tall  in  (piick  .-ncces-ion 
iVom  its  i)ody. 

In  the  sonthei-n  pait^ol"  Illinois  this  insect  is  at  times  very 
numerous,  hecomini;'  then  oneol'the  worst  enemies  the  grape- 
grower  has  to  contend  with. 

No.  159. — The  iSinglc-strijK'd  Tree-hop|ter,  TIhTki  timvlll<it<i 
ilarris,  is  shaped  much  like  a  beeeh-nnt,  with  a  perpendi<Mdar 
prntuberant'e  on  the  lore  pai't  of  its  haek  higher  than  it  is 
wide,  and  its  summit  rounded.  'I'lu!  insect  is  of  a  chestnut- 
hinwn  ci)lor,  tawny  xyhite  in  trout,  and  with  a  white  stripe; 
along  the  hack,  extending  from  the  i)rotui)erance  to  the  lip. 
It  is  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long  and  a  (piarler  of  an 
inch  in  height,  and  may  often  be  sin-n  on  grape-vines  in  .Inly 
and  August. 

No.  160. — Another  sj)ecies  is  the  IMaek-backed  'rree-lioj)per, 
Acittali.^  (lor.sdlifi  (I'^itch),  a  small,  triangidiir,  shining  in-ect 
with  a  >mooth,  rounded  back.  Iiscoloi-  is  greenish  white,  and 
it  has  a  large  black  spot  on  its  back,  from  the  anterior  corners 
of  which  a  black  lim;  runs  oif  towards  each  eye ;  the  npper 
margin  of  the  head  and  th(>  breast  are  also  black.  The  I'emale 
is  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  the  male  smaller.  This 
spiH'ies  is  sometimes  found  in  considerable  nund)ers  on  grape- 
vines ai)ont  the  last  ol"  Jidy,  and  a  few  stragglers  usually 
remain  until  Ocitober. 


m 


290 


JXSlX-rs   ISJVRIOVS    TO    Till.    GIlAl'E. 


Tree-bugs. 


No.  163. — 'J'Ik;  Modest  'ri'cc-hiijji;,  Aniui  modv^fd   Dallas,  is 

sinallcr,    licinii'  IVoiii   four   to   (our   and   a  lialf  tenths  of  ;i:i 

incli    loiiii',  ol"  a  tawny  yellow  isli-<»;ray  color,  thiekly  dotinl 

witii  brown.     Tlio  winj^-cases  are  eoninionly  red  at  tlieir  tip-, 

and  tlie  under  glassy  winu;s  have  a  brown  spot  at   tlieii'  i  \- 

trernities.     The  under  side  is  whitish,  with  a  row  of  black 

dots  alono;  the  middle  of  the  alxloinon.  and  another  on  each 

side.     This  insect   is  one  of  the  eoinnioncsc  tree-bugs,  and  i- 

found   in   the  autumn   on   a   number  of  dilFerent  trees  aiitl 

shrubs. 

No.  164. — The  Grape-vine  Aphis. 

Sijtkomiphdra  viticola  Tlioinius. 

This  speeies  of   plant-louse,   which   is  destru(!tive  to  tlio 
leave.s  and  young  shoots  of   the  grape-vine,  is  of  a  dusky- 


A  TTA  CKISG    THE  L  E.  I  I  'ES. 


291 


lin)\vii  or  hhickisli  color,  Icj^s  <rrct'iii»li,  iiuu'l^cd  with  diiskv. 
Most  of  the  liw  arc  wiii<4lc'ss,  Imt  somo  have  wings  clear  aiul 
glassy,  Nvitii  brownish  veins.  This  is  helieved  to  he  the  sanin 
j.|)C('ies  as  that  which  infests  the  vine  in  the  sonthern  parts  of 
Knrope,  viz.,  A^tliix  c/V/.s,  hut  the  insect  ha^  not  yet  l)e<n  snlli- 
ciently  studied  to  decide  this  with  certainty.  'I'hev  cluster  in 
tiiousands  on  tlic  ends  of  the  branches,  causinir  tiie  leaves  to 
(■iu"l  up  and  the  vine  to  appear  very  unsightlv.  Thev  are 
xvn  early  in  tiie  siunnier,  and  usually  continue  but  a  few- 
weeks,  as  their  enemies,  the  lady-birds  and  other  j)redaceous 
insects,  increase  so  fast  as  to  decimate  then*  within  that  time. 
Tliey  are  common  in  the  South 
and  in  the  Middle  States,  but 
(V'ctu"  only  occasionally  in  the 
more  northern  distriet.s. 

Should  occasion  require  the 
application  of  a  ri^niedy,  the 
vines  may  be  syringed  with 
weak    lye,    tobnao    water,    or 


I'iG.  ao2. 


strong  soMo-suds. 


>«ii 


No.  165. — The  Broad-winged 
Katydid. 

('//rfiipJii/llKs  r.tmcAwns  (Harris). 

This  is  jH'rha|)s  our  common- 
est species  of  katvdid,  and  may 
bo  distinguished  from  the  other 
species  by  the  greater  breadth 
iuid  convexitv  of  its  wiuir-cov- 
crs,  which,  with  their  strong 
midrib  and  regular  venation, 
nnich  resemble  a  leaf.  The  in- 
sect (Fig.  .302)  is  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  the  female 
having  a  projecting  ovipositor  or  piercer,  with  which  the  eggs 
are  thrust  into  crevices  and   soft  substances.     The  e<nrs  are 


292 


IXSKCTS   ISJUIilOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


of  a  dark  sitite-i'olor,  about  one-eig'htli  of  an  iiu-li  lon<»',  ami 
not  more  than  one-third  of  this  in  diameter.  Thoy  are  hiid 
in  two  contiguous  rows  aloig  a  twig  or  cane,  the  l)ark  of 
whieh  is  [)reviously  shaved  off  or  made  rough  with  the  piercci. 
The  rows  are  plaeed  somowiiat  obliquely,  ()verlai)i)ing  encli 
other  a  little,  and  are  Hrmly  fastened  with  a  gummy  substance. 
These  singular-looking  rows  of  eggs  are  fre([uently  found  on 
the  canes  of  grape-vines,  and  always  ex(Mte  cui'iosity  and  in 
(piiry,  anil  ibr  that  reason  they  are  referred  to;  they  do  nn 
partioidar  injury  to  the  vine.  The  young  katydids  win  n 
hatched,  which  usually  occurs  in  the  following  sj)ring,  cai 
almost  any  tender  succulent  leaves,  and  have  never  been 
recorded  as  injurious. 

Another  and  a  very  similar  s[)ecies  is  the  Oblong-wingi  li 
Katydid,  J*/ii/!l()jjtera  oblomjijolia  De  Geer,  which  is  also  said 
to  deposit  eggs  in  a  sinnlar  manner  on  grajie-twigs. 

No.  166.— The  Trumpet  Grape-gall. 

)'///.•)'  rillfiilit  Ostt'ii  Siiclvcii. 

These  arc  ciu'ious,  eK)ngatetl,  conical  galls,  about  one-tliii<l 
V,,,  ..(v.  of  an  inch  lonii,  of 

u  reddish  or  red- 
dish-crimson color, 
sometimes     indin- 

^~L  l^-\~\    J"i2,'  '"  consideralilc 
i'mK«'.'iiLnund)ers     on     ilic 

' '-i- B^yr'J- (See  Fiu;.  :;o;!.j 
'^riiough  usualb 
found  only  on  the 
U|)|)er  sui'face,  iIhv 
are  occasionally 
seen  on  llic  undi  r 
side  also.  They  arc 
produced  In-  a  gall-gnat,  an  undetermined  s|)ecies  of  iWiilo- 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


293 


ipiiit^  each 


is  also  sai'l 


lit  ()iu>tiiii<l 
nch  lonti',  of 
isli  01"  icd- 
•iin.son  color, 
inos  ii)cliii- 
^rcen,  nrow- 
coiisitlcraMr 
'I's  on  the 
of  the  vine. 

Fiji.    ;}();5.) 

>'li  usually 
only  on  the 
surface,  liny 
occasionally 
)n  the  undi  r 
Iso.  'riieyaiv 
crt  ol'  (Jmdo- 


myici,  and  on  cutting  into  tiio  galls  they  arc  found  to  be  hollow, 
each  containing  a  pale-orange  larva.  It  is  probable  that  the 
larva  enters  the  earth  to  transforiu  to  the  chrysalis,  and  that 
the  fly  is  produced  the  Ibllowing  season. 

No.  167. — The  Grape-vine  Filbert-gall. 

T7//a'  cori/loldes  AValsli  &  Hi  lev. 

In  this  instance?  ::  rounded  mass  of  galls  from  one  and  a 
half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter  sj)ritigs  from  a 
cDinmon  centre  at  a  point  where  a  bud  would  naturally  be 
I'ound.     The  mass  (sec  Fig.  304)  is  composed  of  from  ten  to 

Fui.  :^04. 


forty  opaque,  woolly,  greenish  galls,  which  have  a  fleshy,  juic^y, 
siib-acid  interior,  each  with  a  i/iugle  central,  longitudinal  cell, 
one  of  wiiich  is  shown  at  c  in  the  lij^ure,  about  a  quarter  of 


294 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


Fio.  nOo. 


ail  inch  loiiu;  and  one-fourth  as  wide,  containins^  a  solitary 
orange-yellow  larva,  about  one-eiglitli  of  an  ineli  long-.  Tiiis 
is  also  the  larva  of  an  undetermined  s[)eeies  of  Cecidoimjia^ 
a  family  the  members  of  which  may  be  recognized  in  the 
larval  state  by  a  peculiar  appendage  known  as  a  breast-bone 
attached  to  the  under  side  near  the  head.  In  this  species  if 
is  almost  Y-shaped,  as  shown  at  a  iu  the  figure;  the  diverginn- 

branches  terminate  in  two  pro- 
jecting points,  which  may  he 
extended  at  will,  and  wiiich  ar(> 
|)r()l)ably  used  by  the  larva  in 
abrading  the  soft  tissues  of  tlu' 
gall  so  as  to  cause  an  exudation 
of  saj),  on  which  the  larva  feeds. 
The  flies  belonging  to  this  genus 
are  usuallv  of  a  dull-black  color, 
'  like  that  shown  in  Fig.  oOo,  a, 

which  rci)rescnts  a  female  fiy ;  the  antenna  of  a  male  is  seen 
at  h.  The  gall  is  common  in  July;  the  larger-sized  specimens 
bear  some  resemblance  to  a  bunch  of  filberts  or  liazel-nuts, 
hence  the  name  filbert-gall. 


No.  168. — The  Grape-vine  Tomato-gall. 

Vitis  tomatns  lliloy. 

These  galls  form  a  mass  of  irregular,  succulent  swellings 
on  the  stem  and  leaf-stalks  of  the  grape-vine  (see  Fig.  30G), 
very  vai'iable  in  si/c  and  shape,  from  the  single,  round,  cran- 
berry-like swelling  to  the  irregular,  bulbous  j)rotuberanc('s 
which  look  much  like  a  group  of  dimimitive  tomatoes.  Tlicy 
have  a  ycllowish-grecn  exterior,  with  rosy  cheeks,  and  some- 
times are  cntii'cly  red ;  the  interior  is  soft,  juicy,  and  acid. 
Fach  gall  has  several  cells,  as  shown  at  a  in  the  figure,  and 
in  each  cell  there  is  an  orange-yellow  larva,  wliich,  before  the 
gall  has  entirely  decayed,  enters  the  ground,  where  it  chatigcs 
to  a  chi-ysalis,  and  finally  emerges  as  a  pale-reddish  gnat,  with 
bluok  liead  and  anteinue,  and  gray  wings.     This  fly  also  be- 


ATTACKISG    THE    LEAVES. 


295 


longs  to  the  family  Cccidotni/ia,  ami  is  known  to  entomologists 
as  Lasiopfera  vitk  of  Osten  Saeken. 

The  larvie  are  liable  to  be  attacked  by  a  parasite,  and  also 


I'lu.  30t 


by  a  species  of  Thrij),  which  invade  the  cells  and  destroy  the 

inmates. 

No.  169. — The  Grape-vine  Apple-gall. 

Vilis  pnmum  AVivlsli  &  Uilcy, 

This  i.s  a  globidar,  flesliy,  greenish  gall,  abont  nine-tenths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  is  attached  by  a  I'ongh  base, 


r 


29(J 


IXSKCTS  lyjURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


like  that  of  a  liazol-iiiit,  to  the  stem  of  the  vine.  On  its  ex- 
ternal surface  there  are  longitudinal  depressions,  which  divide 
the  <>;all  into  eiy;ht  or  nine  sei>;nieiits.  The  interior  is  fleshv 
for  al)ont  one-eightii  of  its  diameter,  then  foHow  a  series  of 
elongated  cells,  each  divided  into  two  by  a  transverse  partition, 
the  lower  being  the  shorter  of  the  two.    Fig.  o()7,  a,  represents 

the    exterior    of    the 
Fig.  ;]07.  ,,      ,  ,.  .. 

*<»Bres~:'*»'s>.  g;>";  '',  a  section  ol 

(he  same,  showing 
its  interior  structure. 
Each  cell  is  occupied 
by  a  single  larva  of 
a  bright-yellow  color, 
with  a  chestnut-brown, 
Y-slia|)cd  breiLst-bone, 
whicii  eventually  produces  a  gall-fly  belonging  to  the  genus 
Cccldomyia. 

This  gall  sometimes  varies  in  form,  being  occasionally  flat- 
tened or  depressed  ;  when  young  it  is  downy  on  the  outsi\le, 
succulent  within,  and  is  said  to  have  a  pleasant,  acidulous 
flavor. 

Should  any  of  the  galls  described  ever  become  a  source  of 
annoyance,  they  may  readily  be  destroyed  by  iiand-picking. 


ATTACKING  THE  PEUIT. 

No.  170. — The  Grape-seed  Insect. 

Isnsdiim  n'/i.s  Sainulfirs. 

This  insect  was  first  observed  in  1808,  when  it  threatened 
to  become  a  very  troublesom(>  enemy  to  grape-culture;  it  was 
widely  distributed,  and,  having  the  fecundity  usually  charac- 
teristic; of  insect  life,  it  might  have  Imk'U  expected  to  inc^rease 
immensely;  but  this  happily  has  not  been  the  case,  and  of 
late  it  has  seldom  prevailed  to  any  serious  extent. 


IIbRH' 


ATTACK  I  so    THE  FRUIT. 


297 


Fui.  ;}os. 


About  tlie  middle  of  August  some  berries  in  tlie  bundles 
ot'  gnipes  may  be  seen  shrivelling  up;  on  o[)euing  these, 
many  of  them  will  be  I'ouud  to  contain  only  one  seed,  and 
that  of  an  unusually  large  size;  other  larger  berries  will 
contain  two  seeds,  also  swollen,  most  of  the  seeds  having  a 
dark  spot  somewhere  on  their  surface.  On  cutting  ojx'u  these 
seeds,  the  kernel  will  be  found  almost  entirely  consumed, and 
the  cavity  occupied  by  a  small,  milk-white,  footless  grub, 
w  ith  a  pair  of  brown,  hooked  jaws,  a  smooth  and  glossy  skin, 
with  a  few  very  tine,  short,  white  hairs. 
I'^ig.  o08  shows  this  hu'va  highly  mag- 
iiilied  ;  the  small  ligiwe  beneath  indicates 
its  natural  size. 

The  larva  changes  to  a  (;hrysalis  within 
the  seed  during  the  spring  months,  and  in  Jidy  emerges  as  a 
lly,  escaping  through  a  small,  irregular  hole. 

The  fly  so  much  resembles  that  shown  in  Fig.  801)  (which 
re[)resents  a  closely-allied  form  belonging  to  the  same  genus) 
that  it  is  ditlicult  to 
distinguish      between 
the  two  ;  a  represents 
the  female,  6  the  male,  f 
c  the  tmtenna  of  the  \. 
female,  d  that  of  the    ^' 
male,  e  the  abdomen 
of  the  female,  showing 
the  segments  or  rings 
of  the  body,/  that  of 
the  male.     All    these 
ligtM-es      are      highly 
iiiagnilied  ;    the  short 
iKiir-lines  luiderneath 
(lu!    Hies  indicate  the 
natural  size.     The  lly  is  bhu'k  ;  the  head  and  thorax  are 
liiiely  punctated  with  miinitedots;  the  abdomen  is  long  and 
smooth,  with  a  j)olished  surface,  and   is  placed  on  a  short 


Fia.  ;]0!) 


298 


lASKCTS   IXJURIOVS    TO    THE   GnAI'E. 


pedicel.  The  parent  insect  i)robably  deposits  her  eggs  on  the 
.skill  oi'  the  grape,  and  the  yonng  hirvae,  as  soon  as  hatched, 
pnnctni'e  the  skin  and  work  their  way  to  the  s'cd,  which  they 
enter  while  it  is  young  and  soft.  Many  of  the  .itleeted  grapes 
have  a  small  scar  on  their  surface,  which  may  indicate  where 
the  insect  has  entered. 

Should  this  tiny  foe  ever  become  so  troublesome  as  to 
rc(juire  a  remedy,  the  best  one  suggested  is  that  of  carefully 
gathering  and  destrovinti;  the  shrivelled  fruit. 

No.  171. — The  Grape-berry  Moth. 

Endemis  botraiia  (Soliiff). 

This  insect  is  an  imported  species,  and  has  long  been  in- 
jurious to  grape-culture  in  the  south  of  Europe.  The  exact 
j)eriod  of  its  introduction  to  America  is  not  known,  and  it  is 
only  within  the  past  few  years  that  attention  has  l)een  called 
to  its  ravages.  Wlien  abundant,  it  is  very  destrucitive ;  in 
some  instances  it  is  said  to  have  destroyed  nearly  fifty  per 
cent,  of  the  croj). 

The  young  larvae  have  usually  been  first  observed  early  in 
July,  when  the  infested  grapes  show  a  discoK)red  spot  where 
the  worm  has  entered.     (See  Fig.  olO,  c.)     When  the  grajx' 


Fio.  :310. 


is  opened  and  the  contents  carefully  examined,  tliere  will 
generally  be  ibund  in  the  \m\\)  a  small  larva,  rather  long  and 
thin,  and  of  a  whiti.sh-green  color.     Besides  feeding  on  tiie 


ATTACKISG    THE  FRUIT. 


LM)9 


niilj),  it  som(3tiino.s  cats  [jortions  of  the  seeds,  and  it"  the  con- 
tents of  a  single  berry  are  not  snlHeient,  two,  three,  or  more 
are  drawn  together,  as  shown  in  the  tigure,  and  fastened  with  a 
nateh  of  silk  mixed  with  eastings,  when  the  larva  travels  from 
one  berry  to  another,  eating  into  tliein  and  devouring  their  jniey 
contents.  At  this  period  its  length  is  about  an  eightii  of  an 
inch  or  more;  the  head  is  l)laek,  and  the  next  segment  has  a 
l)JaeUish  shield  covering  most  of  its  upper  portion;  the  body 
is  dull  whitish  or  yellowish  green.  As  it  approaches  maturity, 
it  becomes  darker  in  color,  and  when  al)out  one-fourth  of  an 
inch  long  is  full  grown.  (See  6,  Fig.  olO.)  The  body  is  then 
dull  green,  with  a  reddish  tinge,  and  a  lew  short  hairs,  head 
vi'llowish  green,  shield  on  next  segment  dark  brown,  feet 
Idackish,  })rolegs  green. 

When  the  larva  is  full  grown,  it  is  said  to  form  its  cocoon 
on  the  leaves  of  the  vine,  cutting  out  for  this  purpose  an 
oval  flap,  which  is  turned  back  on  the  leaf,  forming  a  siuig 
enclosure,  wliich  it  lines  with  silk;  frecpiently  it  fiontents 
itself  with  rolling  over  u  piece  of  the  edge  iA'  the  leaf,  and 
within  this  retreat  the  change  to  a  chrysalis  takes  place.  The 
chrysalis  is  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  of  a  yellow 
or  yeUowish-brown  color. 

The  perfect  insect,  which  is  shown  magnified  at  a,  Fig.  310, 
measures,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  nearly  foiu'-tenths  of  an 
inch  across.  The  fore  wings  are  of  a  pale  dull-bluish  shade, 
with  a  slight  nietallic  lustre,  becoming  lighter  on  the  interior 
and  posterior  portions,  and  are  ornamented  with  dark-brown 
bands  nd  spots.  The  hind  wings  are  dull  brown,  deeper  in 
color  towards  the  margin,  the  body  greenish  brown.  There 
are  said  to  be  two  broods  of  this  insect  during  the  vear ;  but 
we  have  never  seen  them  at  any  other  time  than  in  the 
autnnni,  wlun  the  grapes  are  approaching  maturity. 

IxcincdU's. — As  it  is  probable  that  most  of  the  late  brood 
pass  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state  attached  to  the  leaves, 
if  these  were  gathered  and  burned  a  large  number  of  the 
insects   would    perish.     The    infested   grapes   might  also  be 


300 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


gathered  and  destroyed.  This:  insect  is  attacked  by  a  small 
parasite,  which  doubtless  does  its  part  towards  keeping  the 
enemy  in  subjection. 

No.  172.— The  Grape  Curculio. 

Craponins  iaoeqnalis  (Say). 

This  is  a  small  l)eetle  belonging  to  the  family  of  Curculio.-, 
which  passes  the  winter  probably  in  the  perfect  state,  and  lay- 
its  eggs  on  the  young  grapes  some  time  in  June  or  early  in 
July.  It  is  a  diminutive  and  inconspicuous  insect,  only  about 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  long.     (See  Fig.  311,  where  it  is  showu 


l'i<;.  311. 


Fia.  312. 


much  magnified.)     Its  color  is  blacky  sprinkled  with  grayish 
spots  and  dots,  and  thickly  punctated. 

The  young  larva,  wh(Mi  hatched,  enters  the  fruit  and  begins 
to  feed  upon  it,  its  preseut'c  l)eiug  indicated  by  a  discoloration 
on  one  side  of  the  berry,  as  if  it  were  prematurely  ripening. 
A  dark,  circular  dot  soon  appears  in  the  middle  of  the 
colored  spot,  showing  the  i)oint  where  the  insect  has  entered 
the  fruit.  T'he  affected  berry  does  not  decay,  but  remains 
sound  and  plump;  but  it  sometimes  (lro[)s  to  the  ground 
before  it  is  fully  ripe.  In  Fig.  312  asi)ecimen  of  the  injured 
fruit  is  shown  at  a,  and  at  b  a  magnified  view  of  the  larva, 
which  is  an  elongated,  footless  grub,  tapering  towards  tlie 
head,  about  one-filth  of  an  inch  long,  the  head  large,  brown- 
ish yellow,  and  horny,  the  body  yellowish  white  and  trans- 
j)arent.  I.-ate  in  July  or  early  in  August  the  larva  becomes 
full  grown,  when  it  leaves  the  berry,  drops  to  the  ground. 


ATTACK  ISO    THE    FIUIT. 


:U)1 


jy  a  small 
?epiiig  the 


Ciu'cuIko. 
c,  and  la\  - 
jr  early  in 
only  about 
it  is  shown 


ith  grayisli 

and  begins 
iscoloration 
ly  ripening. 
Idle  of   the 
has  entered 
Hit  remains 
Itlie  <!;round 
ithe  injured 
I'  the  larva, 
lowards  the 
•ge,  brown- 

and  trans- 
|va  becomes 

ho  ground, 


and,  l)urying  itself  in  the  soil,  chaiigt's  ti)  a  chrysalis,  from 
which  the  beetle  escapes  late  in  August  or  early  in  Sei)temb(r. 
This  is  not  a  connnon  insect,  nor  is  it  vers-  uencrallv 
distributed,  and  the  injury  supposed  to  be  done  by  it  to 
ilic  fruit  is  often  more  correctly  chargeable  to  the  species  last 
referred  to,  since  that  is  a  much  connnoner  insect.  'J'he 
orape  ciu'culio  has  been  observed  chielly  in  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi,  but  is  rarely  injurious  to  any  considerable  extent 
or  over  any  large  area.  Where  it  is  tioublesome,  the  vines 
may  be  jarred  occasionally  during  the  month  of  June,  placing 
a  sheet  or  an  inverted  umbrella  under  them,  when  the  beetles 
will  fall,  and  can  then  be  gathered  and  destroyed,  as  in  the 
ca>^e  of  the  plum  curculio. 

*  No.  173.— Thfc  Honey  Bee. 

Apis  inellijlca  Linn. 

This  useful  insect,  so  valuable  to  man,  is  said  t<»  have  the 
pernicious  habit  of  puncturing  or  abrading  the  skin  of  the 
grape  and  extracting  its  juices.  That  the  injury  thus  done  is 
entirely  due  to  the  agency  of  bees  has  been  disputed,  some 
bee-lovers  claiming  that  the  grapes  are  lirst  piuictured  by 
birds  or  bitten  by  wasps  and  hornets,  and  that  the  bees  follow 
and  promj)tly  avail  themselves  of  the  store  of  sweets  thus  laid 
open  for  their  use.  The  evidence,  however,  on  the  whole, 
Seems  rather  strong  against  the  bees,  and  there  is  little  doubt 
that  they  frequently  do  abrade  the  skin  of  the  fruit  with  their 
claws  and  afterwards  extract  the  sw..ets  with  their  brusli-likc 
tongue. 


fmPPLEMENTARY   LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  GRAPE. 

ATTACKING    THE   CANES. 
The  apple-twig  borer,  No.  13,  the  tree  cricket,  No.  178, 


7^ 


302 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   GRAPE. 


and   the  mealy  flata,   Xo.  218,  all   injure   the  canes  of  tlie 
^raj)e. 

ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

The  fall   web-worm,  No.  27  ;  the  saddle-baok  caterpillar, 
No.  49  ;  and  the  smeared  dag:i;er,  No.  11)4. 


ATTACKING    THE    FRUIT. 

The  Indian  Cetonia,  No.  81. 


INSKCTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THK  UASPBRIUIY. 


ATTACKING  THE  ROOTS. 


No.  174. — The  Raspberry  Root-borer. 

JEi/eria  riibi  Kilcy. 

Tliis  Worur  is  (juito  (li.stiiict  from  tlic  ciuie-borei',  Xc».  17(], 
th;it  insect  being  without  legs  in  the  hirval  state,  while  this 
(ine  lias  sixteen  legs,  a  feature  which  will  enable  any  person 
icadily  to  distinguish  the  one  from  the  other.  The  rasj)- 
luiiy  root-borer  belongs  to  the  sam<'  family  of  clear-winged 
moths  a.s  the  peach-borer,  and  there  is  a  striking  resem- 
blance between  the  two  species  in  the  several  stages  of  their 
existence. 

JJoth  the  male  and  the  female  moth  are  shown  in  Fig.  313, 
where  a  re[)resents  the  male,  and  b  the  female.  The  front 
wings  are  transparent,  veined  with 
black  or  brownish,  and  heavily  mar- 
gined with  reihlish  brown  ;  the  hind 
wings  are  transparent,  with  dark  veins, 
and  both  wings  are  fringed  with  dai'k 
brown.  The  body  is  black,  prettily 
1  anded  and  mai'ked  with  golden  yel- 
low, as  in  the  figure.  The  wings, 
When  ex[)andcd,  will  measiu'e  iVom 
three-(|uarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch 
across. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  by  the  female 

(luring  the  hot  sunnner  weather  on  the 

c;uu>  of  the  raspberry,  a  short  distance  above  the  ground. 

The  young  larva  when  hatched  eats  its  way  through  the  cane 

to  the  centre,  where  it  i'eeds  upon   the  pithy  substance  hi 

303 


ao  1 


i.\s/:<-rs  lyjc/uors  to  tju:  nAsriiiinny. 


the  interior,  mikI  <;i';ulii:illy  cluiiiiu'ls  llic  cmih'  to  the  foot,  in 
wliicli  it  s|)(ii(ls  the  winter  months,  lorniin<;  helorc;  spiin^;- 
cavities  of  ('(jusideniblo  extent.  As  the  s]irin<j  opens,  it  \voil<> 
its  way  lip  aiz;ain,  usnallv  thronLih  the  interior  of  anoiher  cane, 
to  11  heiiL;;ht  of  live  or  six  inelies,  where  the  larva,  in  |)re- 
parini^  for  the  exit  of  the  fnture  iDoth,  eats  the  ciuk!  in  oiif 
place  nearly  throni^li,  leaving-  a  nicix:  tilni  of  .-kin  unbroken. 
When  full  ujrown,  it  is  al)ont  an  inch  lonu',  of  a  j)al(,'-yell>i\v 
coh)r,  with  a  dark-hrown  head,  and  a  lew  shining'  (h)ts  on 
each  x'uincnt  of  the  body.  Within  the  cane,  and  near  the 
spot  specially  prepared  by  the  larva,  the  change  to  a  chrys- 
alis takes  j)lace,  ai.d  when  the  time  approaches  for  the  moth 
to  cscai)e,  the  chrysalis  wriii<;les  itself  foi-\vard,  and,  jjushin^ 
against  tlie  thin  skin  remaininij;  on  the  cane,  ruptures  it,  and, 
foi'i'ing  its  way  throngh  the  opening,  there  awaits  the  esca[)e 
of  the  moth,  which  usually  takes  ])Iace  within  a  lew  hoins 
al'terwards. 

The  injury  thus  done  to  the  root  is  often  followed  by  the 
death  of  the  canes,  a  result  sometimes  incorrectly  attributeti 

to  the  severe  cold  of  winter.  Little 
can  be  done  towards  the  destruction 
-  of  this  pest  other  than  by  ]ayin;j; 
bare  the  roots  antl  cutting  out  the 
infested  j)ortions.  A  parasitic  insect 
is  said  to  attack  these  root-borers,  and 
j)robably  destroys  many  of  them. 


Fiu.  314. 


No.  175. — The  Raspberry-root 
Gall-fly. 

liltudlks  ntdinnn  Oston  Sat-kon. 

This  is  a  small  gall-fly,  which  j)ro- 
ducesa  hirge  browM  gall  on  the  roots, 
a  good  rej)resentation  of  which  is 
The  swelling  is  composed  of  a  yellow, 
pithy  su'ljstanee,  scattered  throughout  which  are  a  number  ol' 
cells,  each  enclosing  a  small  white  larva,  the  progeny  of  the 


given  in  Fig.  314. 


II 


ATTACK  I  S(  I    THE   CASKS. 


;3()5 


uiill-Hy.  These  somi  eliaiit^e  to  clirysalitls,  aiul  tlicv  in  turn 
|ii()(lii('e  ..t'ter  a  tinii;  the  perfect  insects,  which  eat  their  way 
out  thi'ouj^h  the  substance  of  tlie  i^all,  leaving  small  lioles  to 
mark  the  phice  of  exit.  These  galKs  are  not  only  the  abode 
ot'  the  makers,  the  gall-flies,  but  are  also  fretjuented  by  other 
s|)ecics  known  as  gnest-Hies,  and  the  presence  of  these  as  well 
as  other  parasitic  si)ecies  in  comjxmy  with  the  normal  inmates 
is  ai)t  to  perplex  the  observer,  and  render^  it  mon.'  ditlicnlt  to 
discover  the  real  authors  of  the  mischief.  This  gall  chieHy 
affects  the  black  ras[)berry ;  it  also  o(!curs  on  the  blackberry, 
and  sometimes  on  the  roots  of  the  rose. 

Wherever  these  excrescences  are  found  they  should  be  col- 
lected and  burnt. 


ATTACKING  THE  CANES. 


No.  176. — The  Raspberry  Cane-borer. 

Oberea  bimaculatu  Oliv. 

This  insect  in  the  larval  state  lives  in  the  centre  of  the 
cane,  where  it  burrows  a  })assage  from  above  downwards, 
often  causing  the  death  of  the  cane.  Its  natural  homo  is 
among  the  wild  raspberries,  but  it  has  taken  very  kimlly  to 
the  cultivated  sorts,  and  appears  indeed  to  prefer  them. 

The  jierfect  insect  is  a  long-horned  beetle  (see  Fig.  .'}  15), 
with  a  long  and  narrow  black  body,  with  the  top  of  the 
thorax  and  the  fore  part  of  the  breast  i)ale  yel- 
lowish; the  wing-cases  are  covered  with  coarse  Fiu.  r.io. 
intlentations  and  slightly  notched  at  the  ends,  and  ^(H 
tiiere  are  two  black  spots  on  the  thorax,  which,  /,y^l 
however,  are  sometimes  wanting,  and  a  third  black  '  /\ 
dot  on  the  hinder  edge,  just  where  the  wing-covers 
join  the  thorax.  The  beetles  ap[)ear  on  the  wing  during  the 
month  of  June,  and,  after  pairing,  the  female  proceeds  to 
deposit  her  eggs,  which  she  does  in  a  very  singular  manner. 

20 


30(J 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  RASFBERR}'. 


With  lior  mandibles  she  girdles  the  young  growing  etine  ne;ir 
the  tip  in  two  places,  one  ring  being  about  an  inch  below 
the  other,  and  between  the  rings  the  cane  is  pierced,  and  an 
egg  thrust  into  its  substance  near  the  middle,  its  location 
being  indicated  by  a  small,  dark-colored  spot.  The  supply 
of  sap  being  impeded  or  stopped,  the  tip  of  the  cane  above 
the  uj)per  ring  soon  begins  to  droop  and  wither,  and  shortly 
dies,  when  a  touch  will  sever  it  at  the  point  where  it  ha> 
been  girdled. 

The  egg  is  long  and  narrow  and  of  a  yellow  color,  is  quite 
large  for  the  size  of  the  insect,  and,  embedded  in  the  nioi>t 
substance  of  the  cane,  absorbs  moisture  and  increases  in  size 
until  in  a  few  days  a  small  grub  hatches  from  it.  The  larva 
as  it  escapes  from  the  egg  is  about  one-fourteenth  of  an  ineli 
long,  with  a  yellow,  smooth,  glossy  body,  roughened  at  the 
sides,  antl  clothed  with  very  minute  short  hairs.  The  head  is 
small  and  reddish  brown,  and  the  anterior  segments  of  the 
bodv  Sivollen  :  it  is  also  footless.  Tiic  voung  larva  burrows 
down  the  centre  of  the  stem,  consuming  the  pith  until  full 
grown,  which  is  usually  about  the  end  of  zVugu>t,  when  it  is 
nearly  an  inch  long  and  of  a  dull-ycUow  color,  with  a  small, 
(lark-brown  head.  JJy  this  time  it  has  eaten  its  way  a  con- 
siderable distance  down  the  cane,  in  which  it  remains  during 
the  winter,  and  wheiv  it  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  the  beetle 
escaping  the  following  June,  when  it  gains  its  liberty  by 
gnawing  a  passage  through.  This  borer  injures  the  black- 
berry as  well  as  the  nispberry. 

'I'hc  presence  of  these  enemies  is  easily  detected  by  the 
sudden  drooping  and  withering  of  the  tips  of  the  canes. 
They  begin  to  operate  late  in  .lune,  and  continue  their  work 
lor  several  weeks;  hence  by  looking  over  the  ras|)berry  j)lan- 
tation  occasionally  at  this  season  of  the  year  and  removing 
all  th(!  withered  tops  down  to  (lie  /oircsf  ri)i;/,  so  as  to  insure 
the  removal  of  the  v^iix^  these  insects  may  be  easily  kept 
under,  I'or  they  are  seldom  numerotis. 


tlii' 


ATTACKING    THE    CANES. 


307 


tiir  eanc  neivr 
1  inch  heldw 
irced,  and  an 
,   its   location 

The  supply 
le  cane  ahovi' 
1-,  and  shortly 

whore  it  has 

cohn-,  is  quite 
in  the   nioi>t 
icreases  in  size 
it.     The  larva 
nth  of  an  inch 
itrhened  at  the 
r  The  head  is 
H^nicnts  of  the 
larva  burrows 
pith  until  fnll 
ust,  when  it  is 
with  a  small, 
its  way  a  con- 
Miains  during- 
is,  the  beetle 
its   liberty  by 
vs  the  black- 

etected  by  the 
of  the  canes, 
luie  their  work 
•Mspberry  l)lan- 
uiid  removing' 
so  as  to  insure 
be  easily   keiH 


No.  177. — The  Red-necked  Agrilus, 

Agrilits  ruficullis  (Falir.). 

In  tlie  spring-time,  when  ras[)berry  and  blackberry  canes 
!ire  being  pruned,  they  will  often  be  observed  .swollen  in 
places  to  the  length  of  an  inch  or  more,  in  the  manner  shown 
in  Fig.  316.  This  swelling  is  a 
l»ithy  gall,  and  has  been  ntuned 
the  ilaspberry  Gouty-gall,  Rxibl 
podagra  Hi  ley,  and  is  produced 
hy  the  irritation  caused  by  the 
presence  of  the  larva  of  the  red- 
necked Agrilus.  The  swollen 
portions  are  not  smooth,  as  the 
healthy  ones  are,  but  have  the 
sui'i'ace  roughened  with  numer- 
uiis  brownish  slits  and  ridges, 
and  when  the  ridges  are  cut  into 
w  ith  a  knife,  there  will  be  foiuid 
under  each  of  them  the  passage- 
way of  a  minute  borer,  and 
either  in  (he  ciiannel  or  in  the 
soft  substance  adjoining,  the  larva 
will  usnally  bo  found.  Fig.  317 
represents  the  nearly  full-grown 
larva  magnitied,  the  hair-line  at 
the  side  indicating  its  njiliiral 
si/e.  Its  body  is  almost  thread- 
like,  and  of  a  pale-yellowish  or  whitish  color,  with  the  'ante- 
rior segments  enlarged  and  flattened.  The  head  is  small  and 
brown,  the  jaws  black,  and  the  tail  is  armed  with  two  slender, 
dark-brown  horns,  each  having  three  blunt  teeth  on  the  imicr 
edge.  When  fidl  grown,  it  measures  about  six-tenths  of  an 
inch  long.  While  yotmg  it  iidiabits  chiefly  the  sa|)-wo(Hl, 
and,  foil  iwing  i'.n  irregular,  spiral  course,  frequent'y  gi-dies 
and  destroys  the  cane;  usually  several  larvro  v»'lll  bo  found 


308 


INSECTS  lyJUIilOUS    TO    THE   RASPBERliV 


('SC'1>1)C',> 


No.  178.~The  Tree  Cricket. 

(I'Jcant/itis  )ilr(iis  Serv. 

Of  nil    the    insects    aU'eetinii;    the    ciiiies  of  {\n)    raspberry 
j)r()l)til)ly  this  is  the  most  troublesonie.     Fig.  o\^,)  i'e|)resiM!l,> 


tl 


le  iiuiK',  and   Fig 


'.20  tl 


le  lernale. 


T\ 


lev 


are  about  .seven-tenths  of  an  incth  loiiij.-,  ot' 
a  pale  whitish-green  color,  and  semi-transpa- 
rent, with  several  dusky  stripes  on  the  head 


an< 


1  tl 


lorax 


th 


le  iesrs  and  antenna!  are  also 


dnskv  or  dark-colored.     'I'hev  are  (!xceed- 


I'glV 


liveb 


an( 


I    th 


le   males  (piile    musical 


chirping   meri'IIy  with   a   loud,  shrill   note 
among    the    bushes    all    tlie   day.      In    the 
autumn  they  attain  lull  growth,  and  it  is  then  that  the  female, 


ATTACK  I NU    THE    CASES. 


309 


ill  carrviiig  out  lior  instinctive  desires  to  protect  lier  progeny 


)eeonies  sucli  an  enemy 


to  th 


le  raspberry-grower. 


SI 


le  IS  tiir 


nislied  with  a  long  ovij)()sitor, 
wliieh  she  thrusts  obh'quely 
more  tiian  halt'-wav  throujjh 
the  cane,  and  down  the  open- 
ing thus  nKuU;  siie  pkiees  one  of  iier  eggs,  which  arc  yellowish 
and  semi-transparent,  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch    long,  and 


narrow 


a  seco 


ud 


one  IS  then   i) 


th 


)  laced, 


m  the  same  manner, 


alon<«;si(le  of  the  first,  and  so  on,  until  from  Hve  to  fifteen  Cii* 
have  been  placed  in  a  row.  Jn  Fig.  ',V1\ 
is  shown  a  piece  of  infested  cane;  <t  rcp- 
rcseuts  the  irregular  row  of  punctiuvs  in- 
dicating the  presence  of  the  eggs ;  A,  the 
.<\mii  laid  open,  showing  the  eggs  in  posi- 
tion; at  (3  is  a  magnified  egg,  while  d 
shows  the  granulated  head  of  the  same, 
still  more  highly  magnifieil.  Owing  to  <^ 
[\\v.  [)rcsencc  of  these  eggs,  the  cane  is 
much  weaUcned,  and  is  liabh)  to  break  on 
shght  provocation ;  sometimes  the  part 
beyond  the  punctures  dies,  but  if  it  sur- 
vives, and  escai)es  being  broken  in  winter, 
it  is  very  apt  to  break  from  the  action  of 
the  wind  on  the  weight  of  foliage  as  soon 
as  it  has  expanded  in  spring,  and  the  crop 
which  would  otherwise  be  realized  is  lost. 
As  soon  as  the  spring  opens,  the  eggs 
begin  to  swell,  and  about  midsummer, 
or  sometimes  a  little  earlier,  the  young 
insects  hatch,  which  much  i'esend)le  the 
perl\'<'t  insect  in  form,  bnt:  lack  wings.  'I'hey  at  once  lca\'e 
the  raspbei'ry  canes  and  do  no  further  injury  to  ihem.  At 
fust  they  ['vvi\  more  or  l(>ss  on  |)lant-l''ce,  and  later  in  the 
season  on  ri|»c  fruits  and  other  succidcut  food.  IJcsidi's  in- 
juring the  raspberry  and  blackberry,  tiiey  attack  the  cane.s 


^TT 


310 


IXSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   liASPBKRRV, 


of  the  i^rape  and  the  .smaller  branches  of  plum,  [)each,  and 
other  trees. 

Remedies. — Cut  out  late  in  the  fall  or  early  in  tlie  spriiio- 
all  those  portions  of  the  cane  which  contain  eggs,  and  burn 
them.  Wherever  the  eggs  are  deposited  the  regular  rows  of 
j)unctures  are  easily  seen,  and  often  their  presence  is  rendered 
still  more  apparent  by  a  partial  splitting  of  the  cane.  The 
mature  insects  may  also  be  destroyed  in  the  autumn  by  sud- 
denly jarring  the  bushes  or  canes  on  which  they  collect,  when 
they  drop  to  the  ground,  and  may  be  trodden  uiuler  foot  before 
they  have  time  to  hop  or  Hy  away. 


ATTACKING  THE  FLOWERS. 


No.  179. — The  Pale-brown  Byturus. 

Ji;// lints  niiicdlor  Say. 

Tills  insect  is  a  small  l)ee(le,  which  is  sometimes  very 
destructive  to  the  blossoms  of  the  raspberry.  It  is  a  native 
in.sect,  about  three-twentieths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  yellowish- 
brown  or  pale-reddish  color,  and  d(>nsely  covered  with  fine, 
pale-yellow  hairs.  The  surface  of  the  body,  when  seen  under 
a  magnifying-lens,  is  densely  |)unctated.  This  beetle  is 
shown,  both  magnilied  and  of  the  natural  siz(>,  in 
Fig.  .322. 

Late  in  ]\Iay  and  early  in  June,  when  the  flowers 
are  expanding,  this  insect  is  busily  employed  eating 
into  and  injui'ing  or  (l(>stroying  the  flower-buds.  Al 
this  period  many  of  the  flower-buds  maybe  found 
with  II  jjole  in  the  side,  through  which  (he  enemy 
has  entered  and  eaten  away,  partly  m-  wholly,  the 
stamens,  also  the  spongy  receplach'  on  which  they 
Where  the  injury  is  oidy  partial,  the  flower 
usually  expands;  but  when  the  .sexual  organs  are  (>ntirely  de- 
stroyed, as  is  often  the  cuso,  the  buds  generally  wither  and  do 


are    ixirne 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


311 


not  open.  The  beetles  attack  the  expanded  flowers  as  well 
as  tliosc  which  are  unopened,  j)artly  liidinti  themselves  about 
the  base  of  tiio  ntnnerous  stamens  on  which  they  are  feediiiii;. 
Thev  are  seldom  seen  dnrinj^  the  middle  of  the  day,  but  work 
chiefly  during  the  early  hours  of  the  morninjj^  and  evening. 
They  i'{iQ(\  on  the  blossoms  of  tiie  bhickberry  also,  and  are 
.-aid  to  eat  the  leaves  of  the  raspberry  occasionally. 

Where  the  flowers  are  injured,  the  fruit,  if  it  forms  at  all, 
is  always  imperfect;  hence,  should  this  insect  become  very 
plentiful,  it  would  prove  a  great  hinderance  to  successful  rasp- 
berry-culture. Fortunately,  it  has  uever  yet  occurred  in  any 
u;reat  nii..'bers;  should  it  at  aiiv  time  become  numerous,  its 
ranks  might  be  thinned  by  hand-picking. 


« 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


No.  180. — The  Raspberry  Saw-fly. 

Sclaiidria  riihi.  lljirris. 

The  perfect  insect  in  this  instance  is  a  four-winged  fly  be- 
longing to  the  order  Hijiaenopterit,  which  appears  iVom  about 
th(!  10th  of  May  to  the  beginning  of  June,  or  soon  after  the 
young  leaves  of  the  ras|)beny  are  put  forth.  Fig.  o23  gives  a 
UKigniHed  view  of  this  fly. 
The  wings,  whiiih  are  trans- 
parent, with  a  glossy  surface 
and  metallic  hue,  measure, 
when  expanded,  about  half 
an  inch  across;  the  veins 
are  black,  and  there  is  also 
a  streak  of  black  along  the 
iVont  margin,  extending 
more  than  half-way  to- 
wards the  ti|)()f  the  wing.  The  anterior  jmrt  of  the  body  is 
black,  the  abdomen  dark  reddish.    In  the  cool  of  the  morning, 


ai2 


l.\SK(TS   IXJURIOUS    TO    THE   RASI'JlKIiR}' 


wlieii  these  flies  are  approached  as  they  rest  on  the  bu-ln -, 
thev  have  the  habit  of  falling:  to  the  *>;romi(l,aii(l  tliere  remain- 
int;  inactive  h)n<^  enough  to  permit  of  their  being  caught;  bui 
with  the  increasing  lieatof  the  day  they  become  mueli  quicker 
in  their  movements,  and  take  wing  readily  when  ap|)roache(l. 

The  eggs  are  buried  beneath  the  skin  of  the  raspberry 
leaf,  near  the  ribs  and  veins,  and  are  placed  there  by  means 
of  the  saw-like  a{)i)aratus  with  whi<'h  the  female  is  provided. 
The  egg  is  white  and  semi-transparent,  with  a  faint  yellow 
tinge,  and  a  smooth,  glossy  surface,  oval  in  form,  and  about 
one-thirtieth  of  an  inch  lony:.  The  skin  covering  it  is  so  thin 
and  transparent  that  the  movements  of  tlu;  enclosed  lar\;i 
may  be  observed  a  day  or  two  before  it  is  hatched,  and  the 
l)lack  s[)ots  on  the  sides  of  the  head  are  distinctly  visible;  it 
escapes  through  an  irregular  hole  made  on  one  side  of  the  egg. 

The  newly-hatched  larva  is  about  one-twelfth  of  an  inch 
long,  with  a  large,  greenish-white  head,  having  a  black,  eye- 
like spot  on  each  side;  the  body  nearly  white,  semi-transparent, 
and  thickly  covered  with  transverse  rows  of  white  spines. 
As  it  grows  older  it  becomes  green,  very  much  the  color  of 

the  leaf  on  which  it  is  iovi]- 


Fig.  324. 


i^ 


st^ 


iiig,  and  on  this  account  it 
would  be  diflicult  to  dis- 
cover were  it  not  that  it 
riddles  the  leaves  by  eat- 
ing out  all  the  soft  tissues 
between  the  coarser  veins. 
When  full  grown,  it  meas- 
ures about  three-(piarters 
of  an  inch  in  length,  is 
of  a  dark-green  color,  it- 
body  thickly  set  with  pale- 
green,  branching  tubercles. 
The  head  is  small,  pale  yel- 
l')wish  green,  with  a  dark-brown  dot  on  each  side.  This 
iarva  U  usually  foiuid  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf,      in 


■ 


ATTACK  I  \G    THE   LEAVES. 


313 


Fii;.  324  it  is  sliown  of  the  natural  siw,  with  portions  ot'  the 
sc'ii;nicnts  niaii:nitie(l,  showing  tlie  arrangement  of  liie  spines 
(III  the  haek  and  side. 

On  reaehing  niatru'lty,  which  is  usually  iVoin  the  middle 
In  the  end  of  June,  the  larva  k-aves  the  l)nsh,  and,  de- 
scending to  tiio  ground,  penetrates  heneatli  the;  surfjiee,  and 
there  eonstruets  a  little,  oval,  eai'thy  coeoon,  mixed  with  silicy 
iiiid  glutinous  m;itter.  Tiiese  eoeoons  are  toughly  made,  and 
may  l)e  taken  out  of  the  earth  in  whieh  they  are  embedded, 
;iiid  even  handled  roughly,  without  nmeh  danger  of  dis- 
lodging the  larvio.  They  remain  within  thi;  eoeoon  for  a 
eoiisideral)le  time  unchanged,  linally  transforming  to  clirysa- 
lids,  from  which  the  Hies  esca|)e  early  the  following  spring. 

'i'liese  insects  may  i)e  reailily  destroyed  hy  syringing  or 
sprinkling  the  hushes  with  water  in  which  powdered  hellel)or(! 
has  been  mixed,  in  the  j)roportion  of  an  ounce  of  the  powder 
to  a  pailful  of  water. 


No.  181. — The  Raspberry  Apatela. 

A/Ki/iht  lirinimsii  (Iroto. 

The  caterpillar  of  this  moth,  although  never  yet  recorded 
as  very  injurious,  is  more  or  less  commcn  on  raspbcrry- 
hnshes  every  year  in  some  localities.  It  does  not  appear  in 
lidcks,  but  feeds  singly.  It  is  a  gray  htiiry  eatei'pillar,  whi<'h 
attains  full  growth  during  tlu;  latt(>r  ])art  of  Jidy  or  in 
August,  when  it  measures,  if  in  motion,  about  an  inch  and  a 
(jirarter  long,  but  when  at  rest,  owing  to  some  of  the  segments 
ni'  the  body  being  drawn  pai'tiy  within  the  others,  it  does 
tidt  measure  more  than  an  inch.  The  body  is  thicj<e-.t  from 
the  third  to  the  seventh  segment,  tapering  a  little  anteriorly 
aiiil  p(>steriorly,  and  is  of  a  brownish-black  color,  with  a  tran-;- 
\ei'se  row  of  ]>aler  tubercles  on  each  segment,  I'rom  which 
spring  clusters  of  brownish-white  or  grayish  hairs  of  varying 
lengths.  Jk'hind  the  third  segment  there  is  a  space  down  tiie 
centre  of  the  back  where  the  dark  color  of  the  body  is  dis- 
tuictly  seen.     The  head  is  ol' a  shining  black  color,  the  upper 


w^ 


314 


IXSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE   RASl'IiERllV. 


F\o.  ?,-ln. 


])()rti()n  ovoiluing  hv  the  long  liairs  of  tlio  next  sc<^incnt. 
Tlie  under  side  is  greenish  brown,  with  a  few  small  clusi.  r, 
of  short  brown  hairs. 

The  larva  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis  within  a  raihcr 

tough  cocoon  fornu'd  of  pieces  of  leaves  interwoven  with  --ilk. 

The  moth  (Fig.  325)  has  the  fore  wings  gray,  mottled  with 

spots,  streaks,  and  dots  of  darker  shades  of  gray  and  brown. 

'J'hc  hind  wings  are  of  a  dull  pale 
gray,  deepiMiing  in  color  a  liitle 
towards  the  outer  margin.  Tin; 
under  sui'face  is  j)aler  than  the 
upi)er.  AVhen  the  wings  are  cx- 
j)anded,  they  measure  about  an  inch 
and  a  (puirter  across. 
Should  this  insect  ever  become  troublesonu^  it  may  be  sub- 
dued by  hand-picking,  or  destroyed  by  showering  the  busjics 
with  water  in  which  hellebore  or  Paris-green  has  been  mixcil, 
in  the  i)roportiou  of  an  ounce  of  the  former  or  one  or  two 
teaspoonfuls  of  tiie  latter  to  two  gallons  of  water. 

No.  182. — The  Raspberry  Plume-moth. 

Pleroplioriis  ? 

The  caterpillar  of  this  moth,  an  undetermined  species  of 
Pterophorus,  lias  not  in  any  instance  been  suHicieutly  nuincr- 

ous  to  be  considered  destructive, 
yet  it  is  an  interesting  insecit,  ami 
on  this  account  deserves  a  ])a<s- 
ing  notice.  About  the  middle 
of  .lune  the  larva  reaches  i'ull 
growth,  when  it  is  about  foiii- 
teuths  ol  an  inch  long,  of  a  \)\\\v 
yellowish-grecyn  color,  streaked  with  j)ale  yellow,  and  with 
transverse  rows  of  shining  tubercles,  from  each  of  whi(!h  aiisc 
from  two  to  six  spreading  hairs  of  a  yellowish-green  color. 
The  head  is  small,  pale  green,  with  a  faint  brown  dot  on  ea  li 
side.     Fig.  320  represents  this  larva,  uukjIi  magnified. 


Fio.  ^20. 


ATTACKING    TITK   LEAVES;. 


315 


t'xt   Hc;i;nicn!. 
mall  clufsti  r.-. 


Wlion  the  larva  is  about  to  chaiij^e  to  a  clirvsalis,  it  .spins  a 
loose  web  of  silk  on  a  loaf  or  other  suitable  spot,  to  which 
till'  chrysalis  is  attached.  This  is  less  than  three-tenths  of  an 
jiK  li  long,  pointed  behind,  enlaro;in<j;  gradually  towards  the 
tVont,  where,  near  the  end,  it  sloj)es  abruptly  to  the  tij).  Its 
color  is  pale  green,  with  a  line  along  the  back  of  a  deej)er 
shade,  margined  on  each  side  with  a  whitish  ridge;  it  is  also 
more  or  less  hairy.  In  about  a  week  or  ten  days  th(>  cImts- 
alis  changes  to  a  darker  color,  shortly  after  which  the  ])erlcct 
insect  escapes. 

The  moth  (Fig.  327),  although  quit(!  small,  is  very  beauti- 
ful ;  it  measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded,  about  half  an 
inch  across.  The  fore  wings  are  of  a  deep 
brownish-copper  color,  with  a  metallic  lustre, 
and  a  few  dots  of  silvery  white;  they  are 
cleft  down  the  middle  about  half  their  de})th, 
the  division  as  well  as  the  outer  edge  being 
fringed.  The  hind  wings,  wdiich  resend)lc 
the  fore  wings  in  color,  are  divided  into  three  portions,  the 
hinder  one  being  almost  linear,  and  all  deeply  fringed.  The 
antennse  are  ringed  with  silvery  white,  and  there  are  spots  of 
the  same  color  on  the  legs  and  body. 

Should  this  insect  at  any  time  j)rove  troublesoni(>,  it  might 
he  easily  destroyed  with  powdered  hellebore  and  water,  as 
rocom mended  for  No.  181.    , 


Fig.  327. 


Fid.  iJ-JS. 


Fio.  :vjn. 


No.  183. — Cliekpnorpha  Ar<pis 
Loichtenstein,  a  beetle  belonging 
to  the  family  Chri/sonielidiv,  is  also 
said  to  feed  occasionally  on  th(> 
raspberry.  In  Fig.  328  the  beetle 
is  represented  of  the  natural  size, 
the  chrysalis  in  Fig.  329.  It  can 
■scarcely  be  regarded  as  injurious,  and  needs  but  a  passing 
notice. 


816 


lySECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   liASPHERRV 


ATTACKING  THE  PKUIT. 
No.  184. — The  Raspberry  Geometer. 

SijiuMord  ruhiroriiriit  (Uiltiv). 


•e" 


ATTACK L\G    THE   I'RLIT. 


317 


tJitv  measure  about  half  au  ineli  across.     The  body  is  irrei  ii 
above  ami  \vhit<!  beueath. 

As  the  larvti  of  this  insect  is  not  usually  observed  until 
the  iruit  is  ripe,  no  poisonous  applications  to  destroy  it  coidd 
be  used,  and  resort  must  be  had,  if  unythin<^  is  done,  to  hand- 
])i(king.     One  species  of  panisitic  insect  is  known  to  i)rey  on 


It. 


No.  185.— The  Flea-like  Negro-bug. 


Fig.  a:Jl. 


Corimelcvnn  j)ii/iatria  (jicnii. 

This  disti'usting  little  pest  is  not  at  all  uncommon  on  rij)o 
ra-]il»erries.  Its  presence  may  be  discovered  bv  the  fruit 
having-  a  nauseous  bi((jrjy  odor,  but  the  inse(?t  is  so  small  that 
it  is  often  taken  into  the  mouth  un- 
noticed until  the  disgusting  flavor  reveals 
its  presence.  In  Fig.  ool  we  have  a 
Miagnitied  outline  of  this  insect,  the  smaller  Tj 
sketch  at  the  side  showing  its  natural  size. 
It  is  of  a  black  color,  w'ith  a  whitish  stripe 
along  each  side,  and  is  furnished  with  a 
pointed  beak  or  sucker,  with  which  it  punctures  the  fruit  and 
extracts  its  juices.  This  troid)le.some  visitor  is  also  found  on 
the  blackberry,  and  occasionally  on  the  strawberry. 


SUPPLEMENTAKY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
ArrEOT  THE  RASPBEKRY. 


)ale-green  color, 
,vhcn  expanded, 


ATTACKING   THE    LEAVES. 

The  fall  web-worm,  No.  27  ;  theoblifiue-banded  leaf-rolhr, 
No.  .'55;  the  .saddle-back  caterpillar.  No.  49;  the  apple  leaf- 
iiiiner,  No.  50;  the  yellow  woolly-bear.  No.  14G;  the  py- 
lamidal  grape-vine  caterpillar.  No.  147;  the  neat  strawberry 
leaf-roller,  No.  193;  the  smeared  dagger.  No.  194;  and  the 
cucumber  flea-beetle.  No.  223. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  BLACKBERRY. 


Fio.  332. 


ATTACKING  THE  OANES. 

No.  186.— The  Pithy  Gall  of  the  Blackberry. 

This  curious  ^iiW,  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  332,  is  soiik-- 
tiines  found  on  bhickberry  canes.  It  is  about  two  or  three- 
inches  kjng,ot'a(hirk- 
red  or  reddish-brown 
color,  obK)n<;  in  tonu, 
with  its  surface  un- 
even, witJi  deej)  lon- 
iiitudinal  f'ui-rows, 
which  divide  tlie  uall 
more  or  less  com- 
pletely into  four  or 
live  })ortions.  Jt  i> 
caused  by  a  small 
four-winged  fly,  Di- 
astrophus  ii  cb  ulo.siis 
Osten  Sacken.  Jl"  a 
transverse  section  of 
this  gall  be  made, 
there  will  be  i'ound 
about  the  middle  a 
nuniber  of  oblonii; 
cells  about  one-eighth 


pupa. 


of  an  inch  loiiu', 
shown  at  b  in  the 
figure,  each  contain- 
ing a  single  larva  or 
Tlie  larva,  which  is  represented  enlarged  at  c,  is  about 


one-tenth  of  an    inch    long,    white,  with    the    mouth    part? 


ua 


ATTACK L\(i    Till-:   CANKS. 


319 


reddish,  and  tlic  hroatliinj^-poivs  iind  an  oval  spot  on  each 
side  l)eliind  the  iiead  of  the  same  color.  Tin;  insect  usnallv 
remains  in  the  larval  state  dnrinu;  tiie  greater  part  of  the 
uiiiter,  then  changes  to  a  chrysalis  {d,  Fig.  ,3o.3),  the  perfect 
jiisect  appearing  in  spring.  The  Hy  is  ahont  one-twelfth  of 
an  inch  long,  black,  with  transi)areut  wings  and  red  feet  and 
antenna'. 

These  gall-niakers  are  attacked  by  parasitic  insects,  and  are 
also  devoured  by  birds. 

No.  187.— The  Seed-like  Gall  of  the  Blackberry. 

This  is  a  singular  gall,  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  which  sometimes  occurs  in  clusters  around  the  canes 
of  the  blackberry,  covering  them  with  a  belt  of  these  seed- 
like  bodies  to  the  depth  of  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half. 
They  are  round,  of  a  reddish  color,  and  from  manv  of  them 
arise  more  or  less  strong  spines,  and  when  cut  into,  unless 
they  have  already  been  emptied  by  birds,  each  one  will  be 
foimd  to  coniain  a  single  larva  or  pupa.  These  trails  are 
also  caused  by  a  small,  four-winged  fly  closely  related  to  that 
of  the  pithy  gall,  and  known  as  Diaftfrop/ias  cuHcuhvformis 
Osten  Sacken.  It  is  of  a  dark-brown  or  black  color,  w^ith 
red  feet  and  antennie. 


No.  188.— The  Blackberry  Bark-louse. 

Lecaniitm ? 

An  undetermined  species  of  Lecanium  is  sometimes  found 
on  the  c:uies  of  the  blackberrv.  This  louse  is  of  an  irreo-- 
idar  hemispherical  fbrni,  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in 
(liatneter,  and  of  a  shining  mahogany  color.  It  ap[)ears  in 
<>r()ups  or  masses  attached  to  the  canes,  and  eaiJi  one,  when 
lifted,  is  found  to  cover  a  largo  nund)er  of  pale-pinkish  egj'-s. 
This  is  very  similar  to  the  grape-vine  bark-louse.  No.  126, 
and  may  be  treated  in  the  same  manner. 


wmm 


320        ISSEVTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  BLACKHKRRV. 

ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 
No.  189.— The  Blackberry  Flea-louse. 

Fsylld  raid  W.  &  11. 

This  insect  has  been  reported  as  common  on  bhickherrv 
leaves  in  some  parts  of  New  Jersey.  It  is  a  small,  four- 
winded  Hy,  nuieh  resembling-  the  pear-tre(;  Psylla  (No.  7<i), 
abont  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long  when  its  wings  are  closcii. 
'J'lie  matnre  insect  is  like  a  plant-lonse  in  appearance,  bnt  its 
trans})arent  wings  are  differently  veined,  and  it  has  the  j)()wi'r 
of  jumping  briskly  when  disturbed,  which  plant-lice  never 
possess.  The  leaves  atlected  curl  up  so  as  to  make  a  safe  hari)iir 
for  the  lice-like  larvjc,  which  occupy  these  enclosures  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  summer.  To  lessen  their  numbers, 
gather  the  curled  leaves  and  burn  them. 


SUPPLEMENTAKY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFPEOT  THE  BLAOKBEREY. 

ATTACKrX(}    THE    ROCyjS. 

Tbe  ras|)berry  root-borer,  No.  17-4,  and  the  raspberry-re  it 
gall-Hy,  No.  175,  both  injure  the  roots  of  the  blackberry. 

ATTACKING   TIIH   ("AXES. 

The  raspberry  cane-borer,  Xu.  17(5,  and  the  red-iieckcil 
Agrilus,  No.  177. 

ATTACKING    THE    EEAVES. 

The  lall  web-worm,  No.  27  ;  the  a|)ple  leaf-miner.  No.  ;")(); 
the  waved  Lagoa,  No.  (Sll ;  the  yellow  woolly-bear,  No.  Md; 
and  the  neat  strawberrv  leaf-rv)llcr.  No.  11)3. 


ATTACKIN(}    THE    '  RUIT. 

The  Hea-like  negro-bug,  No.  185,  is  common  on  the  fruit. 


DU  blackberry 
X  small,  I'oiir- 
^vlUi(N().  70). 
iii>;s  ive  closed, 
(arance,  but  its 
has  the  power 
ant-lice  never 
ceasafe  harbnr 
'losures  durinL;' 
;heir   numbers, 


SECTS  WHICH 


llie  red-nockeil 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  STRAWBERRY. 

ATTACKING  THE  ROOTS. 

No.  190.— The  Strawberry  Root-borer. 

Anarsia  Uncalella  Zeller. 

Wiien  occurrinji;  in  <^rcat  numbers,  this  insect  is  very  inju- 
rious, playing  sad  havoc  with  the  strawl)erry-[)lauts.  'i'lu; 
borer  is  a  small  caterpillar,  nearly  hali'an  inch  loni;\  and  ot'  a 
reddisli-i)ink  color,  lading  into  dull  yellow  on  the  second  and 
third  sei>'ments,  the   anterior  portion  of  the  second  segment 


ibo\'< 


l)einir  smoo 


tl.     I 


lor 


"}' 


-I 


ooknu 


f-!> 


am 


1   br 


ownisii    veiiow 


11. 


like  the  heatl.  On  each  segment  there  are  a  i'ew  shining, 
reddish  dots,  from  evei-y  one  of  Avliich  arises  a  single,  fnu', 
vellowisli  hair.     The  under  surface  is  paler.     This  borer  cats 

trough  the  crown,  sometimes  excavatiiiii' 


irretiii 


lar  el 


laimc 


Is  th 


laigc  chambers,  at  other  times  tunnelling  it  in  variotis  diret'- 
tioi'.s,  eating  its  way  here  and  there  to  the  surface.  \^  ex- 
aiuined  in  the  spring,  most  of  the  cavities  will  Ix;  fotind  to 
eoiitaiu  a  moderate-sized,  soft,  silky  case,  nearly  full  of  cast- 
ings, which  (hiibtless  has  served  as  a  })lace  of  retreat  for 
the  larva  during  the  wititer.  • 

Early  in. Tune,  when  mature,  the  catcn'pillar  changes  to  a  small, 
reddish-brown  chrysalis,  either  within  one  oi'  the  cavities  c.\- 


cav 


a  ted 


in  tlie  crown,  or  amou<r  Mccaved   leaves  or  rul)l)i^li 


alioiit  the  surface,  from  wdiieh  the  moth  escapes  early  in  duly 


The  moth  (sec  Fig.  'VoX)  is  verv  small,  of  a  dark-grav  ( 


wlor 


w  ilh  a  few  l)lackish-l)rown  spots  and  streaks  on  the  f  )re  wing-. 
The  Iringes  bv)rdering  the  wings  jire  gray  tinged  with  yellow. 
The  moth  lays  an  egg  on  the  crown  of  the  plant  lat(!  in  duly 
()!•  early  in  August,  wdiich  .soon  hatches;  the  small  caler- 
|)illar  burrows  into  the  heart  of  the  plant,  and  remains  in  one 
(if  the  chambers  during  (he  winter,  occupying  oiieof  the  sliky 

»t  881        ' 


^22       INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  STRAWBERRY 


cast's  referred  to.  Tlie  channels  formed  by  this  hirva  throuuh 
the  crown  and  larger  roots  of  the  phint  soon  cause  it  to  withi  i- 
and  die;  or,  if  it  survives,  to  send  up  weakened  antl  ahmoi 
barren  slioots. 

Tliis  insect  does  not  limit  its  depredations  to  the  stravvberiv ; 
the  larva  is  also  found  boring  into  the  tender  twigs  of  the 

peach-tree  and  killing  the  terminal  bnl-. 
In  Fig.  333  we  have  a  representation  of 
the  larva  and  moth,  both  of  the  natuiil 
size  and  magnified,  also  of  an  injured 
peach-twig.  The  insect  is  known  to  at- 
tack th(!  po;ich-trce  in  Europe,  whence  it 
has  probably  been  imported  to  this  count rv. 
lianeclics. — Dusting  the  plants  with 
air-slaked  lime  or  with  soot  has  \u'vn 
recommended,  but  there  seems  to  be  no 
way  thoroughly  to  destroy  this  pest  except  by  diggimr  up 
the  strawberry  i)lants,  burning  them,  and  planting  afresh. 
The  larvse  are  subject  to  the  attacks  of  })arasites,  which  d<»iilii- 
less  materiidiv  limit  their  increase. 


m 


No.  191. — The  Strawberry  Crown-borer. 

Ti/I(i(l<:riu(t  I'rdi/dria'  (Hi ley). 

This    is   an    indigenous   insect,  a  beetle   belonging   to  I  lie 
fauuly  of  Curculios.     The  beetle  (Fig.  334)  a[)pears  in  -Iiiiie 

or    July,   and    depd-iis 
^'^"-  ^'^^-  an  egg  about  the  crown 

of  the  plant,  from  wliieli. 
when  hatched,  the  Imva 
burrows  downwiinU. 
eating  into  the  siili- 
stance  of  the  crown. 
Here  it  remains,  boriii;: 
and  excavating,  imtil  it 
attains  full  growth,  wlicn  it  apj)ears  as  shown  at  a  in  tlie 
figure,  where  it  is  nnicii  nuignilied.     It  is  about  one-fif'li  nt' 


IRV. 

vii  throimU 
it  to  w'nli'  I' 
aiul  aliu"-i 


stvuvvben  y ; 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


ivr 


wiiis  of  tlif 
L-iniiit\l  ))iiU. 
scntutiou  ni' 
'  thi'  naluril 
'   an    injuvnl 
known  to  ai- 
po,  \vbeu(v  it 
3  this  fount rv. 
plants    w'uli 

OOt     litis     It.TU 

ems  to  1)0  110 

)y  di;j;s:;in:-''  up 

lantin^i;  at'n-li. 

wWxcU  iloiilit- 


rer. 


loniiini;" 


to    till' 


Inoars  m  .luiu' 


am 


I    (U"l 


)0>ll> 


l)0 


lit  till!  ci'owu 
^,t,  from  \vlii''li. 
•hccKtl 


;\rv;i 


(lownwiirtN, 
lito    the     siil.- 

||'     \\\V     cvovvii. 


■mam^ 


linnU'. 


at  a  in  <!'*' 


In 

it    OIH' 


inch  lony;,  wliite,  with  a  hornv,  yellow  head.     It  eliaime.- 


an  ...V...  .w..^, 

lo  a  chrysalis  within  the  root,  IVoin  which  the  beetle  escapes 

.hiring-  the  month  of  August. 

Tlic  beetle,  shown  at  h  and  c  in  the  figure,  is  about  ono- 
sixth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  brown  c()l()i',  with  several  more 
(ir  less  distinct  dark-brown  spots,  and  is  marlced  with  lines 
and  dots. 

Almost  all  the  plants  infested  with  this  larva  are  sure  to 
jicrish,  and  old  beds  ai'c  said  to  be  more  liable  to  injury  than 
new  ones.  The  only  remedy  suggested  is  to  dig  up  and  burn 
ihe  plants  after  the  ii.'uiting  season  is  over,  and  before  the  larva 
has  time  to  pass  through  its  transformation  and  escape  as  a 
licetlc. 


■  fif'h  ol' 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 

No.  192. — Th3  Strawberry  Leaf-roller. 

Plwxopleris  frdijaria'.  (W.  i*c  K.). 

This  insect,  whicih  is  sometimes  designated  tJic  .strawberry 
leaf-roller,  is  not  the  only  leaf-roller  which  attacks  the  leaves 
(if  the  strawberry.  The  cater[)illars  belonging  to  the  early 
hi'ood  are  found  upon  the  plants  diu'ing  the  month  of  .Itiiic, 
rolling  the  leaves  into  cvlindrical  cases,  fasteninsj:  them  with 
tlu'eads  of  sillc,  and  feeding  within  on  their  pnlpy  substiincc, 
causing  the  Icue!'  to  aj>|'i'ar  discolored  and  partly  withered,. 
Tliey  are  ab""!!  p;i  '  third,  of  an  inch  long,  and  vary  in  color 
iVoin  villowish  In  own  t',,.v  darker  l)rown  or  green.  The  head  is 
yellowish  and  horny,  with  a  darl-:  eye-like  spot  on  each  side. 
The  second  segment  has  a  shu'ld  above,  colored  and  polished 
like  the  head,  and  on  every  segment  there  ar(>  a  tew  pah.' 
ilitts,  I'rom  each  of  whiifh  aris(«  a  single  haii-.  In  h'ig.  .'J.'j.'j, 
It  i-eprcsents  the  larva  of  its  natural  si/e,  h  a  magnilied  view 
nf  the  head  ;\nd  tour  succeeding  segmeiils,  and  d  the  terminal 
segment  of  -iiC  body. 

The  larva  ^'Mv-rae^  a  chrysalis  within  the  folded  leaf  late  in 


324       IJ^SECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  STRAWBKRRy. 

June,  and  appears  as  a  moth  early  in  Jnly.     The  fore  ^vin^s 
of  the  moth  are  reddi.sli  brown,  streaked  an;l  spotted  witii 

black    and   -white,   ;is 
Fig.  335.  shown  in  the  H!i;ni'(';ir 

c;  the  hind  wings  and 
ab(h)nien  are  duskv; 
the  head  and  thorax 
reddisli brown.  When 
expanded,  the  winirs 
mcasiu-e  nearly  half 
an  inch  aeross.  'Die  ej^gs  for  the  seeond  brood  of  larv.'c  arc; 
dej>osited  dnring  the  i;>  '-r  part  of  Jnly,  the  larviic  attainiiijj; 
their  fnll  growth  towa,  •  ''  end  of  September,  w'hen  tliev 
ehan*>e  to  ehrvsalids,  jiiU  lain  in  that  eondition  dnriiic 

the  winter,  prodneing  moths  ilie  following  spring. 

This  speeies  is  sometimes  very  destrnetive,  when  the  plants 
should  be  sprinkled  with  a  mixture  of  j)owdered  hellebore 
and  water,  in  the  proportion  of  an  onnee  to  the  j)aili'nl,  (ir 
the  rolled  leaves  may  be  gathered  and  burnt,  or  the  pkmtation 
l)loughed  up  in  the  antumn  or  early  in  the  spring,  and  tii(! 
inseets  destroyed  by  burying  them;  in  replanting,  avoid  usiiii:; 
plants  from  infested  distriets. 


i«|'! 


No.  193.— The  Neat  Strawberry  Leaf-roller. 

Eccopsis  pcj'inundana  (Cleinons), 

This  prrnieious  little  eater[)ilh!r  appears  just  about  the 
time  that  the  strawberry  blossoms  are  ojiening,  and  delights 
to  form  its  protecting  case  by  drawing  the  flowers  and  llowcr- 
bnds  together  into  a  ball  and  to  feast  uj)on  their  substance,  a 
])eeuliarity  which  renders  its  attacks  nuieh  more  injnriotis  than 
any  mere  consumption  of  leaves  would  be  The  larva  is  df 
a  green  coloi-,  with  the  head  and  upjx'r  part  of  the  next  sou,- 
Vuent  black'.  When  I'tdl  grown,  it  is  about  (Ive-cighths  oi' 
an  inch  long,  is  very  active  in  its  habits,  and  wriggles  itself 
quickly  out  of    its  hiding-|)lac(!   when    distnrbed.     Late  in 


A  TTA  ( 'hl\(i    TlfK  L KA  VES. 


325 


Fio.  33G. 


Juiic  or  early  in  July  it  changes  to  a  brown  ciirysalis,  from 
which,  in  a  few  days,  the  perfect  insect  escapes. 

The  moth,  wliich  is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  336,  has  its 
fore  wings  yellowish  or  greenish  brown,  varying  much  in  shade 
of  color,  with  irregular,  lighter  mark- 
ings crossing  the  wings  obliquely  ;  the 
hind  wings  are  ashy  brown. 

The  caterpillar  is  very  destructive 
in  some  districts,  and  feeds  upon  the 
wild  strawberry  as  well  as  upon  the 
(uhivatcd  varieties;  also  upon  the 
leaves  of  the  raspberry  and  black- 
licrry. 

Remedies. — Dusting  the  plants  with  air-slaked  lime,  soot, 
or  ashes,  or  s[)rinkling  them  with  a  mixture  of  Paris-green 
and  water,  in  the  proj)ortion  of  one  or  two  teaspoonfuls  to 
two  gallons  of  water,  would  no  doubt  prove  beneficial.  Tlie 
caterpillar  is  very  subject  to  the  attacks  of  parasites.  , 

No.  194. — The  Smeared  Dagger. 

Apatcla  ubliiiita  (Siii.  &  Al)l).). 

The  moths  belonging  to  the  genus  Apatela  are  called 
"daggers"  in  England,  on  account  of  a  peculiar  dagger- 
like mark  found  on  the  front  wings  near  the  hind  angle. 
This  peculiarity  being  partly  obliterated  in  this  species,  it 
has  received  the  connnon  name  of  the  "smeared  dagger." 

The  accompanying  figure,  337,  rej)resents  the  insect  in  its 
various  stages.  The  larva,  a,  is  a  hairy  caterpillar,  brightly 
tii-namented,  and  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long.  It  is  of 
a  deep  velvety  l)lack  color,  with  a  transverse  row  of  tubercli'S 
on  each  segment,  those  altove  'l)eing  bright  red  and  set  in  a 
Itand  of  the  same  color,  which  extends  down  each  side.  From 
each  tubercle  there  arises  a  tuft  of  short,  stilf  hairs,  those 
on  tlu^  upper  part  of  the  body  being  rc<l,  while  below  they 
are  yellowish  or  mixed  with  yellow.  On  each  side  of  an 
imaginary  line  drawn  down  the  centre  of  the  back  is  a  row  of 


326     lysEcrs  iNjvuiors  to  the  strawberry. 

briglit-yollow  spots,  two  oi'  more  on  each  segment,  and  Ix^low 
these,  and  (;lose  to  tlie  under  surface,  a  briglit-yelU)\v  hand, 
deeply  indented  on  eacli  segment.    Spiracles  white.    Tliorc  wvc 
also  a  few  whitish  dots  scattered  irregularly  over  tlie  siirfac 
of  the  body.     This  cater|)illar  is  so  conspicuous  for  its  heiiUN 
that  it  is  sure  to  attract  the  attention  of  every  beiiolder. 
As  soon  as  it  is  fidl  grown,  it  draws  together  a  lew  leaves 

Fig.  337. 


or  otlier  loo.se  nuiterial,  and,  with  the  aid  of  some  silk,  coii- 
stru(!ts  a  rude  case  (/;,  Fig.  3.'57),  within  which  it  changes  to 
a  dark-brown  ciiry.salis.  The  caterpillai-s  of  the  I'all  brood, 
which  become  chrysalids  early  in  September,  do  not  produce 
moths  until  June  following.  There  are  two  broods  durinj;' 
the  season,  but  the  members  of  the  early  one,  being  le.-s 
abundant,  are  not  .so  often  .seen  as  thos.,  of  the  later  brood. 

Tiie  moth,  which  is  re[)resented  at  c  in  the  figure,  is  a  very 
j)lain-Iooking  iu.sect.  Its  fore  wings  are  gray,  with  a  row  of 
blackish  dots  along  the  hind  border.  A  broken,  blackish, 
zitrzas;  line,  sometimes  indistinct,  crosses  the  wint>'  bevond  lln' 
middle,  and  there  are  .some  darker  grayish  spots  about  tlir 
middle  of  the  wing  ;  the  hind  wings  are  while. 


II 


mil 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


This  caterpillar  is  not  confined  to  the  strawbci-rv,  but  feeds 
•also  on  the  leaves  of  the  grape,  aj)i)le,  peach,  ras{)l)erry, 
willow,  and  on  the  common  smart-weed,  Polijrjonum  piuie- 
tdtiuii.  Beinjr  such  a  general  feeder,  it  is  never  likely  to 
become  injurious.  It  is  j)reye(l  upon  by  several  panu^itic 
insects,  which  no  doubt  render  material  aid  in  keeping  it 
witiiiu  due  limits. 

No.  195. — Cut-worms. 

Under  Xo.  -15,  among  the  iiise(;ts  injurious  to  the  apple, 
the  reader  will  find  reference  made  to  those  species  of  cut- 
worms which  are  noteil  for  climbing  trees  and  tlcvouring  the 
Ibliage,  These  climbing  cut-worms  eat  also  anything  on 
the  ground  which  may  come  in  theii-  way.  There  are,  how- 
ever, a  number  of  species  which  do  not  climb  trees,  and  it  is, 
as  a  rule,  among  these  that  we  fin<l  the  greatest  enemies  to 
strawberry-plants.  These  larva%  or  '•  woi-ms,"  as  tliey  arc 
called,  all  have  a  general  resemblance  to  one  auotner,  being 
smooth  and  of  souk;  shade  of  greenish  gray  or  brown,  with 
dusky  markings,  or  occasionally  almost  bhuik.  IJoth  the 
larva)  and  the  moths  arc  nocturnal  in  their  habits,  and  secirte 
themselves  during  the  day,  the  moths  in  crevices  of  tlu;  bark 
of  trees  or  other  suitable  hiding-places,  while  the  larvic  buiy 
themselves  under  the  ground  in  the  neighbui-hood  of  the 
scene  of  their  depreilations.  Their  life-history  is  brietlv 
told  under  No.  45,  and  need  not  be  rej)eated  here.  It  will 
suOice  in  this  comiection  to  I'cfer  to  several  reprcsciitativt' 
s[)ecies  of  the  class  which  do  not  climb. 


The  (jrreasy  Cut-worm,  A(/r(>(is  Yj).\'i/o)i  (Rolt.).  This  larva, 
which  is  shown  in  Fig.  ,']38,  is  of  a  deep  dull-brown  color, 
inclini'ig  to  black,  with  |)aler  longitudinal  lines,  a  faint, 
broken,  yellowish-white  lin(!  along  the  back,  and  two  other 
indistinct  j)ale  lines  on  each  side  ;  there  are  also  a  few  shining 
black  dots  on  each  segment.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about 
jui  inch  and  a  ludf  lony;. 


■Mi 


32S       IJSSFAJTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE  STRAW IlEIUiV. 

The  moth,  also  represented  in  tlie  figure,  has  the  fore  \viiin> 
brownish  gray  with  darker  nuirkiiigs,  and   i)atehes  of  a  paler 

color  towards  the  ai)ex  of  the 
wing.  riie  hind  wings  are  al- 
most white,  with  a  pearly  lustic, 
and  nearly  semi-transjKircnt. 
When  the  wings  are  sj)read,  th(  y 
measure  about  an  ineh  and  tlii'cc- 
quarters  across. 

The  Striped  Cut-worm,. (///v/- 
iis  mib(/ot/iica  (Ha worth).  This 
caterpillar  is  of  an  ash  gray  coloi-, 
with  broad,  dark  longitudinal 
lines,  and  several  narrow  lighter 
ones,  and  when  full  grown  is  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  long. 
The  moth  is  shown  in  Fig.  339  with  its  wings  expanded,  and 

Fig.  339. 


al,-o 


fro  11 
bhu 


with  its  wings  closed.     It  is  of  a  deej)-l)rown  color,  with 

gravish,  flesh-colored  markings.    Tlu! 

Fio.  3-10.  , .  .     ,         r . 

markings  are  qmto  characteristic,  am  1 
it  should  be  easilv  recogni/e(l  from 
the  figures. 

'I'he  Checkered  JIustic,  Ayrotis  ^■■<- 
selhdd  Harris  (Fig.  340),  is  of  a  dark- 
ash  color,  with  two  [)alo  spots  on  the 

t  wings  alternating  with  a  triangidar  and  a  nearly  scpiare 

k  spot. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


329 


The  Gla(<sy  Cut-worm,  TTudena  dcvastatrlx  (Brace).  In 
Fitr.  341  we  liave  a  representation  of  the  larva.  It  is  ol"  a 
^;liining'  green  color,  with  a  red  head  and  a  dark-l)ro\vn,  horny- 


FiG.  341. 


Pig.  ?A± 


looking  shield  on  the  next  segment.  On  each  ring  there  are 
a  ninnher  of  shining  dots,  from  each  of  which  arises  a  single 
<h()rt  hair,  as  seen  in  the  magiiilied  segment  beh)w.  The 
moth  (Fig.  342)  is  of  a  dark  ashen-gray  color,  marked  with 
black  and  white  spots,  streaks,  and  dots;  the  hind  wings  are 
pale  brownisli  gray. 

Many  more  examples  of  these  cut-worms  and  their  moths 
might  be  cited,  but  enough  has  been  g'ven  to  show  their 
trcuieral  characteristics. 

To  subdue  these  insects  is  no  easy  matter,  since  they  do 
iii»t  usually  eat  the  foliage  in  the  manner  that  other  cater- 
pillars do,  l)ut  attack  the  plant  at  about  the  base,  and,  having 
cut  it  through,  leave  the  greater  portion  of  it  to  wilt  and 
|)crish.  Sprinkling  the  i)lants  with  air-slaked  lime,  ashes, 
or  powdered  hellebore,  or  showering  them  well  with  water 
containing  Paris-green,  in  the  proportion  of  one  or  two  tea- 
>l)oonfuls  to  a  pailful  of  water,  woidd  destroy  many  of  them  ; 
l)ut  the  safest  way  is  to  catch  and  kill  tiie  enemy.  Where 
a  plant  is  seen  suddenly  to  wilt  and  die,  the  author  of  the 
mischief  can  generally  be  found  within  a  few  inches  of  the 
plant  destroyed,  and  a  siiort  distance  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  These  larva}  are  all  vigorously  attacked  by  various 
s})ecies  of  parasites. 


'IM 


330       INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  STRAWBERRV 


No.  196.— The  Spotted  Paria. 

I'm  in  srx-iio/ii((i  (Say). 

This  is  :i  sinall   hcctii',  about  three-ten tli.s  of  an  inch  lonix, 

j)ale    in    color, — sonictinics    <]:ii-Ic, — hiivinj^    the    win^-covers 

spoiled  with  bhicU,  and  oi-naincnted  witli  reuuhir  rows  of  dot.-^, 

which  disaj)i)ear  towards  the  ti|)  (see  Fij^.  343);  beneath  it  is 

blackish.      It   i.s   a  .stout  insect,  with  a  polislied 

Fk;.  34;].      surface,  and  is  very  active  in  its  movements,  liop- 

})ing  briskly  about  when  aj)proached  or  disturbed. 

Tlie  beetle  appears  at  the  time  when   the   iVuii 

is  partly  grown,  which,  in   the   northern   parts 

of  the  continent,  is   towards  the  end   of   May. 

When  these  insects  are  abundant,  they  devour  the  leaves  of 

the  [)lants  with  such  avidity  that  they  are  soon  completely 

riddled  with  holes,  and  the  crop  of  fruit  materially  injured. 

I^riiicdic.s. — On  atrount  of  the  advanced  y-rowth  of  the 
fruit  when  the  beetle  a})pears,  it  would  be  unsafe  to  use  strouii' 
poisons,  such  as  Paris-green.  It  would  be  much  safer  to  use 
hellebore,  and  (juite  efFectual ;  j)robab]y  air-slaked  lime,  soot, 
or  ashes  dusted  on  the  foliage  would  also  remedy  the  evil. 


Fig.  844. 


A. 


No.  197.— The  Striped  Flea-beetle. 

Phylloireta  viltata  (Fabr.). 

This  pretty  little  beetle,  although  most  commonly  found  on 

young  turnips  and  cabbages,  is  some- 
times found  also  eating  the  leaves  of 
strawberry-plants.  The  beetle,  which 
is  .shown  magnified  in  Fig.  344,  i> 
le.ss  than  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long, 
black,  witii  a  broad,  wavy,  yellowish 
strijjc  on  each  wing-cover.  It  is  very 
active,  leaping  away  to  a  considerable  distance  when  an  at- 
tempt is  made  to  catch  it. 

Tiie  larva,  which  is  also  .shown  in  the  figure,  is  found  on  the 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


331 


foil  I  id  on  the 


roots  of  young  cahlKige-plants  ;  it  is  about  onc-tliii-d  of  an  inch 
long,  white,  with  a  dusky  line  on  the  anterior  half  of  its  body. 
The  head  is  pale  brown,  and  on  the  posterior  extremitv  is  a 
brown  spot  equal  to  the  head  in  size.  When  the  larva  reaches 
maturity,  it  forms  a  little  earthen  eoeoon  near  its  feedin^-- 
j)]ace,  and  in  this  transf  )rnis  to  a  chrysalis  (Fig.  344)  of  a 
whitish  color,  from  whi(;h,  in  a  few  days,  the  l)eetle  appears. 
The  remedies  recommended  for  the  spotted  Paria^  No.  TJO, 
are  equally  apj)licable  in  this  case. 

No.  198. — The  Canadian  Osmia. 

Osinia  ('unitihnsis  Crcssmi. 

This  is  a  small  four-winged  insect  which  occasionally  proves 
destructive  to  strawberry-plants.    In  Fig.  345  it  is  shown  much 
magnified;  its  natural  size  is 
indicated  by  the  short  line  at  ^^«-  ^'^^• 

the  side  of  the  figure.  The 
head,  thorax,  and  ai)domen  in 
both  sexes  are  green,  and  more 
or  less  densely  covered  with 
short  hairs,  those  on  the  tho- 
rax being  longest.  The  wings 
are  nearly  transparent,  with 
blackish  veins.  The  female 
is  larger  than  the  male. 

These  insects  nibble  away  the  leaves,  chewing  the  fragments 
into  a  sort  of  pulp,  and  carrying  it  away  to  l)e  used  in  the 
construction  of  their  nests.  The  injury  done  to  strawberry- 
{)lants  by  them  is  sometimes  very  marked. 

No.  199.— The  Strawberry  Leaf-stem  Gall. 

This  is  an  elongated  gall,  an  inch  or  mor*  in  length,  found 
on  the  stalk  of  the  leaf  of  the  strawberry  near  its  base,  pro- 
duced by  an  undetermined  species  of  gall-liy.  Its  surface  is 
irregular  and  its  color  red,  while  the  internal  structure  is 
spongy.     If  these  galls  are  opened  about  the  middle  of  July, 


lili'2 


Ji\Si:CTS  Ii\JiJilOUS   TO    THE  STItA  WBEIUIV 


there  will  be  Ibuncl  in  each,  about  the  centre,  a  small,  luilk- 
whitc,  tootle.^s  li'riib,  seini-tninsi)areiit,  with  a  smooth,  glossv 
sUiii,  a  wrinkled  surface,  and  a  lew  line,  short  hairs.  Its  jaws 
are  pale  brown,  and  its  length  at  this  period  is  about  one- 
sixteenth  of  an  inch,  the  body  ta[)ering'  u  little  towards  each 
extremity.  This  insect  doubtless  changes  to  a  chrysalis  within 
the  gall,  from  which  the  Hies  escape  later  in  the  season,  or 
early  the  following  spring. 

No.  200.— The  Strawberry  Saw-fly. 

Eniphijtns  maculafiis  Norton. 

Tliis  insect  in  the  p(.'rlect  state  is  also  a  four-winged  Hy, 
which  in  the  hirval  condition  is  very  destructive  to  the  leaves 
of  the  strawberry.  The  accompanying  figure,  346,  illustrates 
the  insect  in  its  various  stages ;  1  shows  the  under  side  of  the 
chrysalis,  2  a  side  view  of  the  same,  3  the  perfect  fly,  all 

Fio.  346. 


magnified;  4  the  larva  crawling,  6  the  same  at  rest,  5  the 
perfect  insect  with  its  wings  closed,  and  7  the  cocoon,  all  (»f 
the  natural  size;  8  one  of  the  antennoB,  and  9  an  egg,  bolh 
magnified.  The  egg  is  placed  within  the  substance  of  the 
stem  of  the  leaf  early  in  May  by  means  of  the  peculiar  saw- 


t'l'. 

all,  milk- 
th,  gl(>.ssy 
Its  jaws 
ihoiit  oiic- 
^•ard.s  each 
ills  within 
season,  (»!• 


ATTACK  I  Mi    THE   LEAVES. 


333 


vinged  fly, 
the  leaves 

,  illustrates 
side  of  the 

eet  flv,  all 


rest,  5  the 
coon,  all  of 
n  egg,  l)oth 
a nee  of  the 
"culiar  saw- 


liUe  apparatus  with  which  the  female  is  provided.  It  is 
about  one-thirtieth  of  an  inch  Inim,  and  of  a  white  color; 
its  presence  produces  a  slight  swelling  on  the  stalk,  and  l>y 
splitting  the  stalk  so  as  to  open  the  swelling  the  egg  may  he 
found.  The  etrti's  ahsorl)  moisture  from  the  stem  and  increase 
in  si/e,  and  in  about  a  iortnight  hatch,  when  the  young  worms 
at  once  begin  to  feeil  on  the  leaves.  At  iirst  they  attract  but 
little  attention,  as  the  holes  they  make  in  the  leaves  are  small, 
hut  as  thev  increase  in  size  thev  often  completelv  riddle  the 
foliage  and  destroy  its  usefulness. 

When  full  grown,  they  arc  marly  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  of  a  ])ale-greenish  color,  with  a  faint  whitish  bloom. 
The  skin  is  scmi-transj)arcnt,  revealing  the  movement  of  the 
internal  organs,  wliieh  show  through  as  dark-greenish  j)atches. 
There  is  a  broken  band  along  each  side,  of  a  deeper  shade  of 
•rreen,  and  below  this  the  bodv  has  a  vellowish  tint.  The 
head  is  yellowish  brown,  with  six  black  dots,  thci  lUws  dark 
brown,  and  the  under  surface  yellowish.  The  larvic  fall  to 
ihegi'ound  when  disturbed. 

When  mature,  they  biu-row  under  the  surface,  and  form 
oval  cocoons  by  cementing  together  minute  iVagments  of 
earth,  and  within  these  enclosures  the  remaining  transforma- 
tions are  completed,  the  insect  finally  issuing  in  the  perfect 
or  winged  form. 

The  fly  is  black,  with  two  rows  of  large  whitish  spots  upon 
the  abdomen  ;  antenna  black,  legs  brown.  The  wings,  when 
spread,  measure  a  little  more  than  half  an  inch  across.  Tlmse 
belonging  to  the  first  brood  of  larvre  appear  on  the  M'ing  early 
in  July,  when  eggs  are  deposited  for  a  second  brood,  which 
are  fomid  during  August.  They  comjdetc  their  larval  growth, 
enter  the  ground,  and  constrtict  their  earthen  cells,  in  which 
they  remain  inichanged  until  the  following  spring,  when  they, 
enter  the  chrysalis  state  and  transform  to  flies  within  a  few  days. 

Heniedies, — Hellebore  and  water,  or  Paris-green  and  water, 
showered  on  the  vines  in  the  proportions  recommended  under 
No.  181 J  will  destroy  them. 


I1  > 


384       INSECTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE   STRA  WBKRRY. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 

No.  201.— The  Stalk-borer. 

Gortyaa  nitela  Guenee. 

Tills  larva,  which  is  commonly  found  in  the  stalks  of  the 
potato  and  tomato,  may  be  said  to  have  a  rather  varied  taste, 
as  it  also  l)ores  into  the  stalks  of  the  drddia,  aster,  :ind  cockle- 
burr,  the  cob  of  the  Indian  corn,  and  the  fruit  of  the  straw- 
berry.    In  Fig.  'Vn  we  have  a  representation  of  the  larv;!. 


Fio.  ;U7. 


Fig.  n4S. 


When  it  leaves  the  fruit  or  other  substance  it  has  occupied,  it 
descends  a  little  below  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  in  a  lew 
days  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  from  which  the  moth  (Flu. 
34S)  emerges  from  about  the  iii\(\  of  August  to  the  middle  of 
Se])tember. 

In   case  this   insect  siumld   so    multiply   as    to   recpiire   a 
remedy,  hand-picking  is  the  only  one  suggested. 


SUPFLEME.NTAEY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  STRAWBERRY. 


ATTACKING  THE   ROOTS. 


The  larva  of  the  g(<ldsinith  beetle.  No.  77,  and  also  thnl 
of  the  May  beetle,  i\o.  11.'},  attack  the  routs  of  the  Htraw- 
berrv  The  latter,  which  is  commonlv  known  ao  the  white 
grub,  is  fi'cquently  V(M'y  (lestruciivc. 


■S- UP PLEMENTA  R V  LIS T. 


335 


ATTACKrXG  TIIK   LEAVES. 

The  (.hliquo-bamlcl  leaf-roller,  No.  35  ;  the  climbing  cut- 
^^•or^^  jSo.  4o;  the  horned  span-worm,  No.  86 ;  the  grape- 
v.ne  Colaspis,  No.  153;  and  the  currant  Angerona,  No.  210. 

ATTACKIXG   THE    l-'UUIT. 

The  flea-like  i.egro-bug,  No.  J85,  is  not  uncommon  on  the 
fi'uit  ot  the  strawberrv. 


OTS  WHICH 


■MHi 


rr- 


|ji;;i) 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  RED  AND  WHITE 

CURRANT. 

ATTACKING  THE  STEMS. 


Fiu.  349. 


No.  202. — The  Imported  Currant-borer. 

^J'Jijivia  tipulifori)us  Linn. 

This  iiisot't  has  for  mjiiiy  years  been  a  serious  iinpediiiient 
in  the  way  of  successful  currant-culture.  It  is  an  importa- 
tion from  Europe',  where  it  has  long  proved  troublesome;  in 
the  larval  state  it  burrows  up  and  down  the  interior  of  the 
stems,  making  them  so  hollow  and  weak  that  they  frequently 
break  in  the  s})ring  from  the  weight  of  foliage  when  swayed 
by  the  action  of  the  wind. 

The  ]»arent  of  this  destructive  larva  is  a  pretty,  wasp-like 
moth  (see  Fig.  349),  which  measures,  when  its  wings  are  ex- 
l)anded,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across. 
The  body  is  of  a  bluish-black  color,  the  abdo- 
men being  crossed  by  three  narrow  golden  band-;, 
while  on  the  th.or;  x  and  at  the  base  of  the  wings 
are  streaks  of  a  s  milar  color.  The  wings  arc 
transparent, but  vei,'ed  and  bordered  with  brown- 
ish black  with  a  coppery  lustre;  the  bordering  is  widest  on 
the  front  wings,  which  arc  also  crossed  bv  a  band  of  the  saino 
color  beyond  the  middle.  The  moth  appears  about  I  he 
middle  of  June,  when  it  may  be  found  in  the  hot  sunshine, 
darling  about  with  a  raj)id  (light,  sipping  the  nectar  of  ilowers 
or  basking  on  tlie  leaves,  alternately  cxi>anding  and  closing 
its  fan-like  tail,  or  searching  for  suital)le  [places  in  which  to 
deposit  its  eggs. 

The  female  lays  her  eggs  singly  near  the  buds,  whero  in  a 
few  days  they  hatch  into  small  larvte,  which  eat  th(  ir  way  to 
:J3(5 


ATTACKING    THE  STEMS. 


537 


,'lien  swavoil 


the  centre  of  the  stem,  where  they  'oiiirow  iij)  and  down, 
feeding  on  the  pith  all  through  tlie  sununer,  enlarging  the 
channel  as  they  grow  oldei;,  until  at 
ia^^t  thev  liave  formed  a  holl  .  w  several 


Fio.  :]:)0. 


iiu 


■lies  in  lentrth.     When  i'nll  trrow 


ihe  larva  (6,  Fig.  350)  is  whitish  and 
ilcshv,   of  a    cvlindrieal    form,   with 


hro 


wn  head  and  leirs,  and  a  dark  line 


"-o'^J 


alony:  the  middle  of  its  bach.     Before 
changing  to  a  ohrysalis,  a  passage  is 


eaten  nearly  through  the  stem,  leaving  merely  the  thin  outer 
skin  unbroken,  thus  pre])aring  the  way  for  the  eseajie  of  the 
moth. 

\\'ithin  this  cavity  the  larva  changes  to  a  chrysalis  («,  r^ig. 
ooO,  where  both  larva  and  chrysalis  are  shown  magnified). 
Jvariy  in  June  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself  forward,  and,  pu-h- 
iiig  against  the  thin  skin  covering  its  i)hice  of  retreat,  ruptures 
it,  and  then  partly  thrusts  itself  out  of  the  opening,  when  in 
a  short  time  the  moth  bursts  its  prison-house  and  esciapes, 
soon  depositing  eggs,  from  which  iarvie  are  hatched,  which 
<iiny  on  the  work  of  destruction. 

While  this  insect  chiefly  infests  the  red  and  white  currant, 
it  attacks  the  black  currant  also,  and  occasionally  the?  goose- 
berry. Where  the  hollow  stems  do  not  break  olf,  indications 
of  the  i)resence  of  the  borers  mav  be  found  in  the  sicklv  look 
of  the  leaves  a'ul  the  inferi(M'  size  of  the  fruit. 

Jiniicdicf^'. — In  the  autumn  orsjiringall  stems  found  hollow 
should  be  cut  out  and  burnt.  During  the  jxM'iod  when  tin; 
moths  are  on  the  wing  they  may  often  be  caj)tured  and  de- 
stroved  in  the  cool  of  (he  mornini;,  at  which  time  thev  are 
c()m|)aratively  sluggish. 


No.  203. — The  American  Currant-borer. 

J\seno('cnis  .■mpcvuoliiliis  (Snv). 

This  borer  is  the  larva  of  a  beetle,  and,  although  belong- 
ing to  an   entirely  different  order  l'ro\u    No.  20 J,  is   vi'ry 

22 


I  f 


in 


H.  I. 


!  li  I 


"1 


Fia.  351. 


338      INSECTS   INJURIOVS    TO    THE  RED    CURRANT. 

similar  in  its  habits,  but  it  may  be  tlistinguisliod  by  its 
smaller  size  and  by  the  absence  of  feet.  It  is  a  small,  white, 
cylindrical,  footless  larva,  M'itl  ,own  head  and  black  jaws, 
which  also  feeds  upon  the  pith  of  the  stems,  renderini::;  them 
hollow  and  often  killing  them.  Usually  several,  and  sometimes 
as  many  as  eight  or  ten,  of  those  borers  are  fouml  within  the 
same  cane.  The  change  to  a  chrysalis  takes  phu^e  within  the 
stalk,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  May  or  early  in  Juno  thf 
perfect  insect  escapes. 

This  is  a  small,  narrow,  cylindrical,  brownish  beetle.  (iS(M; 
Fig.  351,  where  it  is  represented  magnlHed,  the  outline  fimnv 
at  the  side  showing  the  natural  size.)  The 
wing-cases  are  of  a  darker  brown  behind 
the  middle  ;  there  is  a  wdiitish  dot  on  the 
anterior  part  of  each  elytron,  and  a  hu-gc, 
slightly  oblique,  and  sometimes  crescent- 
shaped  spot  of  the  same  color  just  behind 
the  middle;  the  antennoc  are  slender,  and 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body.  The  beetle  Hies  during  the  (hiv, 
but  is  much  less  active  than  No.  202,  and  hence  more  easily 
captured.  The  cutting  out  and  burning  of  the  infested  stalks 
will  be  found  of  great  advantage  in  this  instance  also.  This 
borer  is  sometimes  attacked  by  [)arasites. 

No.  204.— The  Currant  Bark-louse. 

Lecanium  ribis  Fitch.  « 

Early  in  the  spring  there  are  sometiuies  seen  on  the 
bark  of  currant-stems  brownish-yellow,  hemispherical  s(!ales, 
about  one-third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  under  whi(!h  will  he 
f)un(l  a  quantity  of  minute  eggs:  as  the  season  advan('(s, 
these  hatch,  when  the  young  lice  disti-ibute  themselves  in  all 
directions  over  the  twigs,  puncturing  them  with  their  beaks, 
and  absorbing  the  sap. 

Anotiier  species,  called  the  Circular  Bark-louse,  Aspidiolnm 
clrcufdrin  Fitch,  is  mentioned  by  Dr.  Fitch  as  occurring  on 


NT. 


ATTACK  I XG    THE  LEAVES. 


339 


!(l  by  its 
ill,  whiU', 
lack  jaws, 
ring  thcin 
sometimes 
AMlhin  tlic 
within  the 
Juno  th' 

Dtlc.  (Sco 
tlino  fi^^uif 
ihc.)  The 
iwn  behind 

clot  on  tlu' 
,ncl  a  l'ar«^(', 
L>s  crcsccnl- 

iiist  behind 
slender,  and 
nir  the  day, 

more  easily 
It'ested  stalks 


ilso. 


Tl 


us 


.'en    on 


th 


1  seal 


rrica 


ll(!ll  wii 


es, 
be 


111   advaneis. 

|(dves  in  all 

I  heir  beal<s, 

•currinjjr  on 


(Mirraut-stalks  in  the   form  of   minute,  circular,  flat  scales, 
about  one-tiiirtieth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

These   lice   may   be   removed    by  scraping    the   stems    or 
applying  to  them  a  strong  alkaline  wash. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 

No.  205. — The  Imported  Currant-worm. 

Ncmatus  ventricosus  King. 

This  is  the  larva  of  one  of  the  saw-flies,  and  is  perhaps 
the  most  troublesome  of  all  the  insects  the  currant-grower 
lias   to    encounter.     It  is   a 
Eur()i)ean  insect,  first  noticed 


Fia.  352. 


ill  America  in  1858,  and 
within  the  comparatively 
brief  period  which  has  since 
('laj)sed  it  has  spread  over 
a  large  portion  of  the  conti- 
nent. This  insect  usually 
passes  tlie  winter  in  the 
chrysalis  condition,  but  occa- 
sionally in  the  larval  state. 

Very  early  in  the  sj)ring 
the  flies  appear.  The  two 
sexes  differ  materially  in  ap- 
|)earance.  In  Fig.  352,  a '" 
re|)rescnts  the  male,  antl  h  the 
female,  both  enlarged,  the  lines  at  the  side  indicating  their 
natural  size.  The  male  approaciics  the  common  house-fly 
ill  size,  l)ut  the  body  is  scarcely  so  robust,  and  the  wings,  four 
ill  luimber,  are  n>ore  glossy.  Its  body  is  black,  with  a  few 
dull-yellow  spots  above,  the  under  side  of  the  abtlomen  being 
yellowish  and  the  legs  bright  yellow ;  the  veins  of  the  wings 


340    i^'SKcrs  JXujRious  to  the  red  currast. 


m 


,  i 


ATTACKiyu    THE    LEAVES. 


341 


htm  tlio 
'  yellow 
•iiitr  tilt' 
(juiot  or 

i  on  tli<' 
rows,  n« 

)()Ut    OIK- 

lu'li  louu, 
r    ubsorU 
the    loaf, 
)unsion  i^ 
/elopnK'ut 
livrva,;uiil 
five  (lays 
in   lcnii;th 
;-t\venlic'tli 
■c  rouniU'd 
hitish  and 
iibout     ten 


inig 
lit    is 


I 


irvti 


tl 


KMl 


|>irth  of  an 
having'  a 
eat  small 
i'eediii'j; 


re 


that 


soon 


f)ein«>;  <'oii- 
renuiinin'j;. 

pread  in 
Ireen  color, 
Iduin  gn'oii 
Ihefoiv,  the 
jalf  to  Iwo- 
|\vill,  when 

the  course 


U'ee-duar- 


lui 


of  two  or  three  days.   They  arc  represented  at  this  stage  of  theii 

growth  in  Fig.  354.    Wiien  mature,  they  are  about  tl 

ters  of  an  incli  long,  at 

which  timethevseek  for 

a  suitable  spot  in  w'hi(!ii 

to  form  their  cocoons. 

These  are  sometimes 
made  among  dry  leaves 
or  rnbl)ish  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  gi'ound, 
sometimes  under  tlie 
ground,  and  occasion- 
ally attached  to  the 
stems  or  leaves  of  the 
bush  on  which  they 
have  fed.  The  loca- 
tion once  fixed  on,  the 
larva  begins  to  contract  in  length,  and  spins  a  cocoon  over 
itself,  whi(,'h,  ^vhen  finished,  is  nearly  oval,  smooth,  of  a 
browMiish  color  and  |)a[)ery  texture,  within  which  it  changes 
to  a  small,  delicate,  whitish-green  chrysalis,  very  fransparent, 
with  the  encased  limbs  and  wings  of  the  future  Hy  distinctly 
visible,  from  which  the  fly  <'scapes  late  in  June  or  early  in 
duly.  Soon  again  eggs  ',\\\\  deposited,  from  wdiich  anotiier 
brood  of  larvte  are  sent  forth  on  their  destructive  mission, 
com})leting  their  growth  before  summer  (doses,  and  in  most 
instances  changing  to  ohrysalids  before  winter. 

The  flies  composing  the  sei)arate  broods  do  not  all  a|)peai' 
at  once;  some  are  weeks  later  than  others,  keeping  up  a  reg- 
ular succession,  and  making  contimial  Avatchfulness  necessary 
in  order  to  save  the  foliage  from  destruction.  They  feed  on 
the  cultivated  gooseberry  as  readily  as  on  tiie  currant,  and 
also  on  the  wild  varieties  of  gooseberry. 

licmcdics. — A  miinite  parasitic  fly  has  been  found  attacking 
the  eggs  by  Prof.  Lintner,  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  closely  resem- 
bling, if  not  identical  with,  the  insect  repniseuted  in  Fig.  181. 


342      jySECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  RED    CURRANT. 


Fro.  O-V",. 


The  i)r{'.<once  of  this  parasite  may  be  detected  hy  the  (H>- 
c'oloratioii  of  the  eggs,  which  become  brown.  A  species  ol' 
Ichneiiinon,  IlcmUdes  ncmativorus  Walsh,  is  i)arasiti(;  on  the 
caterpiUar,  while  the  placid  soldier-bug,  PodLvis  phiclduK 
Uhler,  also  destroys  the  larva.  This  friendly  insect,  which  is 
shown  magnified  at  a  in  Fig.  ooo,  and  of 
the  natural  size  in  the  outline  below,  has  the 
head,  thorax,  and  legs  black,  and  the  ab- 
domen red,  with  an  elongated  bhu^k  spur 
in  the  centre,  crossed  by  a  whitish  line.  Ii 
-  aj)proaches  a  caterpillar,  thrusts  its  pro- 
boscis into  its  victim,  and  sucks  it  until  it 
shrivels  and  dies.  An  average-sized  bug 
will  consume  several  of  these  larva?  everv 
day,  and,  where  they  arc  plentiful,  must 
prove  a  material  (!heck  to  the  increase  (tf 
the  saw-Hy.  The  ajjhis  lions,  the  larv;e 
of  the  gauze- wing  flies,  OiVijsopa  (see  Fig.  132,  under  Xo. 
57),  also  devour  them. 

Notwithstanding  these  various  aids  among  insects,  it  is 
usually  necessary  to  employ  other  remedial  measures,  ;iu(l 
nothing  is  more  eflficiei.t  than  j)owdered  hellebore  nuxed  with 
water,  in  the  [)ro])ortion  >)f  an  ounce  to  a  pailful,  and  sprinkled 
freely  on  the  bushes,  if  thoroughly  applied,  most  of  the 
larvtc  will  be  found  dead  or  dying  within  an  hour  afterwards. 
If  hellebore  is  not  at  hand,  hot  water  may  be  used,  a  little 
liotter  than  one  can  bear  the  hand  in,  showered  plentifully  on 
the  bushes.  This  will  not  injure  the  foliage,  but  will  dislodge 
most  of  the  larvno,  and  when  on  the  ground  they  can  be  trod- 
den on  and  destroyed.  Hand-j)icking  may  also  be  resorted  lo, 
especially  while  the  insects  are  young  and  feeding  in  gro(ip> 
of  twenty  to  forty  on  a  leaf.  An  experienced  eye  will  soon 
delect  them,  usually  on  the  lower  leaves  of  the  bushes,  iJic 
little  holes  in  the  leaves  aiding  in  their  discovery. 


ATTACK  I  Na    THE  LEAVES. 


343 


No.  206.— The  Native  Currant  Saw-fly. 

Prisliphora  jrossidarice  Wal.sli. 

Although  thi.s  is  not  a  very  eominou  insect,  it  has  \hvu 
icported  as  destructive  from  several  localities,  hi  its  j»er- 
i'ect  state  it  is  also  a  saw-Hy,  resenibling  the  imported  species 
(see  6,  Fig.  35G),  yet  there  are  dirierences  which  the  entomohi- 
gist  c-an  readily  de- 
tect, that  place  this  '  ■^'"■-  ■'''''• 
insect  in  a  diilerent 
genns ;  such  as  the 
arrangement  of"  liic 
veins  on  the  wings, 
the  close  resemblance 
of  the  sexes,  and  the 
marked  ditlerence  in 
the  relative  size  of 
the  two  insects,  the  native  species  heing  hut  two-thirds  the 
size  of  the  imported  one  in  all  its  various  stages. 

The  larva  {a,  Fig.  35(5)  of  this  species  is  always;  green,  and 
is  never  ornamented  with  black  spots,  which  arc  so  inimerous 
on  the  imported  insect  as  it  approaches  maturity  ;  neither  do 
tlu!  vonng  larvaj  gather  in  large  numbers  on  one  particular 
leaf,  but  are  irom  the  first  scattered  over  the  bushes.  There 
are  two  broods  in  the  year;  the  first  one  may  be  looked  ibr 
al)Out  the  cud  of  .Tunc,  and  the  second  during  the  hitter  part 
of  August. 

The  cocoons,  which  are  similar  in  appearance  to  those  of 
the  inn)orted  saw-fly,  but  smaller,  are  usually  consti'ucted 
among  the  twigs  and  leaves  of  the  bush  on  which  the  iarvse 
have  I'vd. 

'V\w.  winged  insects,  of  which  the  female  is  represented  in 
the  figure,  have  the  body  black,  with  yellow  markings;  the 
sc(!ond  brood  arc  said  to  come  out  of  chrysalis  the  same 
season,  which,  if  correcit,  involves  the  conclusion  that  the 


344      INSECTS  ISJURIOUS    TO    THE   RED    CURRAST. 

eggs  are  laid  on  the  stems  of  the  currant-bushes  hite  in  the 
autninn. 

Where  these  insects  prove  troublesome,  they  may  be  subihicil 
with  the  same  remedies  as  are  recommended  for  No.  200. 


No.  207.— The  Ohio  Currant  Saw-fly. 

rrislipliuta  rufipes  St.  Fur^reaii. 

This  insect  is  referred  to  in  Dr.  Fitch's  twelfth  "  Amiiial 
Il('})ort"  as  entomologist  for  New  York  (State,  as  occnrriiiii  iti 
the  vicinity  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1858.  The  Jarvre  arc  of 
a  pea-gieen  color,  with  black  heads;  they  live  together  in 
clusters,  and  eat  the  leaves,  beginning  at  the  edge  and  de- 
vouring all  except  the  coarser  veins.  As  they  move  tliev 
.spin  a  very  light  web  from  leaf  to  leaf,  and  they  are  said  to 
let  tiiemsclves  down  to  the  ground,  when  disturbed,  by  a  line 
thread  of  silk.  When  mature,  they  are  three-eighths  ol'  an 
inch  long,  the  segments  of  the  body  are  slightly  wrinkled, 
and  along  each  side  is  a  row  of  protubcances  or  warts  of  the 
same  color  as  the  body.  When  ready  for  their  next  change, 
they  enter  the  ground  and  form  small  oval  cocoons,  within 
which  they  change  to  chry.'^alids. 

The  fly  is  black,  with  transparent  wings  and  light-brown 
legs. 

No.  208. — The  Currant  Span-worm. 

EuJilckiaribcaria[Vhi:\\). 

In  many  districts  this  is  a  very  common  insect;  it  may  ho 
easily  distinguished  from  the  saw-fly  cater|)illars  by  its  pecu- 
liar mode  of  progression,  arching  its  body  into  a  loo|)  at 
every  step;  in  Fig.  oo7  the  larva  is  represented  in  varion- 
altitudes.  When  disturbed,  it  lowers  itself  suddenly  by  a 
silken  thread  I'rom  the  bush  on  which  it  has  been  feedini:, 
and  remains  suspended  in  mid-air  until  the  threatened  dan- 
ger is  past,  when  it  regains  its  former  j)osition.  It  is  a  native 
insect,  and  is  frequently  found  on  the  wild  currant  and  goose- 
berry bushes  in  the  woods.     AVhen  full  grown,  the  caterpillar 


late  in  tin' 

he  .subdiictl 
o.  205. 


A  TTA  CKLXG    Til  E   L  EA  VES. 


845 


li  "  Aiuiual 
jcc'urriii^  in 
iirvro  WW  (if 

toLR'tlu'r  ill 
lire  and  Av- 
move  they 
I  are  said  to 
c(l,  In'  a  tine 
iihths  ol'  an 
Iv  \vriiii<le<l, 

warts  oi'  the 
next  eliaiijj;!', 
cons,  within 


llgiit-browii 


it  may  no 
I  by  its  piTU- 
n  a  loop  at 
|l  ill  vai'ion> 
hdenly  l>y  a 
leu  I'eediiit:', 
[ateiied  dan- 
t  is  a  iiativi" 
|.  and  goose- 
caterpillar 


measures  an  incli  or  more  in  length,  is  of  a  whitish  color,  with 
a  wide  yellow  stripe  down  the  hack,  another  of  the  same  cliar- 
actcr  along  eaeli  side, 
and  a  number  of  black 
spots  of  different  sizes 
iiDoii    each    .scixment. 


Fig 


lie 


under 


white    wi 


th 


side     is 
a    slight 


tinge  of  pink,  is  also 
s[>otted     ^vith     black, 


.1  1 


tiKl  Has  a  wide  yellow 


th 


2lh 


d- 


>tni)C  (\o\\\\  tlie  mu 
(lie.  There  is  but  one 
l)i-()od  of  this  insect  in 
a  year  ;  hence  there  is 
no  probability  of  its 
ever  becoming  so  for- 
midable a  |)est  as  the 
imported  saw-fly. 


Tl 


le  eggs,  wliich  are 


vtry  pretty  (see    Fig. 

358,  which  shows  one  much   magnihi'd  at  a,  and    others  of 

the  natural  size  at  b),  are  attached  to  the  stems  and  twigs  in 

the  autumn,  and  remain  in  this  coiulition 

until  spring,  when  they  hatch  about  the 

time  the  bushes  are  in  full  leaf,  the  larvre     «»-„<,^- 

attaining  their  full  growth  within  three;   «ra2S^-» 

or  four   weeks.      When   ready  for  their 

next  change,  they  descend  to  the  ground, 

and,  having  penetrated  a  short  distance 

under  the  surface,  change  to  dark-brown 

chrysalids  about  half  an  inch  long  (see  3, 

Fig.  357),  in  which  condition  they  remain  two  or  th.ree  weeks 

or  more,  when  the  perfect  insects  are  liberated. 

The  moth  (Fig.   359)   is  of  a  pale-yellowish  color,   with 
several  dusky  spots,  which  vary  in  si/c;  and  form,  being  more 


SfS*' 


T^ 


Fin.  n.V). 


340    L\si:cTs  lyjURious  to  the  red  cm h ant. 

jn'omiiicnt  in  some  specimens  than  in  otiiers,  I'onninj^  sdnic- 
timcs  one  or  two  irregular  bands  across  the  wings,     Wlicn 

expanded,  tlu!  wings  'neasure  aUmit 
an  inch  and  a  quarter  across.  Within 
a  brief  period  the  femaU-  deposits  h-r 
eggs  for  the  next  year's  brood  on  the 
twigs  and  branches,  where  tliey  cn- 
(hu'e  the  lieatof  tiie  remaining  p(M- 
tion  of  ihesunuiuu"  without  hatching-, 
and  the  piercing  cold  of  the  succeed- 
ing winter  without  injury,  awaiting  the  arrival  of  their  proper 
time  for  development  the  following  spring. 

Remedies. — Powdei-ed  liellebore,  which  is  so  speed v  mid 
certain  a  remedy  in  the  case  of  the  saw-Hies,  does  not  act  with 
the  same  ])roniptitude  in  this  instance.  This  larva  seems  to 
be  much  hai'dicr  and  more  difljcult  to  destroy  with  poisonous 
substances;  hence,  if  hellcbin'c  is  used,  the  liquid  should  he 
made  twice  or  three  times  the  usual  strength.  Pjiris-greeij  is 
more  certain  and  effectiud  where  there  is  uo  objection  to  its 
use.  lland-j)icking  is  more  j)racticable  with  tliis  larva,  on 
account  of  its  habit  of  letting  itself  down  by  a  strong  silken 
thread  and  remaining  suspended;  and  if  after  striking  the 
bush  a  forked  stick  is  ])assed  all  around  under  it,  all  tlio 
hano'in"-  threads  mav  be  cauii'ht,  and  the  larvai  drawn  out  in 
groui)s  and  crushed  with  the  foot.  This  insect  is  quite  de- 
structive to  the  black  currant,  and  also  to  the  gooseberry. 

No.  209. — The  Spinous  Currant  Caterpillar. 

Gra2)/a  pi-oijiic  [VA-i\m.). 

The  parent  of  this  caterpillar  is  a    very  handsome  but- 
terfly,  which    is    shown    in    Fig.   3G0 ;   the    pair   of      in 
wdiich  are  attached  to  the  body  show  the  upi)er  su  Am 

detached  ]iair  the  under  surface.  Above,  the  fore  us  are 
of  a  did  I  reddish  orange,  widely  bordered  on  the  outer  (Ijr' 
with  dark  brown,  while  within  there  are  many  spots  of  brown 
and  black.     The  hind  wings  arc  dark  brown,  tinged  witii  red 


'ANT. 


A  TTA  CKISG    THE   L  K.  1  \  ES. 


lu: 


UIIIJ^    SOIIH'- 
IffS.        ^Vll^n 

ivsiire  {il)niit 

3.eS.     Witllill 

deposits  111  r 
)ro()(l  oil  the 
;rc  tlu'v  <ii- 
iminiiv4  piir- 
uit  luitcliiivj.-, 
tlio  siu'ct'cd- 
thulr  propfi- 

speedy  and 
j  not  act  wiih 
irva  scorns  to 
ith  polsoiintis 
lid  should  1)0 
L*iiris-_<i;r(H'u  i> 
hjei'tiou  to  its 
his  hirva.  on 
strong  silken 
striking  the 
cr  it,  all   the 
drawn  out  in 
t  i-;  quito  de- 
oseherry. 

lUar. 

Iindsonie  bnl- 
iir  of      '' 
(r  sr 

|i)l-o  -  :in; 

lie  ontei   >dsr'' 

liots  of  brown 

»(>-od  witii  red 


and  yellow  linos.  The  body  is  tlii(d<ly  covered  with  long 
branching  sj)ines,  which  also  vary  in  lino,  somo  being  yellow, 
others  orange,  and  some  dark  brown,  many  of  their  branches 
being  ti})ped  with  black. 

\\'hen  full  grown,  tlu>  larva  seeks  some  secluded  s[)ot  in 
which  to  change  to  a  chrysalis;  sometimes  the  under  side 
if  a  leaf  or  twig  is  selected,  and  there,  after  spinning  on  the 
-iirface  a  small  web  of  silk,  its  hind  legs  are  hooked  in  the 
tihres,  and  it  remains  suspeudinl  head  downwards.  The  body 
soon  contracts  in  length,  and  in  two  or  three  days  the  cater- 
iiillar  skill   is  shed,  and  a  rugged,  angular-looking  chrvsalis 


w 


!l 


348      JASECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    TlIK  RED    CUIUiANT. 

appears,  of  a  brown  color  prettily  ornamented  witii  silvi  r\- 

spots.     After  remaining  in  the  pnpal  condition  from  iwv  U) 

two  weeks,  the  time  varying  M'itli  the  heat  of  tlie  weatlni', 

the  bntterily  ap[)ears. 

There  are  two  broods  dnring  the  season,  the  hu'va-  (*!   tlie 

first  one  appearing  kite  in  eTnne,  those  of  the  second  matiiiiiiM; 

earl}''  enongh  in   the  autumn  to  ad.niit  of  the  escape  ol'  ih,. 

hutterfiy  before  severe  frost  occurs.     This  insect  rarely  apjxars 

in  sufficient  numbers  to  prove  troublesome;  should  it  Ixcomo 

numerous,  hellebore  and  water  would   no   doubt    nrovc  an 

ctlicient  remedy,  or  the   larvrc  ;night  be  subdued  by  hand- 

];icking. 

No.  210. — The  Currant  Angerona. 

Aiigcrona  crocnfaria  (Fulu-  'i. 

The  moth  from  which  this  caterpillar  is  j)roduccd  is  ii-iiallv 
quite  cotninon,  but  the  larva,  although  often  found  feediiiLi  mi 
currant  leaves,  feeds  upon  the  gooseberry,  strawberry,  and  oiln  r 
plants  besides,  and  hence  is  'seldom  sufficiently  abundant  dii 

currant-bushes  to  attract  imnli 
*'*^'^^^'  attention.     'J'hc  accomi)anvin'' 

figure,  3()1.  represents  the  larva 
a.  little  more  tlian  tw(.-thii(l< 
grown,  feeding  on  a  goosch(  rrv 
leaf.  At  this  period  it  dut-. 
not  (lilVcr  materially  from  the 
full-grown  larva  except  in  si/c. 
Wlien  matiu'c,  it  is  about  an  inch  an<l  a  half  long  ar  iiKirc, 
tapering  towards  the  front.  It  is  of  a  yelloN/ish-green  cdlor, 
Avith  an  indistinct  whitish  line  down  the  back,  and  a  latii  i 
broad  ■wiiilish  streak  on  each  side  below  the  s|)iracl(>s,  bordridl 
above  with  faint  purple,  which  increases  in  depth  of  (vildi mi 
the  hinder  segments  and  becomes  a  pui'ple  stripe  on  the  la-t 
one.  'I'he  spiracles  ai'c  while,  edged  with  purple;  each  m^- 
tn"nt  of  the  Ixuly  has  its  anterior  portion  swollen  and  ycllnw- 
i>h,  and  on  most  of  the  sei>'ments  there  are  a  lew  minute  hluok 
dots. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


•M< 


l!» 


W^lien  the  larva  lias  attainal  it-,  fall  si/e,  i 


t(l 


raw.' 


toiiiUl 


KT 


the  edges  of  a  leaf  half-way  or  more,  and,  foriniiiir  a  slight 
iKt-worlc  of  silken  threads,  (changes  to  a  chrysalis  of  a  dark 
olive-green  color,  with  a  pale-greenish  al)donien,  a  row  of 
black  dots  down  the  hack,  and  anotl-er  on  each  side,  from 
wliich  in  ahont  ten  days  or  a  fortnight  the  perfect  insect 
;i|>;..'ars. 

riie  moth  (Fig.  3G2)  is  a  native  of  America;  it  tiies  by 
(lav,  and  may  often  be  seen  on  tlie  wing  about  opening-^  in 
the  borders  of  the  forest.  Its 
wings    arc   yellow,    varying    in 


Fig.  362. 


shade  from  deep  to  pale,  with 
dusky  spots  and  dots  sometimes 
lew  in  nnnd)er,  while  in  other 
siM'cimens  thev  are  very  nnmer- 
ous,  the  larger  ones  being  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  lorm  an  imperfect 
l)aiid     across    the     wings.      The 

under  side  is  nsnally  a  little  deci)er  in  color  than  the  npper, 
and,  when  the  wings  are  (wpanded,  they  measnre  nearly  an 
inch  and  a  half  across. 

In  its  native  hannts  the  larva  |)robably  feeds  on  the  wild 
currant,  gooseberry,  ami  strawberry.  Althongh  a  common 
insect,  this  is  rarely  comj)lained  of  as  injnrit)ns;  shonld  it 
li'come  so,  the  remedies  recommended  lor  No.  181  wonld  no 
(loMl)t  be  found  eilicient. 


JNo.  211. — The  Currant  Amphidasys. 

Ai)ii>/ii<l(i!<i/s  roi/iKildiid  (iiii'iuv!. 

riie  larva  of  this  insect  is  also  a  mcasnring-worm  or  looped, 
and,  althongh  seldom  found  in  snllicient  numbers  to  prove 
(li>tructiv(>,  instances  are  on  record  where  (auu'ant-bushes  have 
Ihiii  ahnost  stripped  of  thcii"  leaves  by  them.  The  larva, 
when  full  grown,  is  about  two  inches  long,  and  may,  when 
Moi  I'ceding,  usually  be  found  clinging  to  one  of  the  leaves 
or  branches  by  its  hind  legs,  with  its  body  extended  straight 


FT 


H'  • 


350    jaskc'is  injurious  to  the  red  curr.wt. 

out,  so  that  it  mio'lit  easily  be  mistaken  for  the  stem  (.fa  leaf. 
Its  body  is  P'lle  <>;i'een,  with  a  darker,  interrupted  green  line 
down  the  back,  indistinet,  broken  transverse  lines  of  the  siiiue 
color,  and  a  yellow  eross  line  on  the  posterior  end  of  cih  h 
segment.  Tiiere  are  two  small  tubeniles  on  the  segment  im- 
mediately behind  the  head,  and  the  body  is  dotted  with  v<i\ 
small  whitish  tiibereles  and  a  few  short  blaek  hairs.  In 
some  speeimens  there  is  a  small  brown  tuberele  on  eaeh  >iilc 
behind  the  middle,  and  a  purplish-brown  ridge  on  the  la>t 
segment. 

When  mature,  the  larva  descends  to  the  ground  and  bin-ies 
itself  in  the  earth,  where  it  eventually  chana-es  to  a    In-vsalis 

about  seven-tenths  of   an 
Fio.  3G3.  inch  long  and  of  a  dark- 

brown  color,  from  wliicli 
the  moth  escapes  the  fol- 
lowing spring. 

This  is  a  handsoinc 
moth  (see  Fig.  363),  whieli, 
when  its  wings  arc  spread, 
will  measiu'c  two  inclu.s  oi'  more  across.  iJoth  fore  and  hind 
wings  are  gray,  dotted  and  streaked  with  black,  and  with  a 
wavy  light  band  CDSsing  the  wings  beyond  the  middle.  The 
under  surface  is  palei-  than  the  iii)per;  the  body  gray,  dodcd 
with  black. 

This  insect  is  a  very  general  i'ecdcr,  and  on  that  aceomit  h 
not  likely  ever  to  jirovc  very  destructive  to  tiie  currant;  it 
has  been  found  feeding  also  on  tiie  plum,  Missouri  currai',t, 
red  spirea,  and  maple. 


I  it 


No.  212.— The  Four-striped  Plant-bug. 

I'oeri/(ir(i})si(s  lincatus  (Fiihr.). 

This  is  a  bright-y-'llow  bug,  about  three-tentiis  of  an  inch 
long,  with  black  antennie  and  two  l)lack  stripes  on  each  of 
its  wing-covers,  the  outer  on(^  on  each  side  terminating  in  a 
black  dot.     In  Fig.  304  this  insect  is  represented  nragnilicul, 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES. 


551 


^vith  an  outline  tlic  luitui-ul  size.  It  punctiire.s  the  young 
leaves  of  the  currant-bushes  on  both  their  upper  ami  under 
surliioes,  causing  small  brown  spots,  not  much  larger  than 


)ni-liea(l 


own 
but  these  are  sometimes  so  numerous  and  closely 


j)laced  that  the  leaves  become  completely  withered.     The  in- 
sects are  very  active,  and  when  api)roached 
drop  quickly  to  the  ground   or  Hy  away.  l^'io-  ••''*■ 

They  begin  to  feed  in  May  or  June,  and 
continue  for  a  month  or  two,  often  dis- 
tiLTuring  the  bushes  very  much  and  retard- 


th 


th.     Wh 


ing  ineir  growth.  >VJien  very  trouble- 
gome,  tliey  may  be  captured  by  visiting 
the  bushes  early  in  the  morning,  and,  while  tori)id  ^\ith  cold, 
brushing  them  off  into  a  i)ail  ]>artly  filled  with  water  on  which 
;i  little  coal-oil  has  been  poured.  They  do  not  confine  their 
attacks  to  currant-bushes,  but  often  injure  the  dahlia  by  punc- 
turing the  Hower-Gtems  and  causing  them  :o  wither;  they 
also  affect  the  weigelia,  the  deut/.ia,  and  other  shrubs. 

No.  213.— The  Currant  Plant-louse. 

Aphis  ribis  \,\n\\. 

Towards  midsumpicr  there  often  appear  on  the  leaves  of 
rod-currant  bushes  blister-like  elevations  of  a  brownish-red 
color,  while  on  their  under  sides  are  corresponding  hollows, 
ill  which  will  be  found  a  multitude  of  lice,  some  of  a  pale- 
yellowish  color,  witliout  wings,  others  with  transparcni  wings, 
and  bodies  marked  with  black. 

It)  the  position  these  iiisecits  occupy  they  are  very  dilliiMdt 
to  destroy,  except  by  hand-picking  the  leaves  and  burning 
llicm.  A  few  lady-birds,  such  as  are  referred  to  under  \o. 
f)?,  introduced  among  them,  will  speetlily  lessen  their  iium- 
hcrs.  Ihcse  lice  rarely  inflict  any  serious  injury,  but  for  a 
lime  give  the  bushes  an  unsightly  and  diseased  appearanco : 
they  arc  an  importation  from  Europe,  wdiere  they  have  long 
boon  injurious  to  the  currant. 


WJ 


iji 


352      JXSKCTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  RED    CURRANT. 

ATTACKING  THE  FEUIT. 
No.  214. — The  Currant  Fruit-worm. 

IJiipithccia  iiiterruptoj'ascicda  Packard. 

Tliis  insect  is  readily  distingiiislied  from  the  gooscbcny 
fVtiit-woriii  by  the  number  of  its  legs,  ^vlli('h  are  oidy  t(  n, 
wiiile  tiie  gooseberry  fruit-worm  has  sixteen.  Tiie  eunaiii 
IVuit-worm  is  a  span-worm  ;  that  is,  it  arclies  its  body,  when 
in  motion,  with  every  step.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about 
five-eighth.s  of  an  inch  long,  and  varies  in  its  color  and  mark- 
ings, its  body  is  pale  greenish-ash,  or  yellowish  greon,  with 
a  dark-colored  liiu;  down  the  back,  and  another  on  each  side, 
but  occasionally  this  latter  is  wanting.  Sometimes  there  is 
a  row  of  dark-colored,  lozenge-shaped  s})ots  along  the  d()r>al 
line,  and  in  some  instances  there  is  a  second  lateral  line  lower 
down  the  side.  On  the  hinder  part  of  the  terminal  segnu'iit 
there  are  two  short  greenish  spines.  Tiie  head  varies  in  c(»I(»r 
from  yellowish  or  greenish  to  light  brown  ;  the  under  side  of 
the  body  is  white  or  pale  greenish,  with  a  yellow  line  in  the 
middle. 

A\'hen  full  grown,  it  draws  several  leaves  or  other  suitable 
jirotectiug  material  together,  i'astens  them  with  silken  threads, 
and  within  the  enelosure  changes  to  a  chrystdis,  from  which 
eventually  the  moth  escapes. 

The  ibre  wings  of  the  moth  are  of  a  bluish-gray  color, 
with  a  bluish  dot  near  the  cenlrc  of  each,  tuid  a  dark  line 
crossing  them  immediately  bevond  the  dot. 

No.  216.— The  Currant  Fly. 

Kpochni  C(niaileusis  (Loow). 

This  insect  is  occasionally  found  attticking  the  fruit  of 
both  the  red  and  th(M\hitc  currant.  In  its  perl'ect  state  it  is 
a  small  two-winged  ily,  which  lays  its  eggs  on  tlu!  currants 
while  they  are  small;  the  larva  enters  them  while  still  green, 
and  \'w{]>^  on    their  contents,  leaving  a  round,  black  scar  at 


W^i 


mm\  M 


S  UPPL  EMKS  TA IW  L  IS  T. 


353 


the  point  of  entry.  The  uffe(,tG.l  currants  ripen  i)reniaturclv, 
and  .shortly  decay  an<l  drop  to  the  ground,  when,  on  openin.. 
them,  there  will  be  found  in  each  a  small  white  umb,  al^ou't 
oMe-tlnrd  of  an  inch  long,  which,  when  mature,  leaves  the  cur- 
rant and  probably  passes  the  chrysalis  state  un.ler  the  -round 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHIOH 
AFPEOT  THE  RED  AND  WHITE  CURRANT. 

ATTACKING    TilK    BUAXCIIKS. 

The  oyster-shell   bark-louse.  No.  16,  so  eomnion   on   the 
apple,  is  sometimes  very  destructive  to  currant-buslies. 

AITACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

The  fall  web-worm,  No.  27;  the  Ce.Topia  emperor-moth, 
Ao.  28;  the  oblique-banded  leaf-roller,  No.  35;  the  saddle- 
back caterpillar,  No.  49 ;  the  lo  emperor-moth.  No.  112  •  tlie 
yellow  woolly-bear,  No.  146;  and  the  currant  Endropia, 
jNo.  216,  are  all  found  feeding  on  currant  leaves. 

ATTACKING   THE    FliUlT. 

The  gooseberry  fruit- worm,  No.  2 H). 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  BLACK  CURRANT. 


ATTACKING  TEE  LEAVES. 


I.  i 


No.  216.— The  Currant  Endropia. 

Endropia  armataria  (Herr.  Sell.). 

About  the  middle  of  July  there  will  sometimes  be  foniul 
on  black-currant  bushes  small,  nearly  black,  geometric  cat- 
erpillars, dotted  and  marked  with  pale  yellow,  and  with  a 
series  of  crescent-shaped  whitish  spots  down  the  back,  and  a 
row  of  raised  dark-brown  dots  along  each  side,  those  on  the 
hinder  segments  tip[)ed  with  yellow,  while  on  the  last  segiiitin 
there  is  a  fleshy  hump  or  prominen(!e  composed  of  two  round 
tubercles.  AVhen  full  grown,  this  larva  is  about  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  long,  when  it  constructs  a  slight  web,  intorweaviiii,' 
portions  of  dead  leaves  or  other  rubbish,  and  within  this 
changes  to  a  brown  chrys:Uis,  in  which  condition  it  remains 
throughout  the  winter,  producing  the  perfect  insect  the  f'nl- 
lowing  June. 

The  moth  is  represented  in  Fig.  3G5,  about  the  natural 
size.  Its  wings  are  yellowish  brown  shaded  with  ])uride,  es- 
pecially on  the  hind  wings,  and  with 
streaks  and  dots  of  a  deeper  shade  (»f 
brown.  The  under  surface  is  deep 
ycl'ow,  dotted  and  streaked  with  red- 
dish brown. 

This  insect  is  by  no  means  common, 

and    hence    is   never   likely   to  pi'ov(> 

generally  injin'ious  to  <!in'rant-l)ushes.     Although    it   prefers 

the    black   ciu'rant,  it  feeds   also  on    the   leaves  of  the    red 

currant. 
3G4 


Fic.  lido. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


355 


{^kW, 


'S  be  found 
)inetiMo  cut- 
iiul  witli  a 
back,  and  a 
those  on  the 
last  st';j;nirni 
f  two  roiuid 
irpe-qnartcr- 
ntcrweaviu'i 
within   l!ii> 
1  it  remains 
>eet  the   I'ol- 

tlie  natural 
\\  ])urple,  <'>- 
lo-s,  and  widi 
Ipcr  shade  et' 
llaee    is  deep 
led  with  red- 
ans eonuiioii, 
,ly   to   pi'ovo 
rh   it   prefers 
U  of  the    rid 


Fia.  36G. 


No.  217.— The  Red  Spider. 

TetrawjcJuis  telarius  (Liim.). 

This  is  a  very  small  mite,  which  often  proves  a  serious  pest 
to  gardeners,  esj)ecially  to  those  who  cultivate  plants  under 
glass.  Occasionally,  in  dry  weather,  it  attacks  the  leaves  of 
the  bhu  k  currant  and  destroys  them.  Fig.  36G  represents 
the  male  of  this  species,  very  much 
enlarged,  tlie  mite  itself  being 
scarcely  visible  to  the  unaided  eye; 
the  small  dot  within  the  circle  at 
the  side  of  the  figure  indicates  the 
natural  size  of  the  insect.  It  spins 
a  web  on  the  under  side  of  the 
leaves,  of  threads  so  slender  as 
to  be  scarcely  visible  even  with 
an  ordinary  ma<>;nifvinii;-<>;lass  until 
woven  into  a  net-work.  Under 
this  shelter  will  be  found  a  colo'.iy, 
consisting  of  mature  individuals  of 
l)oth  sexes  and  young  mites  of  all 
ages.  By  the  aid  of  their  jaws, 
which  ai'c  not  unlike  the  beak  of  a  bird,  they  tear  away  the 
surface  of  the  leaf,  and  plunge  their  beaks  into  the  wound 
and  suck  the  juicH'. 

The  egg  of  this  mite  is  nearly  round,  and  colorless;  the 
larva  is  a  minute,  transparent  object,  not  unlike  its  parent, 
hut  it  has  only  six  legs,  and  creeps  along  slowly.  The  mature 
mites  have  eight  legs,  and  vary  much  in  color,  some  being 
greenish  marked  Avitli  brown  specks,  others  rust-colored  or 
reddish,  and  many  of  them  briek-red. 

The  leaves  attacked  soon  indicate  the  presence  of  this  in- 
vader by  their  sickly  hue;  the  sap  being  sucked  by  a  mul- 
titude of  tiny  mouths,  they  soon  assume  a  yellowish  cast, 
with  patches  of  a  grayish  or  lighter  shade;  and  if  the  mite  is 
allowed  to  pursue  its  course  unchecked,  the  foliage  liecomes 


356     I^'SECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  BLACK  CURRANT. 

iiiiicli  injured,  and  sometimes  is  destroyed.  It  is  said  to  pass 
tlie  winter  under  stones,  concealing  itself  there  when  the  leaves 
on  which  it  has  fed  have  fallen. 

liemedlcs. — Various  preparations  of  sulpliur  and  soap  have 
been  recommended,  used  separately  or  together,  mixed  with 
water,  and  applied  to  the  bushes  with  a  syringe.  Plain  soap 
and  water,  or  water  alone,  freely  applied,  is  regarded  by  sonn- 
as  efficient,  as  the  insect  is  known  to  thrive  best  in  a  dry  at- 
mosphere. In  applying  any  liquid,  it  is  necessary  to  wet  the 
nnder  side  of  the  leaves  in  order  to  make  the  application 
effectual,  since  if  ai)plied  to  the  u])per  surface  only  the  mites 
would  remain  uninjured  beneath. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
APFECT  THE  BLACK  CURRANT. 


ATTACKING  THE   STEMS. 

The  imported  currant-borer,  No.  202. 

ATTACKING   THE   l.EAVES. 

The  currant  span-worm,  No.  208. 


mlM^  'ii 


RANT. 

«ai(l  to  pass 
1  the  leavos 


1  soap  have 
mixed  wilh 

Plahi  sua]) 
led  by  some 
ill  a  dry  -at- 
y  to  wet  the 

application 
ily  the  mites 


lOTS  WHICH 


liNSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  GOOSEbElUIY. 

ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES. 

No.  218.— The  Mealy  Flata. 

Pceciloptera  jjriiinosa  8iiy. 

This  is  a  small,  four-wintred  bu*^,  which  attacks  the  suc- 
culent slioots  of  the  gooseberry,  and  sometimes  the  leaves, 
sucking  the  juices.  It  is  wedge-shaped,  about  one-third  of  an 
inch  long,  almost  twice  as  high  as  wide,  of  a  dusky  bluish 
color,  covered  with  Avhite,  meal-like  powder,  its 
wing-covers  showing  some  faint  white  dots,  and  ^^^^'^'^'■ 
near  their  base  three  or  four  dusky  ones.  '    """' 


The  insect  is  shown  in  Fig.  367  ;  it  is  not  con- 
fined to  the  gooseberry,  but  is  found  on  tlu>  gra|)e,  also  on  the 
jiiivet  and  on  various  other  shrubs. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 

No.  219. — The  Gooseberry  Fruit-worm. 

Dakrumu  convolufeUa  (IlUbn.). 

This  injurious  insect  spends  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state, 
enclosed  in  a  snug,  brown,  papery-looking  cocoon,  shown  at  a 
in  Fig.  308,  which  is  hidden  among  leaves  or  other  rubbish  on 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  During  the 
latter  part  of  April  the  moth  appears. 
(See  /;,  Fig.  308.)  Its  wings,  when 
expanded,  measure  nearly  an  inch 
aei'oss.  The  fore  wings  are  pale  gray, 
with  dark  streaks  and  bands  ;  there 
is  a  transverse  dilTuse  band  a  short  distance  from  the  base  of 
the  wing,  enclosing  an  irregular  whitish  line,  which  terminates 

357 


Fig.  Sfis. 


358        INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   GOOSEBEIiliV. 


PL 


before  it  reaches  the  front  edge  of  tlie  wing.  Near  tlie  outer 
edge  is  another  transverse  band,  enclosing  a  whitish  zigzag' 
bnc;  tiiere  is  also  a  row  of  blackish  dots  within  the  ontcr 
margin,  while  the  veins  and  their  branches  are  white  ;  tlif 
hind  wings  are  ])aler  and  dusky.  Tlie  head,  antennae,  bodv, 
and  legs  are  all  pale  gray,  whiter  below  than  al)Ove. 

The  insect  deposits  its  eggs  on  the  young  gooseberries 
shortly  after  they  arc  set.  The  egg  soon  hatches,  when  the 
voung  larva  burrows  into  the  bcrrv,  where  it  remains  salcK 
loilged;  as  it  increases  in  size  it  fastens  several  of  the  berrie- 
together  witli  silken  threads,  sometimes  biting  the  stems  oil' 
some  of  the  berries,  so  that  they  may  be  more  readily 
brought  into  the  desired  position,  and  within  this  retreat 
revels  on  their  substance  at  its  leisure.  The  larva  makes  but 
one  hole  in  a  berry^  and  that  barely  large  enough  to  admit 
its  body.  AVhcn  disturbed,  it  dis{)lays  great  activity,  and 
works  its  way  backwards  out  of  the  fruit  very  quickly,  and 
drops  part  way  or  entirely  to  the  ground  by  a  silken  thread, 
by  means  of  which,  when  danger  is  past,  it  is  enabled  to 
recover  its  former  position.  It  is  shown,  suspended  and  on 
the  fruit,  in   Fig.  369.     When  fully  grown,  this  intruder  is 

about  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  \o\vr  the  Ixxly  thick- 
est  in  the  middle,  tapering 
slightly  towards  each  ex- 
tremity. It  is  of  a  pale- 
green  color,  sometimes 
with  a  yellowish  or  red- 
dish  tint,  glossy  and 
semi-trans})arent.  T  h  e 
head  is  small,  pale  brown, 
and  horny-hjoking,  and  on  the  u[)i)er  surface  of  the  next 
segment  is  a  patch  of  the  same  color  and  appearance. 

When  ready  for  its  next  change,  which  is  usually  before 
the  fruit  rii)ens,  it  lowers  itself  to  the  ground,  and  there 
spins   its    little  silken  cocioon   among  leaves   or   rubbish,  as 


Fig.  3G9. 


i 


ATTACKING    THE   FRUIT. 


}5f) 


already  stated,  and  remains  as  a  small,  brown  chrysalis  witliin 
the  cocoon  until  the  followini^  spring.  There  is  only  one 
brood  of  these  insects  during  tlie  year. 

The  infested  fruit  soon  indicates  tli(>  presence  of  the  Iarv:i 
by  l)econiing  discolored,  and,  if  sufficiently  grown,  it  rijM'us 
prematurely,  otherwise  it  becomes  of  a  didl  whiii-h  color, 
and  soon  withers.  This  pest  also  attacks  the  wild  gooseberry, 
MS  well  as  the  currant,  both  the  white  and  the  red  variety.  In 
this  latter  case,  since  tlie  fruit  is  not  large  c  nouijrh  to  contain 
the  body  of  the  larva,  it  draws  the  chisters  together,  and, 
fastening  the  berries  to  each  other  with  silken  threads,  lives 
within  the  enclosure. 

Remedies. — Tlui  most  satisfact(jry  method  of  destroying 
this  insect  is  by  hand-picking,  ;uul  its  habits  are  such  that 
its  presence  is  easily  detected.  Any  berries  found  color- 
ing j)remaLurely  should  be  (;arefully  examined,  and,  as  the 
larva}  slip  out  and  fall  to  the  ground  very  quickly,  watch- 
fidness  is  needed  to  prevent  their  escape  in  this  manner. 
Where  neglected,  they  often  increase  to  an  alarming  extent, 
;u)d  in  some  instances  half  the  crop  or  more  has  been 
destroyed  by  them.  It  is  recommended  to  let  chickens 
run  among  the  bushes  after  the  fruit  has  been  gathered, 
so  that  they  may  devour  the  chrysaiids;  any  leaves  or 
rubbish  under  the  bushes  should  also  be  gathered  and  burnt, 
and  a  little  liiue  or  ashes  scattered  over  the  ground  in  their 
nlace.  Dusting  the  bushes  freelv  with  air-slaked  lime  early 
in  the  spring,  and  renewing  it  if  washed  off  by  rain,  will  also 
in  irrcat  measure  deter  the  moths  from  denositiuLj  i\\v\v  esxirs  on 
the  young  fruit  then  forming. 


No.  220. — The  Gooseberry  Midge. 

Cec'uhnnyia  (jrossnlarioi  Fitch. 

This  .second  enemy  to  the  fruit  is  a  very  small,  two-winged 
fly,  which  punctur(^s  the  young  goos(>b('rry  and  deposits  its 
tiny  eggs  therein.  These  eggs  develop  into  minute,  bright- 
yellow  larvce  of  au  oblong-oval  form,  nuich  resembling  the 


360        I^'SECTS  IXJUIUOVS   TO    THE   GOOSEliEIUtV. 

midge  which  is  fonnd  in  tlic  c;ii*  of  wheat.  The  larva 
c'lianges  to  a  pupa  within  the  fruit,  and  the  perfect  fly  escapes 
during  tiie  latter  part  of  July. 

The  fly  is  scarcely  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  nicasuriii^r 
from  tlie  head  to  the  tips  of  its  closed  wings  ;  it  is  of  a  pale- 
yellow  color,  with  hlack  eyes,  hlacUish  antennio,  and  trans- 
jiarent  wings  tinged  with  dusky  brown. 

It  is  ])rol)al)le  that  those  flies  which  come  out  dinging  the 
latter  })art  of  July  deposit  eggs  for  a  second  brood  in  some 
later  fruit  or  other  suit;\ble  substance,  and  that  the  larvae 
mature,  change  to  cluysalids,  and  pass  the  winter  under 
ground,  producing  flies  the  following  S[)ring. 

RemccUcs. — All  fruit  found  prematurely  decaying  or  as- 
suming an  appearance  of  ripeness  before  the  time  of  ripening 
should  be  gathered  and  burnt,  with  all  fallen  gooseberries. 
By  careful  attention  to  this  matter  both  of  the  insects  which 
injure  the  fruit  may  be  kept  in  subjection. 


f  f 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OP  INJUEIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  GOOSEBEREY. 

ATTACKING   THK    LEAVES. 

The  imported  cinn'ant-worm.  No.  205;  the  currant  span- 
Avorm,  No.  208;  and  the  spinous  currant  caterpillar.  No. 
209,  all  feed  on  the  leaves  of  the  gooseberry  as  freely  as  th<y 
do  on  those  of  the  currant. 


4 


;i' 


'he    larv;i 
ly  escaiic-^ 

iiicasuriiiij: 
of  11  paU- 
md  trans- 
luring  tlic 
(1  in  some 
tlie  larvfe 
nter  nudcr 

.•iivjr;  or  n>- 
ctf  ripeniiiLi; 
;ooscbcrri('s. 
isects  which 


3TS  WHICH 


hrrant  spaii- 


[rpil 


tt'ce 


lyas 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  MELON. 

ATTACKING  THE  ROOTS. 
No.  221. — The  Squash-vine  Borer. 


./•. 


./(  fill  rill  III 


■liitii-  IIiin'i> 


This  hon.M"  is  the  hirva  ot"  a  moth  belonging;  to  the  group 
known  as  Egcrians,  or  (Mear-wings,  which  liave  th(!  greater 
j)ortion  of"  their   wings    transparent,  and    hence   ch)s<'ly  re- 


semble wasp.- 


Th 


ley  are  active    iii   tlie  daytime,  and  enjov 


Fig.  370. 


tlu!  warmth  of  the  summer's  sun. 

The  moth,  which  is  represented  in  Fig. 
.')70,  is  a  very  pretty  object.  Its  body  is 
about  lialf  an  incli  knig,  orange-colored  or 
tawny,  Avith  f\)nr  or  fiv^e  black  spots  down 
the  l)ack  ;  the  fore  wings  are  olive-brown 
and  opaque,  the  hind  wings  transparent, 
except  the  margin.s  and  veins;  the  hind 
legs  are  densely  fringed  with  long  reddish  and  black  hairs, 
and  the  wings,  when  expanded,  measure  an  inch  or  more  across. 

Tills  active  enemy  deposits  her  v[x\i,'!i  on  the  stems  of  the 
vouno;  vines  near  the  roots  about  the  time  thev  bcirin  to  run, 
or  soon  after,  where  the  young  larva,  when  hatched,  bores 
into  the  stem  and  devours  the  interior.    The  fuU-irrown  larva 


ntr 


Fi. 


(Fig.  371)  is  about  an   inch  long,  taperi 

towards  each  extremity,  soft,  of  a  whitish 

color,   and   semi-trans[)arent,   with    a   dark 

\\\\i\  down  the  back,  caused  bv  the  internal 

organs    showing    through    the    transparent 

skin  ;  there  are  a  few  short  hairs  on  each  segment,  arising 

singly  from  small,  hard,  M'arty  points.     The  head  is  small, 

(if  a  brown  color,  and  there  is  a  patch  of  a  similar  shade 


nil  the  next  segment. 


3Ul 


362 


I :; SECTS  ixjcRiors  to  the  melon. 


I 


When  lull  grown,  the  hirva  leaves  the  phint  antl  seeks 
<hcher  under  tlic  earth,  where  it  tornis  an  oblong-oval  ooeooii 
(Fig.  372)  of  particles  of  earth  I'a.stemd 
tog(,'ther  "with  giunniy  silk,  within  which  ii 
|j  transtbrnis  to  a  shining,  brown  ehrys;ili-;, 
whieh  remains  unchanged  until  tiie  f'oUow- 
Mig  season.  When  the  perfect  insect  is  aboiii 
to  esca])o,  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself  part  way  out  of  the 
cocoon,  so  that  the  moth  when  freed  from  the  chrysalis  shell 
may  find  no  furtjier  obstacle  to  its  exit. 

The  presence  of  this  borer  in  the  vines  is  soon  manifested 
by  a  sickly  appearance  and  a  drooping  of  the  foliage,  wliidi, 
if  the  ca\ise  is  not  removed,  soon  residts  in  withering  ami 
death.  Whenever  a  vine  becomes  unhealthy,  the  stems  shoiiM 
be  examined,  and  cut  into  ii'  necessary,  to  remove  the  lurk- 
ing enemy.  The  moths  may  be  ])rcvented  from  depositing 
their  eggs  Iw  lightly  banking  up  the  young  vines  with  earth, 
as  tiny  grow,  as  i'ar  as  the  first  blossoms.  When  once  thf 
larva  is  within  the  stem,  no  other  remedv  than  the  kuil'e  is 
of  nuich  service. 


ATTACKING  THE  STEMS. 


No.  222.— The  Striped  Squash  Beetle. 

Diahrolicii  ri/fata  (Fiilir.). 

'J'h!s  is  a  troublesome  enemy  to  the  melon-grower,  and  is 
destructive  not  only  to  tlu;  m.'lon,  but  also  to  the  squash  ami 
cuciunber,  boring  in  the  caterpillar  state  into  tin' 
lower  ])art  of  tlie  stem,  and  sometimes  down  intu 
the  root,  while  the  perfect  beetle  feeds  on  the  tendi  r 
leaves  of  the  young  plants,  and  injuiHvs  the  i)uds  ;iiul 
young  shoots  of  later  growth. 

The  parent  beetle,  shown  in  Fig.  373,  niagnillcd, 
makes  its  appearance  very  early  in  the  season,  as  soon  ns  tlw 
yoiuig  seeil-leaves  of  tlie  vines  ate  above  ground,  and  some- 


ATTACKING    THE   STKMS. 


363 


times  eveu  penctnitcs  the  e;u'tli  ;i  little  in  .search  of  the  sproiit- 
iiijr  seeds.  The  t'enuile  deposits  her  eggs  on  the  stem  ol'  the 
vine,  just  :il)ove  or  below  the  siirf'aee,  and  from  the  egg  is  soon 
iiateljed  a  young  larva,  whieh  eats  its  way  to  the  centre  of  the 
stem  and  consumes  its  substance.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about 
jbur-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  slender,  but  little  thicker  than 
;ui  ordinary  pin,  of  a  whitish  color, 
with  a  small,  brownish  iiead,  and 
the  end  of  the  bodv  suddenly  trun- 


Pia.  374. 


<'ate(l 


IIT. 


174 


liows   tlii- 


arva 


■K 


highly  magnified;  n  a  back  view, 
1)  a  side  view.     The  fu'st  brood  of 


the  li 


irvic  mature  ni  June  and  Julv 


dJi 


or  in  about  a  mouth  after  the  eggs 
are  laid;  they  then  leavi;  the  vines 
and  penetrate  into  the  earth,  where 
each  one  ibiins  a  little  cavity  for 


i 


Tfi 


m    whicli    It    (ilKinijri's   to   a 


itself, 

chrysalis.      JJoth    back    aiiil 


(int 


views 


of  tl 


le  chrysalis  are  given  in 


I'^ig.  375,  magiiifie(l.      It  is  al)i)ut 

otie-hfih  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  whitish  color,  with  twospin(vs  at 
the  extremity  of  the  abdomen.  After  remaining  in  the  pupal 
state  about  a  fortnight,  the  nc-fcct  insect  escapes,  and  works 
its  way  out  of  tiu!  cell  and  up  i  >  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

The  beetle  is  about  u  (p'.in'tcr  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  iM'ight- 
yellow  color,  with  a  Idack  iu-ad,  and  broad  stripes  of  black  oii 
the  wing-covers,  which  are  also  punctated 
with  rows  of  dots.  Tlu^  feet  and  the  under 
side  of  the  abdomen  are  black.  There 
are  two  or  thrct;  broods  during  the  year, 
and  the  larva  has  been  found  in  the  stems 


tl 


le   melon-vines    as 


late 


as 


Oct 


oi)er 


The  winter  is  passed  in  the  ground  in  the  chrysalis  slate. 
The  Ix^etlcs  may  often  be  iouiid  in  considerable  numbers  in 
the  autumn   in  the  llowers  of  melon,  stpiash,  and  jiumpkin 


3(;-i 


INSECTS  IXJUIilOUS    TO    THE   MELON. 


vines,  feeding  on  the  pollen  and  other  portions  of  the  flower. 
'J'hev  have  also  been  known  to  attaek  the  blossoms  of  the  {)ear 
and  eherry. 

l^ancdles. — The  best  remedy  is  to  prevent  tiio  access  of  tin- 
beetle  by  covering  the  young  vines  with  small  boxes,  oj)en  ai 
the  bottom  and  covered  at  the  top  with  muslin.  Sprinkling 
tlic  vines  with  a  mixt'.ire  oi'  Paris-green  and   flou'",   in  t 


H' 


II' 


propoi'tion  of  o)ie  part  of  tin'  former  to  twenty  parts  of  t 
latter,  air  slaked  lime,  ))lasler  >f  Paris,  s.jot,  and  ashes,  have 
all  been  recommended  and  used  with  more  or  less  advantage. 
The  larvre  should  also  hv.  searched  for  and  destroved ;  tiir 
time  to  look  for  l lie  lirst  brood  is  when  the  vine  is  bcginnino' 
t(»  I'un.  If  the  stem  close  tvi  the  root,  and  the  root  itself,  are 
found  smooth  and  white,  the  |)1ant  is  uninjured  ;  but  if  thev 
are  roughened  or  corrugated  on  tiie  surface,  and  of  a  rusty 
color,  the  presence  of  the  insect  is  indicated. 

\  parasitic  two-winged  lly,  a  species  of  Tachina,  attacks 
the  beetles,  depositing  its  eggs  on  their  bitdies,  from  which 
hatch  small  llcsliy  grubs,  which  eat  tlieir  way  into  the  abdo- 
men of  tluur  victims  and  eventually  destroy  them. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 
No.  223.— The  Cucumber  Flea-beetle. 

I'lfjiiilodcnt  cucinncris  (irnrris). 

Although  a  V(  .y  small  insect,  this  is  not  to  be  clespistHJ. 
]t  is  a  beetle,  about  on. '-sixteenth  of  an  inch  long,  with  a 
black  body,  (inel\  punctated,  and  clothed  with  a  whitish 
])ubesccncc ;  there  is  a  deep  transverse  furrow  across  tli'' 
hinder  j)art  of  the  tlioiax;  tin?  anteinue  are  of  a  dtdl-yellnw 
color,  and  the  leg«  of  the  same  hue,  except  the  hinder  |)air  of 
thighs,  which  are  bi'own  ;  thesi;  latt(r  are  very  thick  ami 
strong,  and  well  adapted  for  leaping.  Fig.  .'J7()  I'cprcsents 
this  insect  much   mayuKlcd  ;   the  ^hort  line  at  the  side  indi- 


ATTACK  I  yci    Till-:   LEAVES. 


36 


30 


<at('s  its  natural  si>5e.  The  beetles  pass  the  winter  conceahMl 
iiiuler  stones  or  i-iihl)ish,  a|)i)ear  vei-y  early  in  the  seas(3n,  and 
attack    the  yonnij.-  nieloii    and   rii('unib(>r  j)lants   as 


-IH) 


on 


n  as  they  are  up.     They  eat  small  round  patches  Fni.  ?>', 


'he  npix'r  surface  of  the  leaves,  e( 


)nsiunin!j 


tl 


leir 


'Ms 


substance,  but  not   always  eating"  entirely  through. 

Tiicy  hop  very  actively   from  leaf  to  leaf,  and  are 

very  <lestrnetive  to  young  ])lants ;  while  [)artial  to 

laclon  and  encumber  vines,  they  are  also  fond  of  the  potato, 

raspberry,  turni[»,  cabbage,  and  other  plants. 

Their  larvne  are  minute  and  slentler,  ta[)ering  towards  each 
end,  and  are  said  to  live  within  the  substance  of  the  leavt>s 
aUaekcd;  hence  the  j)!ants  snlfer  from  the  depredations  of  the 
larva)  as '.veil  as  from  the  injuries  caused  by  the  beetles.  They 
attain  maturity,  pass  through  the  ciirysalis  state,  and  change 
ii>  beetles,  within  a  few  wei'ks,  and  there  is  a  constant  siieces- 
si'  n  of  the  insect  in  its  various  stages  throughout  the  greater 
|.  '■;  oi'  the  summer. 

lieinedies. — Air-slaked  lime,  powdered  hellebore,  or  Paris- 
green  mixed  with  lloui,  in  the  proportion  of  one  |)art  of  the 
poison  to  twenty  or  thirty  parts  of  Hour,  dusted  on  the  foliag<>, 
will  speedily  destroy  them. 


No.  224.— The  Melon  Caterpillar. 

Kudioplis  h;/aliii(ila  (Linn.). 

This  is  an  insect  which  is  very  widely  distributed,  being 
IoiukI  throughout  the  greater  j)art  of  North  and  South 
America.  In  sonu;  parts  of  the  Southern  States  it  m  partic- 
ularly destructive.  The  larva>,  which  are  shown  feeding  on 
ilie  leaves  in  Fig.  377,  are,  when  mature,  about  an  iiK^h  and 
a  ([uartcr  long,  translucent,  and  of  a  yellowish-green  color, 
with  a  lew  scatteretl  hairs  over  (heir  bodies.  They  are  not 
eontent  to  feed  on  the  leaves  only,  but  eat  into  melons,  cii- 
eiunbers,  and  pumj)Ivins  at  all  stages  of  growth,  sometimes 
excavating  shallow  cavities,  and  at  other  times  piMU.'traling 
directly   into  tlu;  substance  of   the  fruit.     'J'hey  spin    theii- 


366 


INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE   MELON. 


f'ocnons  in  a  fold  of  tlio  leaf  of  tiie  melon,  as  shown  in  the 
fi<!;iire,  or  on  any  other  ])lant  i^rowing  near  by,  and  eluui^e 
to  slender,  brown  chrysallds,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
lonix,  from  whieh,  in  a  short  time,  the  ])erfect  insect  is  pro- 
duced. 

'1  he  moth,  whii'h  is  also  represented  in  Fig.  377,  is  voi'v 
beautiful.     The  wings  are  of  a  pearly-white  color,  with   a 


Fig.  377. 


peculiar  iridesccucc,  bordered  with  black,  and  they  measiu'c. 
when  expanded,  alxMil  an  inch  across.  The  body  and  Icos 
ar(!  of  the  same  glistening  white,  and  the  abdomen  termiiialis 
in  a  moval)le  brnsh-iihe  tid't  ol'  a  pretty  buff  color,  tippdi 
with  white  and  bhicU.  The  nnndxr  of  broods  of  tin-  insect 
dnrini;  the  year  has  not  been  delinitelv  ascertained  ;  the  winter 
is  passed  in  (he  chrysalis  slate. 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT. 


.'{(>7 


Jicmcdics. —  If  tho  first  brood  of  young  worms  oiriir  Ix-Core 
the  melons  liave  iittained  ludf  their  growtli,  powdered  helle- 
hore  mixed  with  water,  in  the  [)ro[)ortion  of  an  ounce  to  two 
gallons  of  water,  and  sprinicled  on  t)"'  vines,  may  l»e  safely 
used  to  destroy  them.  Strong-  tobaeeo-water  would  also  prob- 
ably have  the  same  effect,  while  on  small  patches  they  eoidd 
doubtless  be  killed  by  hand.  Two  species  of  })arasitic  insi'cts 
are  known  to  prey  on  them  :  one  is  a  species  of  Tachina  lly, 
the  other  an  Ichneumon  fly,  Cri/ptiis  Inquisitor.  (See  Fig. 
227^  where  it  is  referred  to  as  a  tU'stroyer  of  the  bag-woini, 
Xo.  120.) 


ATTACKING  THE  TRUIT. 


No.  225.— The  Neat  Cucumber  Moth. 

Eudioplis  iiifidalis  (('raiii,). 

Another  common    name    lor    this    iusict  is  the  "  |)ickle- 
worm,"  which  has  been  given  to  it  in  conset^uenee  of  its  larva 


hcnitr  o 


ften  i 


ounilm 


DK 


kled 


cucumoer 


bei 


Fio.  3m 


III: 


arva  is 


l)Ollt 


an  inch  iopg,  trans- 
lucent, and  of  a  yel- 
lowish-white color 
tinged  with  green  ; 
on  each  segment 
th(>re  are  a  few  sliii'htly-el(!vated  shining  dots,  ['v< 


■II  cacli  oi 


W  IlK 


h   issues  a  fuie  hair:   the  head   is   velh 


mar<iinc(l   with 


lii'own.  Fig.  o78  represents  this  lar\a,  'vith  i  yoiui^'  cinum- 
Im'I'  into  the  side  o'"  which  i(  has  liored.  Tht'sc  i'aii'r|)illars 
are  verv  destrnctlsc  in  some  of  the  Western  Stat'-s.  I'liey 
begin  to  appear  about   the  mi<ldl<' of  .Inly,  and  <'oiiiiimi'  their 


desti'ucti\c  work   until   late  in 


Sept 


[Viiit. 


horiiii''  i'\iiinliMcal 


liol 


es    ill    It 


cm  her 


and 


tl 


lev   attac 


tl 


10 


Iced    nil    » 


ICSII. 


3G8 


IXSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  MELON. 


% 


Sometimes  three  or  four  larvio  Avill  be  found  in  the  sanu 
fruit,  while  the  presence  of  a  sinji^le  s})eciint'n  will  ol'tcn  ";iu-( 
the  cueunihtT  to  rot. 

\\'lien   mature,  the  Iai\a  lc;iv(-^  the  fruit,  and,  drawinu'  t<i- 


getl 


ler  a  lew  frairmentsoF  leaves  on  the  lironiul,  spins  a  .-liiilu 


eocoou,  withui  wliieh  it  ehantr*'-^  lo  a  sicn 


ler,  I 


)i'(>\\ii  elir\  -all-. 


iVoin  which  tie  moth  issues  in  eii;'ht  or  ten  days.  The  in-ccts 
iornunjj;  the  late  brood  pass  the  winter  in  the  ehrvsalis  state 
Tlu!   moth   (Fig.  o7'J)  is  of  a  yellowish-brown   color,  with  a 

purplish  reileetion,  the  lore  \\iiiij;s 
haviuL;-  an  irreoulai-  pateii,  and  thi^ 
hind  winiis  the  lii'eater  po)'tion  ol'  their 


Fro. 


innei'  surface  vellow 


Tl 


le  miller  -kh- 


has  a  pearly  shade;  the  thin'hs,  breast, 
ow  ai'(;  silvery  while  ; 


an( 


1  abd 


omen 


bel. 


III! 


the  other  portions  of  the  legs  ai-e 
low.      'J'lie  body  of  the  female  ter 
nates  in  a  small,  flattened, blaek  brii-h 
squarely  trimmed,  the  sen-meni  pret^eilinu;  it  beiuo'  of  a  ni.-i\ 


)rown  eo 


lor  al 


)ove. 


Tl 


le  male  lias  a  much  larirer   hrus 


h-1 


re 


apixMida^e,  formed  of  Ion*;,  narrow  scales,  some  of  which  a 
whitish,  .some  oranu;e,  others  brown. 

Roiicdirs, — This  insect  is  a  difficult  one  to  control.  If  the 
vines  arc  carefully  watched  about  the  time  the  early  broml 
appejir,  the  larva^  may  be  destroyed  by  hand  while  still  small ; 
but  if  not  discovered  until  after  they  have  penetrated  the 
fruit,  the  infested  melons  or  cuenmln'rs  should  be  gathered 
and  fcij  to  hogs  or  scalded. 


Fin.  nSO. 


No.  226.-  The  12-Spotted  Diabrotica. 

Piiilirnfifti   I  .'-pnih/d/ii  (Oliv.). 

This  beetle  also  is  occasionally  destructive  to 
melons  and  s(piashes,  eating  info  their  substance.', 
It  is  a  vellow  beetle,  with  twelve  black  spots, 
represenfeu  in  Fig.  .'>(S().  Jt  is  (closely  relaled  tc 
t!ie  strijied  .s(ptash  beelh",  No.  222. 


'iiwiui:  tu- 
ns :i  .-li;^'!!! 
(•\\v\  sali-, 
riic  iii-ccts 
'salis  stall'. 


ion  of  their 
lUuU'r  .-i<l(' 
iilis,  brt'a-t, 
very  wliiic; 
,oij;s  a IV  \('l- 
malc  tcnni 
)lac'k  bni-li. 
of  a  I'li.-iy 
hrusli-lilst' 
whit'li  ;uo 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  CRANBEIIRY. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


No.  227.— The  Cranberry  Worm. 

Jlhopohota  viicc'miana  (I'lickiinl). 

Tli.is  larva  is  very  injurious  to  the  foliage  of  eraiiberry- 
vines,  and,  on  acoount  of  the  devastation  it  causes,  has  received 
ill  some  localities  the  significant  name  of  the  "  fire-worm." 
It  hatciie.s  in  the  Eastern  States  from  the  2Uth  of  ]\[ay  to  the 
1st  of  June,  from  eggs  which  have  remained  ui)on  the  vine 
all  winter.     These  are  found  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves 


m  m 


[isses  haviny;  the  form  of  a  fiat  circular  scale 
of  a  j)ale-yellow  coK)r. 

The  larva,  which  is  shown  at  a,  Fig.  381,  is 
green,  with  a  few  fine  iiairs  scattered  over  the  sm*- 
face  of  it.s  body.  It  feeds  u{)on  tiie  tender  grow- 
ing shoots,  drawiny;  the  leaves  toii-ethcr,  fastening!; 
them  with   silhen  threads,  .and   conccalinir   itself 


FiQ.  ;!81. 


\\" 


ithin  the  enclosure.     When  fidl  grown,  it  spin- 


al i>rht 


cocoon,   cither  amoiiLi' 


the   1 


eaves   on    tiie   vmcs   or 


;Mnidst  leaves  and  rubbisii   on  ih(!  ground,  and  theie  changes 
to  a  chrysalis,  as  shown  at  h  in  tlie  figure. 
The  j)n|)a  state  lasts  from  ten  to  twelve  days. 


Fia.  .182. 


TI 


le  moth   (see  Fig.  382)  is  of   a   dark 


ash-color,  the  fore  wings  whitish,  dusted 
with  brown  and  reddish  scales,  with  nar- 
row  white    bands    on    the    front  edge,  al- 


broad 


cr    vcllowisli-hrown 


tcrnating    with 

bands,  live  of  which  are  larger  than  the  others,  and  frctiii 
I'nirr  of  these,  distinct  but  irreguhir  lines  cross  the  wings. 
Tiio  ti])8  of   the    lore  wings  an!  dark   brown   and  pointed. 


370 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   CRANBERRV 


Tlie  hind  wiiiiis  are  dusky  gray.  Tlio  moths  are  very  nu- 
merous during  the  montii  of  June,  Avhen  eggs  for  a  seeoiid 
brood  are  deposited,  the  larvte  from  which  ai)i)ear  early  in 
July,  succeeded  by  the  i)erfeet  insect,  -which  deposits  the  egi^.s 
that  remain  dormant  until  the  following  spring. 

Remedies. — For  all  cranberry  insects  flooding  is  the  most 
etfectual  remedy;  the  vines  should  be  kept  under  water  for 
two  or  three  days,  which  will  clear  them  for  the  time  entirely 
fr(»m  all  insect  pests.  Where  this  is  not  practicable,  the  vines 
may  be  showered  with  a  mixture  of  Paris-green  and  water,  in 
the  proportion  of  a  teaspoonful  of  the  poison  to  two  gallons 
of  water.  Fires  also  may  be  lighted  to  attract  and  destroy 
the  moths. 

No.  228.— The  Glistening  Cranberry  Moth. 

Tcras  oxijcoccana  (Packard). 

This  moth,  the  larva  of  which  is  said  to  feed  on  cranberry- 
vines,  measures,  when  its  wings  are  sjiread,  nearly  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  across.  Its  fore  wings  are  of  a  uniform 
reddish-brown  color,  with  a  })eculiar  shining  ai)pearance,  tli« 
red  tint  being  due  to  scattered  bright-red  scales;  tiiere  are 
no  other  spots  or  markings.  The  hind  wings  are  glistening 
gray.  The  body  is  of  a  dark  slate-color,  with  a  pale  tiift 
of  hairs  at  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  The  caterpillar  has  not 
been  described. 


No.  229.— The  Yellow  Cranberry  Worm. 

Teras  vacciniivorana  (Packard). 

In  the  cranberry-fields  of  New  Jersey  this  is  a  common 
insect.  The  larva,  which  is  shown  magnilied  in  Fig.  383, 
both  back  and  side  views,  draws  the  leaves  togctjjer,  fastens 
them  with  silken  threads,  and  feeds  upon  their  ui)i)er  surface. 
It  is  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  with  a  slight  greenish  tinge,  and 
a  f(!W  fine,  long,  pale  hairs  arising  from  prominent  tubercles. 
When  mature,  it  is  nearly  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long.  The 
caterpillar  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis  within  the  leafy  en- 


ty 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


371 


a  very  nu- 
r  a  secDiul 
\r  onrly  in 
its  the  c^5^s 

is  the  most 
1-  water  for 
iine  entirely 
le,  the  vines 
11(1  water,  in 
two  j^allons 
and  destroy 


3th. 

)n  cranborry- 
ncarly  three- 
of  a  unitbrni 
pearance,  th« 
s ;  there  are 
ve  glistcninj:; 
L  a  pale  tuft 
pillar  has  not 


pm. 

lis  a  common 

in  Fig.  IW3, 
rot  her,  fastens 
(ipper  Hurlace. 
]sh  tinge,  ami 
lent  tubercles. 
|h  long.  The 
the  leafy  en- 


closure, whieli,  w.ien  the  moth  is  about  to  escape,  protrudes 
partly  out  of  its  hiding-place.     The  pupa  is  about  a  quarter 


Fig.  38.3. 


Fig.  384. 


of  an  inch  long,  and  is  repre- 
sented from  two  different  as- 
pects in  Fig.  384,  both  much 
magnified. 

The  moth  measures,  when  its 
wings  are  spreatl,  about  half 
an   inch  across;  both  front  and 

hind    wings   are   yellow,    mottled    with    a    deeper    ochreous 

shade.  • 

For  remedies,  see  No.  227. 

No.  230. — The  Red-striped  Cranberry  Worm. 

This  larva,  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  385,  has  been  observed 
by  Dr.  Packard  injuring  the  heads  of  cranberry-plants  in 
Ma.ssachiisetts.  It  draws  and  fastens  the  leaves  together  and 
feeds  on  their  upper  surface,  and  sometimes  constructs  a  tube 
of  silk  between  two  leaves,  when  the  latter  are  severed  from 
their  connection  with  tlie  branch  and  held  in  i)lace  by  silken 
threads.  i[\  these  instances  the  leaves  speedily  wither  and 
turn  brown,  aud  it  often  hap[)ens  that  the  tips  of  vines  over 
large  patches  will  present  a  brown  aud  withered  as[)ect  from 
this  cause. 


372 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   CRANBEIUIV. 


The  l;irva  (see  Fig.  385)  is  less  than  iialf  an  incli  long,  slen- 
der, and  tapering  a  little  towards  eaeh  extremity,  of  a  palo 


Fi(i.  385. 


C\^     I.V        /KC«     l^^Cl*  1   :•    /*  ._:*-l-!S>      1       -f,     -       -        .    -  fc     i.  -  J  _r-«C^Ji 


green  eolor,  with  .>-ix  longitudinal  pale-reddish  lines,  which 
are  broken  and  irregular  on  the  anterior  segments,  and  more 
distinet  and  wider  on  the  hinder  j)art  of  the  body.  On  each 
segment  there  are  several  small  blaek  tubereles,  from  each  ol" 
which  arises  a  single  hair.  The  moth  is  nndeseribed. 
For  remedies,  see  No.  227. 

No.  231. — The  Cranberry  Span-worm. 

Ciilmia  iS]). 

In  jMassaehusctts,  and  espeeially  in  the  vieinity  of  Harwich, 
this  larva  has  proved  very  injiu'ious,  having  in  one  instance 
entirely  strii)jied  the  foliage  of  about  two  aeres  of  eranberry- 
vines.  It  very  much  resend)les  the  larva  of  the  eankcr- 
worm,  and  is  about  the  same  size;  its  color  is  dull  reddish 
brown,  with  longitudinal  lines  and  many  dots  of  dark  brown. 
There  is  a  broad  dusky  band  just  above  the  si)iiaeles;  the 
under  side  is  paler  than  the  up})er.  When  lull  grown,  it 
niea>iires  about  eight-tenths  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  modi 
lias  not  been  described. 

For  remedies,  sec  No.  227. 

No.  232. — The  Hairy  Cranberry  Caterpillar. 

Arctla  Sp. 

This  is  a  caterpillar  which  sometimes  injures  eraid)erry- 
vines  in  New  England.  It  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
is  covered  with  yellowish-gray  hair,  and  lias  longer  tid'ts  ((f 
darker  hair  at  each  end  of  the  body.     It  devours  the  leaves 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


:37;i 


Mig,  slen- 
,t'  u  pale- 


lies,  wh'u'U 
,  and  nion^ 
,  On  fach 
oin  e;icU  of 
Dod. 


of  lliu-\vi<li, 
:)ue  instan*'(! 
(;ninl)erry- 
hc  civukcr- 
uU  vcnUlisli 
V.u'k  brown, 
liiacles;  the 
11   o-rown,  it 
The  luolh 


lUar. 

(s  crLUiborrv- 
1  a  huU*  lonil, 
]no;cV  tul'ts  of 
Irs  tlie  leaved 


of  the  young  growing  slioots,  often  depriving  them  entirely 
of  foliage. 

No.  233.— The  Cranberry  Saw-fly. 

Prisfl})}ir>rn  idciilidem  Norton. 

This  insect,  which  is  closely  allied  to  the  imported  currant- 
worm,  Xo.  205,  is  destructiN-e  to  ci'aid)erry-vines  on  (  ai)e 
Cod.  The  |M'rfeet  insect  is  a  saw-fly,  the  female  havino-  a 
tooth'  (1  ovipositor,  with  which  she  makes  a  slit  in  the  leaves, 
depositing  an  egg  therein.  IJroods  of  the  larva)  appear  early 
in  June,  and  again  in  Auunst.  When  lirst  hatched,  thev  an; 
pale  yellowish  green, 


)lack 


in  the  young  speci 


hut  becoiiK!  darker  with  age;  the  head 
mens,  lighter  in  the  full-grown 
When  mature,  they  measure  about  three-tenths  of 
ni  inch  long,  are  cyliiulrical  and  smooth,  with  two  lighter, 
A-hitish-green  stripes  ruiining  the  whole  length  of  the  body. 


ones. 


1' 


owards  tlie  enc 


d  of  June   they  sj)in   their  c 


'ocoons   amono; 


withered   leaves  or  other  rubbish,  from  which  ilies  are  pro- 
duced about  ten  davs  afterwards. 

The  perfect  insect  has  the  body  black,  the  legs  marked 
with  yellowish  red  and  black,  the  wings  transparent,  with 
black  veins. 

No.  234.— The  Cranberry  Gall-fly. 

Cecidomyia  Sp. 

About  the  middle  of  June  the  small  leaves  at  the  tips  of  the 

growing  shoots  may  often  be  found  fastened  together.     Within 

these  clusters   is  a  small,  pinkish   or  orange-colored   larva, 

having  the  form  shown  at  h  in  Fig.  o86,  which  is  without 

logs,  and  wdicn  tirst  hatched   is  white.     This   larva  sj)ins  a 

(•(tcoon  (see  a  in  the  figure),  which  resembles  white  tissue- 

|iai)er;  this  is  formed  among  the  small  leaves  at  the  end  of 

the  shoot,  and  within  it  the  insect  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  as 

shown  at  e. 

In  about  twelve  days  the  perfe(?t  insect,  a  gall-gnat,  aj>pear8 

(sec  d,  Fig.  380  ;  c  rei)resents  the  antenna  of  the  female,  nuich 

enlarged).     This  gnat  is  found  in  almost  every  cranberiy- 


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Photogrdphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREEY 

WEBSTER,  NY    U580 

(  716)  a7?-4S03 


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374 


lysKCTs  iNjrmors  to  the  crasrf.hrv. 


t 


bog.  I'liore  are  not  usually  more  than  two  of  these  larvse  on 
any  one  shoot,  and  often  there  is  only  one.  The  niisi-hii'l"  ^\u\\^■ 
consists  mainly  in  the  killing  of  the  extreme  tip  of  the  vine, 

which  prevents  the  formation  of  a  fruit- 
bud  for  the  next  year's  growth,  unless,  m> 
is  sometimes  the  case,  the  vine  by  nii 
extra  effort  puts  th(!m  out  at  the  side. 


Fi(i.  3-6. 


\'^i^y^ii=^-^       Jiemcdics. — There    is   a   little  Chalci> 

-    Hy  parasitic  on  this  insect,  which  destrov- 

it  in  large  numbers.     The  measures  nv- 

e  ommended   under  No.  227  will  al>(»  Ijc 

ajyplicable  here. 


No.  235. — The  Cranberry  Aphis. 

There  is  a  large,  red  plnnt-Ioiisc  whi<'li 
sumctimcs  occurs  on  cranberry-vines  and  ])Miicturcs  the  Icavis 
and  tender  stems,  to  their  manifest  injury.  This  a|)his  i- 
destroyed  by  the  larva  of  a  small  lady-bird,  a  s|)('cics  ol' 
Scymnus,  whi(?]i  larva  is  oval  in  form,  and  covered  with  a 
wlt'te  I'uzz  on  its  back.  Flooiling  will  destroy  this  aphi.> 
also. 


No.  236.— The  Cranberry  Spittle  Insect. 

Clastoptcni  prutcus  Fitch. 

'J'his  is  a  small,  soft  insect,  with  legs,  but  without  wings, 
which  is  found  in  the  early  part  of  ,June  in  litlh;  masses  n|' 
froth  upon  growing  shoots  of  the  cranbci"ry-viMc.  The  frofli 
is  the  sap  of  the  plant  sucked  in  and  then  exuded  by  the 
young  larva,  prol)ably  for  <'oncealm(>nt.  TIk.'  insect  l)i'long-> 
to  the  order  Ifoinopteva,  having  no  jaws,  but  a  beak,  through 
which  it  sucks  the  sap  of  the;  plant. 

The  |)erfect  in^ect  jumps  with  the  agility  of  a  Ilea,  atid  is 
I'ound  hopping  aboiu  among  the  viu(>s.  If  seldom  occiu's  in 
sulllcient  nund)ers  to  inflict  material  injury.  It  is  foiniil  al.-o 
on  the  blueberrv. 


ATTACK  I  Mi    Till-:    FIHIT. 


375 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 


No.  237. — The  Cranberry  Fruit-worm. 

This  is  the  fatcrpillar  of  a  .>^mall  moth  rolated  to  the  leaf 
rollers,  and  is  sliown  in  Fig.  3(S7.  It  is  of  a  yel- 
iitwish-greeii  color,  and  appears  early  in  Ant;iist, 
when  it  injnres  the  frnit,  entcrin*^  berry  after  berry, 
eatinj;:  the  inside  of  each,  and  makinu;  it  turn  pre- 
iiKiturelv  red.  It  attains  its  fid!  y;ro\vtli  bv  ihc 
l»cginnin«jj  of  Septend)er,  when  it  l)uries  itself  in  ilie 
ground,  where  it  forms  a  eoeoon  covered  with  grains 
of  sand,  s(!arcelv  to  be  distingnisiied  iVom  a  small 
jiiinj)  of  earth,  within  which  it  chaiigi's  to  a  chrvs- 
alis.     Flooding  is  the  onlv  remedv  siii:<i;ested  for  this  insect 


Fic.  .3H7. 


No.  238.— The  Cranberry  Weevil. 

Aiil/toiionuis  sithiralis  liCc. 

About  th(>  middle  of  Jidy,  or  just  before  the  blossoms  are 
ready  to  exjvand,  this  weevil  appears.  It  is  a  small,  reddi^h- 
lirown  beetle,  with  a  (hirk-brown  head  and  a  beak  half  as 
long  as  its  body,  shown  in  Fig.  388.  'J'he  thorax  is  a  little 
darker  than  the  wing-covers,  and  is  sparingly 
covered  with  short  whitish  liains  ;  tlu;  wing-  Fi<».  .388. 
cases  are  ornamented  with  row.s  of  indentetl 
dots.  The  beetle  is  a  little  over  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  haig,  including  the  beak.  Having 
selected  a  blossom-bud  about  to  expand,  it 
drills  a  hole  through  the  centre  with  its  snout,  in  which  is 
<lcposi(e<l  a  pale-yellow  egg.  The  bud  is  tlien  cut  oil'  by  the 
Ix'ctle  at  the  stem,  and  drops  to  the  ground,  and  within  it  tli(> 
egg  hatches  to  a  dull-white  grub  with  a  yellow  head  and  black 
jaws  (see  Fig.  388),  which  feeds  upon  the  bud,  and,  passing 
through  its  transformations,  ])roduces  the  perfect  beetle,  which 
cats  it.s  way  out,  leaving  a  round  hole  in  the  side  of  the  de- 


37(5 


IXSECTS   ISJURIOUS    TO    THE   CRANBERRY. 


cayiii^  1)11(1  to  niiirk  its  place  of  exit.  Tlie  beetles  soiuc- 
times,  th()ii<r!i  seldom,  feed  upon  the  berries.  Tliev  ni:iy  lie 
destroyed  by  Hooding  with  water.  There  is  a  minute  Clialci.s 
Hy  which  is  parasitic  on  the  larva)  and  destroys  numbers  of 
them. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  ORAMJE. 

SiiK'o  iiiaiiy  of  the  inscicts  most  injurious  to  tlic  oranm* 
attack  alike  the  hraiiclics,  the  k>aveS,  aiul  the  fruit  of  the  tree, 
and  sometinies  the  trunk  also,  the  grouping  of  the  species,  car- 
ried out  wiien  treatingof  the  enemies  of  other  fruits,  will  not  I)e 
attemj)ted  with  those  of  the  orange.  Tiie  insects  hdonuing  to 
each  order  will  he  brought  together  and  treated  conscciitively, 
beginning  with  the  Lepidoptera,  which  includes  butterflies  and 
moths.  The  remedies  for  scale-insectSyas  they  apply  alike  to 
all  the  diH'erent  species,  will  be  referred  to  towards  the  end 
of  this  section. 


No.  239.— The  Cresphontes  Butterfly. 

l'ti}>ili(>  cnsji/ionfes  Talji'. 

In  tiie  perfect  state,  this  is  a  lai'ge  and  handsome  butterfly, 
which  measures,  when  its  wings  arc  spread,  from  four  to  live 
inches  across.  The  wings  are  black  above,  v  ith  an  irregular, 
triangular  band  of  broad  yellow  spots,  covering  a  considera- 
ble portion  of  their  surface,  as  shown  in  Fig.  38J).  The  hind 
wings  hav(!  two  long,  j)roJecting  points  or  tails,  with  an  oval 
yellow  spot  on  each  ;  they  are  also  notched,  and  have  the 
indeiUations  marked  with  yellow.  The  imder  side  is  yellow- 
ish, with  dusky  veins  and  ma''kings,  and  a  row  ot'  crescent- 
shaped  blue  spots  on  the  hind  wings.  The  body  is  black 
above,  yellow  at  the  sides  and  beneath. 

The  eggs  jire  globular,  and  are  tlepositinl  singly  on  the 
leaves.  The  young  caterpillars  are  very  much  lil<(!  the  full- 
grown  ones  in  form  and  color,  but  the  gray  markings  arc 
darker,  and  the  white  blotches  not  so  larg(!  as  in  the  maturt? 
larva.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about  two  and  a  half  inches 
lor^g,  and  very  peculiarly  marked.     (See  Fig.  o!M).)     Above 

377 


37S 


/.v.s/.Y'V'.s'  i.xjrninrs  vo  rnr:  o/.'/.vr;/-:. 


it    is    (lull    hrowii,    almost    covered    with    irreirnlar   wliitisli 
l)l()tc'lK's  spotted  with  hrow.'.     'i'he  first  lour  segments  have 


on  eaeh  side  a  loii<>i(iidiiial  while  hand  ;  from  iho  fourtii  to 
the  eiuhth  is  a  laru(>  whii(>  i)ateh,  nearly  oval  in  I'orm,  more 


lysi-.cTs  j.\./i  jnois  TO  Till-:  ouAxaK. 


iMi) 


ar   whitish 
luents  have 


or  loss  (lotted  with  brown  ;  another  similar  white  or  ereaiii- 
eolored  patch,  with   hrowiiish  dots,  covei-s  the  posterior  por- 


Fic.  :'.',io. 


the  fourth  to 
I  in  Torm,  mon; 


tion  »»f  the  hody.      lieliiiid   the   head   tiicre  are  two  h  jilt,  red, 

Heshy  hoi-iis,  which  can  ho  protruded  at  will,  and  these,  when 

extended,     (  init     a      vry 

dis;i|n;roeal)le    odor,    which  Fiii.il'.il. 

j)rol)al)Iy  serves  to  pr(»tect 

I  he    caterpillar     IVoin     iis 

enemies,     'riic  under  side 

of  the  Ixtdy  is  of  a  hi'own- 

\<\\  color.     The  larva  com- 

pl(>tes  its  n-rowth  in  ahont 

a  month,  when   it  <'li:ino'(s 

In   a    chrysali*.     Tlii-;    is 

nearly  an  inch  and  a  hall' 

lon<;  (sc(!  J'^iii'.  .'»!ll  ),  ii'rei;- 

ularly  forked  at  its  u|)j>er  end,  with  a  prominent  point  upon 

its  hreast,  and  a  loop  ol"  silk  aroiinil  th(>  middle;   tiio  hindcM' 

extremity  is  also  lasteiied  to  the  sup|)ortini^  twijj;  or  branch, 

hooked   in  a  tui't  of  silk.      Ffs  color  is  <>rav  and  brown,  of 


Va- 


.'580 


ISSECTS  ISJURIOUS   TO    Till':   ORAyOK. 


i 


varying  sluules,  and  so  exactly  resembles  that  of  tlic  bark 
ot' the  orai)<;e-tree  that  it  is  extremely  tliflieult  to  deteet.  In 
from  eij^ht  to  sixteen  (hiys  after  the  chrysalis  is  formed  the 
butterfly  emermes. 

In  Florida  there  are  usually  four  broods  of  the  butterflies 
in  the  course  of  the  summer,  the  last  brood  winterinir  in  ili,. 
chrysalis  state,  from  which  the  butterflies  emerge  in  A|iril. 
The  caterj)illar.  which  is  commonly  known  as  "  the  oraiiiic 
dog"  in  Florida,  devours  the  foliage  of  orange-trees,  sometiinc- 
seriously  injuring  young  trees  by  stri{)i)ing  tiiem  bare.  It 
may  easily  be  subdued  by  hand-pi(!king,  as  its  large  size  and 
singular  appearance  j)romj)tly  lead  to  its  discovery. 

AV'ithin  the  ])ast  ten  years  this  butterfly  has  extended  its 
range  very  much,  and  it  is  now  comparatively  conmiDii 
throughout  the  Northern  and  Western  States,  and  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  Canada.  In  the  North  it  feeds  chiefly  on 
prickly  ash,  Zanthoxylam  Americanum. 


No.  240. — The  Orange  Basket-worm. 

Plaloicctmis  Glucei-i  Packard. 

During  the  mouth  of  February  this  insect  is  found  upon         ; 
the  orange-trees   in  different   parts  of    Florida.     The   larva 


Fig.  3t)L'. 


form 


bl( 


s  an  ouiouir-ov 


case 


of 


I  paner 


like  sid)stance,  interwoven  with  bits  df 
leaves  or  bark,  as  shown  in  Fig.  3U2 ; 
within  this  it  lives.  When  full  gmwii, 
it  is  a  little  over  half  an  inch  long,  thick 
and  fleshy,  and  varies  in  color  from  liulit 
brown  to  a  much  darker  shade.  Tlic 
head  is  marked  with  dark  and  li^lii 
wavy  lines,  and  is  protruded  from  (lir 
case,  along  with  the  anterior  segments, 
when  the  larva  is  feeding  or  moving' 
from  place  to  place.     The  case  of  tin' 

female  is  about  one-foiu'th  larger  than  that  of  the  male.    W){\\ 

of  these  are  shown  in  the  fijiure. 


ixsi:cT.^  ixjuiiinis  to  the  oranc.e. 


:5S1 


On  reacliiiiLT  niiilnrity,  \\\v.  case  is  suspi^iidod  from  a  loaf  or 
twit;,  and  witliiii  it  the  larva  clianjxcs  to  a  dark-ln'owii  clirvs- 
alis  ;  the  clirysalis  of  tlic  male  works  its  way  partly  diit  (tf 
tile  case  at  tlie  lower  end,  where,  alter  the  escape  of  the  moth, 
the  empty  |)Upa-slvin  remains. 

The  male  moth  (l^'in;.  .'J!>2)  is  djirk  brown,  som(>times  nearly 
black,  with  delicate  wiii^s,  small  body,  and  feathered  antemia', 
and  measnres,  when  its  win!j!;s  are  spread,  al)ont  six-tenths  of 
an  inch  ac'oss.  Tiie  lemale  is  win«iless,  of  a  whitish  color, 
and  transforms  within  the  case,  where,  also,  the  ci^lis  arc  laid, 
the  yonnj^  larvje,  when  hatched,  e-ca]>ing  from  the  oi'ifice  at 
the  lower  end.  This  insect  lias  also  been  found  leedint>;  on 
the  leaves  of  the  fig. 

The  conspicuous  cases  constrnetcd  l)y  the  larv;e  are  easily 
seen,  wlieii  thev  niav  be  i)i<'ke(l  and  destroyed. 


No.  241. — The  Orange  Leaf-roller. 

rialyiKitii  m.itrtiiKt  (Walker). 

Dnrinn-  the  «;rowing  season  the  ed^es  of  the  yotinii;  leaves 
oC  orange-trees  are  often  found  rolled  up  into  a  sort  of  tui)e. 
These  tubes  are  formed  by  a  small,  yt^ilowish-^rci'ii  cater- 
pillai',  which,  when  ("nil  erown,  is  about  three-(pia.rters  of 
an  inch  lon<i',  with  a  brown  head,  and  a  polished  plate  of  the 
same  <<olor  on  the  next  seo-ment,  a  dark  stripe  down  the  back, 
and  an  indistinct  dark  line  alonj;  each  side.  It  is  active  in 
its  movements,  lives  within  the  tube  it  constructs,  and  i'eeds 
upon  the  lblia,L!;e. 

Tlie  larva  chanij;es  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  nearly  half  an  inch 
louL':,  within  the  case,  from  which  in  a  few  <lays  a  moth 
escapes. 

Th(!  male  dilfers  from  tlu;  fiMuale  in  the  markin,ij;s  on  its 
fore  wini;;s.  All  the  wind's  of  both  sexes  have  a  ground-color 
resembling  that  of  cork,  but  the  fore  wings  of  the  male  have 
a  dark-brown  stripe  along  the  front  edge,  expanding  into  a 
large  spot  of  the  same  color  towards  the  tip  of  the  wing, 


i 


382 


LXSKCTS   lyjVNIOCS    TO    rilE   OIIASGE 


wliilo  th(.'  lore  \vin«r.s  of  the  female  luive  iniimte  dark-liiuwn 
tufts,  arraiiijjed  in  lines  niuieor  less  tlistinet,  rnnninu;<)l)li(juclv 
aeross  tliein.  The  winjjjs  of  the  male  measure,  when  >|irea(l, 
nearly  three-cjuarters  of  an  inch  aeross;  those  of  the  ieinale 
are  a  little  lart^er.  This  leaf-roller  has  hecn  found  trouhli- 
soiiie  in  several  loealities  in  Florida.  \\  here  it  exists  in  sudi 
al)inulan('e  :■>  to  re(|uire  a  remedy,  haml-piekinjr  should  !«■ 
resorted  to,  or  the  trees  should  be  syrinj;;ed  with  powdcnil 
hellebore  and  water,  or  Paris-tjreen  and  water,  as  reeuiii- 
nicnded  under  Xt).  181. 


No.  242.— The  Orange-leaf  Nothris. 

Solhris  vilrijhliella  Cliaiiibers, 

In  the  larval  form  this  is  a  cvlindrieal  vellow  eaterpillai*. 
with  a  black  head,  and  a  black  patch  on  the  next  set^mcnt. 
It  feeds  upon  the  half-<;rown  leavi's  of  the  new  shoots  of  the 
orange,  fastening  them  together  with  silken  threads.  It  also 
fre(piently  devours  the  terminal  buds,  ami  thus  materially  in- 


jure: 


the  <rrowth  of  the  trise.     When  full  <irown,  it  is  about 


half  an  inch  long,  very  quick  in  its  movements,  and  if  di.- 
turbeil  lets  itself  down  from  the  twig  by  a  silken  thread,  l)y 
means  of  which  it  is  enabled  to  regain  its  former  position 
among  the  leaves  when  danger  is  past. 

When  ready  ibr  its  next  change,  the  larva  rolls  uj>  a  j)orUon 
of  a  leaf,  and  sj)ins  within  the  enclosure  a  delicate  silken 
cocoon,  in  which  it  changes  to  a  dark-brown  chrysalis,  'i'he 
moth  i.s  found  late  in  August  and  early  in  Sej)teinber ;  it 
is  of  a  grayish  ochreous  color,  the  fore  wings  streaked  with 
reddish  and  dotted  with  brown,  the  hind  wings  pale  gray 
with  a  reddish  tint.  The  body  is  ochreous,  dotted  with  dull 
red. 

Should  this  insect  at  any  time  become  so  abundant  as  to 
re(piire  the  use  of  remedies,  those  suggested  for  No.  241  will 
be  ai){)lieable. 


jysKVTS   LSJLJilOiS    TO    Till-:    OliAM;!:. 


;J83 


No.  243.— The  Orange  leaf-notcher. 

Aft i fills Jldiiddiiits  Horn. 

This  is  a  beetle  wliicli  is  represented  iiKiy-nilied  in  l"'itr.  :\\):\, 
tlie  line  below  it  iiulieatintr  tlie  natural  si/e.  It  eats  jagged 
notelies  in  the  leaves  of   tin; 


orange,  as  shown  in 


the  fi 


<rure 


1(1. 


distil 
foli 


guring  and  injuring   tlie 


nge. 


It 


IS  about  a  (juarter 


of  an    ineh  long,  of  a    pale 

greenish-blue  or  eoj)per  color, 

and     densely     clothed     with 

white  scales.     The  thorax  is 

unevenly    dotted,   and    there 

are    on    the    wing-cases    ten 

l(;ngitudinal  lines  of  dots  of 

varving    sizes,    divided     bv 

slight  ridges.     The  under  side  of  the  body  and  legs  is  also 

scaly  and  hairy. 

Jn  sonie  localities  in  Florida  these  beetles  are  said  to  be 
very  abundant.  As  they  readily  droj)  when  the  trees  are  jarred, 
they  may  be  easily  collected  on  sheets  spread  under  the  trees. 


nuidant  as  to 


No.  244. — The  Angular-winged  Katydid. 

Microcenlrtnn  nii item's  IJiinii. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  insect  of  large  size  so  destructive  to 
the  foliage  of  the  orange  as  this.  It  is  a  large  green  katydid, 
and  one  of  the  coinn^onest  insects  in  the  South. 

During  the  daytime  it  is  seldom  seen,  as  it  is  then  hidden 
among  the  thick  foliage  of  trees  and  shrubs,  but  towards 
dusk  it  leaves  its  hiding-places  and  makes  the  air  I'csonant 
with  its  music,  which  is  produced  by  rubbing  the  wings 
against  the  thighs.  The  eggs  are  dei)()sited  in  abundance 
upon  both  twigs  and  leaves,  as  shown  in  Fig.  .3JI  t  at  1  a  and 
2  I),  overlapping  each  other.     They  are  of  a  long,  oval  form, 


Ki.;.  n04 


n 


jysKCTs  Lw/i/^iors  TO  Tin:  niiASaK 


{85 


[y^h 


ami  nearly  flat.  Tiic  voiiiiy;  katvdids  is-uc  tVnm  that  end  of 
the  e<;<^  which  i»r(»j('ets  heyoiitl  the  Ital",  having  the  empty 
(.(Tor-sheli  .-till  ill  |i(».-iti()ii  hehiiiil.  W'hc::  tirst  hatched,  they 
feed  only  upon  the  snrface  of  the  haf.  hut  as  thev  increase  in 
size  thev  devonr  the  whole  siihstanci 


W'l 


len   mature,  tliev 


ae(jnire  winu's,  which  eiiahle  them 


t(.  ti 


V  reai 


lilv  1 


roiii  tree  tit 


tree,  appeariiii;  as  .shown  at  1  in  the  fi<fure.  From  the  head 
to  the  extremity  of  the  closed  wiMt^s,  the  fnll-Lii'own  iii-<ct 
iiieasnres  abont  two  and  a  half  inches.  The  outer  wiii^s  are 
irreen,  with  leaf-like  veinin<is,  the  nnder  |>airof  a  i)aler  green, 
and  hcantifiilly  netted;  the  antenna'  are  loni;  and  thread-like, 
and  the  hind  lej^s  slender.  The  female  is  i'lirni.-  1  with  a 
eiirvetl  ovipositor  at  tlu;  end  of  the  ahdomen. 

Fortnnately,  there  is  a  small  ("halcid  fly  |  .  asiti  •  on  the 
e^iis  of  this  katydid,  which,  whci.  iiiatnre,  is  iittle  inoru  ilian 
iiiie-eiiihth  o'"  an  inch  lonp; ;  it  is  \\\v  Ku^x linns  mi,  •oUh  iA' 
\\  aUli.      iiie    female    which    is   sh(»\'  n   at   2,    y\'S.    ri94,    ha- 


de, 


.  V  winirs 


and 


an  alKioiiKMi   which    -lie  can    ele\.itc  over 


her  thorax  in  a  jx'cnliar  manner.  The  male  is  repre.-ented  at 
L'  (I  in  the  same  fiijure.  The  cuii.s  of  this  j)arasite  are  [)laced 
within  the  ctjgs  of  the  katydid,  where  the  larvio  hatch  and 
imderuo  their  transformations,  issuing-  as  flies  fmin  circular 
holes  which  thev  cut  throutrh  the  t'LTU'-shells,  as  shown  at  '1  I). 
A  lariic  proj)ortion  of  the  eggs  of  the  katydid  are  i)arasiti/.ed 
liv  this  insei't. 

Jiemedles. — Collect  the  eggs  during  the  winter  and  j)la<'e 
them  in  boxes  covered  with  coarse  wire  gauze  until  spring, 
so  that  the  parasites  may  be  permitted  to  esca[)e.  Several 
^[)eeies  of  birds  arc  said  to  devour  these  katydids. 

No.  245. — The  Lubber  Grasshopper. 

Ihmuiha  microptnn  Scrv. 

This  is  a  large  .species  of  locust,  very  destructive  to  orange- 
leaves,  which  has  received  the  common  ?>amo  of  *'  the  lubber 
grassho{)per"  from  its  sluggish  habits.     AVhen  full  grown,  it 

is  about  two  and  a  (quarter  inches  long,  of  a  yellow  color,  tlu; 

25 


J 


386 


I\SKCTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


wing-cases  liadod  with  rosy  pink  and  barred  and  spotted 
M-itli  hlaek.  The  larvjc  are  shaped  like  the  niatnre  insects, 
hnt  have  no  wings.  They  are  bhick,  and  are  strij)ed  and 
banded  with  orange-yellow.  The  wings  of  the  perfect  iii>i  i 
(see  Fig.  395)  are  so  short — reaching  only  half-way  to  the 

Fig.  395. 


Fio.  390 


extremity  of  the  abdomen — that  they  arc  quite  useless  for  tlu- 
purpose  of  flight.  Their  eggs  are  d.'posited  in  the  ground. 
Since  they  cannot  lly,  they  may  easily  be  destroyed  by  iiand. 

No.  246.— The  Leaf-footed  Plant-bug. 

Jj('j)toi/Iossiis  plnjllopus  (Linn.). 

Tiie  leaf-footed  plant-bug  is  of  a  reddi.-li- 
,         brown  color,  with  a   long,  sharp  beak,  and 
\^  a  transverse  yellowish-white  band  acro.ss  its 
wing-covers.     The  wings,  when  raised,  show 
,^       the   body,  which   is  of  a  bright-red  color, 
k      t^   with  blacdv  spots.     The  siianks  of  tiiG  hiiiii 
legs  are  flattened  out  into  leaf-like  app(>nd- 
ages,  as  shown  in  Fig.  39(!,     This  insect  Is 
said  to  puncture  the  tender  shoots  and  ter- 
minal   branches    of    the   orange-tree,   often 
killing   them.     Jt  also  injures  ripe   plum-, 


iNsi:(yrH  injurious  to  the  orange. 


387 


.nd  spottctl 
tare  insects, 
stvipeil  and 
erfeet  iiistu't 
-way  to  tlx' 


useless  for  the 
in  tlie  ground 
oyecl  by  band. 

lis  <>r  a  roa<li>li- 

L.iri)  beak,  aiul 

l)i\n(l  across  in 

lion  raised,  show 

•i^lit-red  coh>r. 
Id^s  of  the  hin.l 
if-liUe  a\>i>end- 
This  insect  i> 
Isboots  and  tci- 
lno;e-trce,  often 
Ires  ripe  pbmis, 


by  pnncturinor  them  and  sucking  portions  of  their  contents. 
Notwithstanding  its  injurious  hab'\s,  it  has  been  by  some 
writers  classed  among  beneficial  insects  as  a  destroyer  of  tlic 
harlequin  cabbage-bug. 

No.  247.— The  Cotton-stainer. 
Dysdercus  suturellus  II.  Schf. 

This  insect,  like  that  last  described,  l)elongs  to  the  order  of 
true  bugs  [Ilemipieva]  ;  it  is  commonly  known  as  the  red- 
bug,  or  cotton-stainer,  and  is  one  of  the  worst  pests  ^ith  which 
the  cotton-planters  of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies  iiave  to 
contend.  It  injures  the  cotton  by  piercing  the  stems  an(? 
bolls  and  sucking  the  sap;  but  the  principal  injury  to  the 
crop  is  occasioned  by  its  staining  the  cotton  in  the  opening 
bolls  with  its  excrement.  It  also  attacks  the  fruit  of  the 
orange,  puncturing  the  rind,  sucking  the  juice,  and  causing 
the  fruit  to  decay  and  fall  to  the  ground.  When  full  grown, 
it  is  from  six  to  seven  tenths  of  an  inch  long,  and  aj>pears  as 
shown  in  Fig.  807,  the  thorax  triangular, 
with  its  anterior  part  red,  ])osterior  por- 
tion black,  all  margined  with  whitish  yellow. 
The  scutellum  is  triangular,  red,  margined 
with  pale  yellow;  the  wing-cases  arc  flat, 
with  two  distinct  whitish  lines  crossing  them, 
which  intersect  each  oiher  near  the  centre; 
they  are  also  partly  margined  with  a  yel- 
lowish line.  The  Uiide'  side  is  bri<>ht  red,  with  yellowish- 
white  markings  on  the  edge  of  each  segment. 

Fach  female  produces  about  one  hundred  ov'al,  amber- 
colored  eggs,  which  are  attached  in  clusters  to  the  underside 
of  the  leaves.  Th(>  young  buii:s  are  bright  red,  with  black 
legs  and  antenna;',  riiese  bugs  are  usually  Ibund  in  immense 
numbers,  and  where  cotton  has  been  plant<Hl  between  the  rows 
of  oiange-trees  instances  arc  recorded  where  a  large  pro])or- 
tion  of  the  oranges  have  been  destroyed.     The  mature  insects 


Fio.  ?A)1. 


;J88 


hXSECTS  ISJVIilOVS    TO    THE   ORANGE. 


ot'tcii  gather  in  great  miml)(.'rs  on  lieai)s  of  cotton-seod,  when 
tli(!y  may  be  killed  by  pouring  .scalding  water  upon  tlieni. 


i 


No.  248.— The  Orange  Aphis. 

Si/th(illiiJ)/lnf(l  cilrildlii  AsllMH'llil. 

In  Florida  this  speeies  of  plant-louse  is  very  |)revakMit,  an. I 
is  found  during  the  sj)ring  and  summer  months  in  varioii- 
.stages  of  development,  clustering  on  the  tender  shoots  ami 
branches  of  the  orangotree,  'J'hese  lice  in.sert  their  i)caks 
into  the  leaves  and  succulent  twigs  and  live  ujjou  the  sap. 
When  i'ull  grown,  they  are  a  little  more  than  one-twentiitli 
of  an  inch  long,  black  or  brownish  blacic,  with  phiiiiji. 
round  bodies,  long,  yellowish  antenna*,  and  pale-yellow  Icsi-. 
(See  Fig.  398,  where  they  are  shown  magnilied.)    Thewiniicd 

V\u.  ;]!»s. 


specimens,  one  of  which  is  seen  in  the  ligure,  are  also  black  ; 
these  Hy  I'rom  one  tree  to  another  and  establish  new  colonic-. 
nciimlirs. — Svringe  the  trees  with  strong  soap-suds  or  otluM- 
alkaline  washes,  or  with  strong  tobacco-water.  A  mimbi  r 
(»f  lady-birds  and  their  larva',  also  the  larvie  of  Syr[)hus  Hies, 
feed  on  these  lice.  Many  of  them  are  destroyed  by  a  minute 
( "lialcid  fly,  which  lives  within  their  bodies.  This  friendly 
species,  fSfenomcKinn  aphldicola  Ashmead,  is  shown,  nuuli 
magnilied,  in  F"'ig.  oi)t),  where  a  represents  the  female,  and  /> 
the  male.  The  short  lines  at  the  sides  indicate  their  natural 
size.  They  are  so  minute  that  as  many  as  three  of  the  perfect 
winged  Hies  have  l)een  known  to  issue  from  the  body  of  a 
single  a|)his. 


LXSKCTS    /.V./rA'/O/'.S    7V>    Tlfl-:    ORASGE 


08  i» 


■seed,  \vh(  u 
n  them. 


A   tiny   Iclincunion    flv,  tlic  rcd-losrsiod   'J'riox^ 


'nn.nia 


tcdaceipes  Cros.^ion,  also  infests  this  species  of  aphis,  while  a 
third  friendly  parasite  is  a  small  Aj)hidius,  a  shininjr,  bladv 


Fio.  39!). 


■evalent,  nn.l 
,s  HI  varion- 
■  shoots   :ind 

tiieir  heaks 
pon  the  sap. 
)nc-t\venti<ih 
with  phiiiip. 
('-yellow  legr-. 

The  winiied 


re  a 


Iso  hlix 


new  ooloni'-- 
(-suds  or  otiuM' 
A    niiinh 


I'T 


Svrphns  Hies, 
d  hv  a  minule 


This  frii'M. 


Ih 


diown,   muel 


female,  am 


\h 


their  natural 

of  the  perfect 

[the  body  of  a 


ll\ .  Were  it  not  for  these  predaceous  and  j)arasilic  insects, 
the  Apiiides  would  soon  multiply  to  such  an  extent  as  to  ruin 
(lie  plantations. 

No.  249.— The  Rust  Mite. 

P/ii/lnptiis  olcimins  Aslimi'uil. 

The  rust  which  often  occurs  on  the  fruit  of  the  orange 
was  until  of  late  regarded  as  <hi(!  to  a  fungoid  growth,  hut 
recent  investigators  Jiave  shown  that  it  is  caused  l»y  a  veiy 
small,  four-legged  mite,  which  punctures  llie  oil-(!ells,  and  tli(.' 
exuding  oil,  when  exposed  to  the  inllueuceof  the  atmosphere, 
soon  undergoes  a  ohange,  assuming  a  dark,  rusty  ajipearance, 
which  seriously  depreciates  the  value  of  the  fruit  for  market. 
To  the  unaided  eye  the  oi'anges  ap))ear  dusty,  but  if  examined 
with  a  magnilying-glass  they  will  he  seen  covered  with  a 
multitude  of  mites  of  a  whitish-tlesh  color. 

A  weak  alkaline  wash  a|)plied  to  the  fruit  would  doubtless 
<lestroy  these  mites. 

Another  rust,  known  as  "  the  black  smut,"  often  K[)reads 


;i9o 


JNSKCTS  IXJUJUOUS   TO    THE    JifAAGE. 


over  both  leaves  and  fruit,  rnakiiij»;  them  appear  very  unsiglitly. 
This  is  a  inimite  fun<j;oiis  growth,  known  under  the  name  ot 
FuriKif/o  Hdlicind  Farlow,  but  it  is  believed  by  some  to  result 
froni  the  punetures  of  insects,  causing  an  exuchition,  on  which 
the  fungus  thrives. 

As  a  reniedy,  use  an  alkaline  solution  of  soap  as  strong  a-i 
the  tree  will  bear  without  injury. 

No.  250.— The  Purple  Scale. 

Mi/lildnph  citrirnld  I'iU'kiinl. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  injurious  species  of 
scale-insect  found   in  Florida,     It   is  confined  mainly  to  the 


Fig.  400. 


M 


leaves  and  fruit  of  the  orange,  and  sometimes  disfigures  the 
latter  to  such  an  extent  as  to  make;  it  unlit  for  market,  yd 
it  is  often  seen  on  iVuit  offered  for  sale.  The  .scale  of  the 
female  is  shown  empty  at  a  in  Fig.  400,  and  ()ceu[)ied  by 


E. 

I'V  unsi<:htly. 
the  name  *>!' 
line  to  result 
ou,  on  wh'uli 

,  as  stroiiu;  iv-^ 


jySECTS  INJililuLS    TO    THE   ORANGE. 


:vn 


ous  species  of 
mainly  to  the 


f^J^- 

Wk^. 

k 

>  )-^ 

ya  ' 

% 

'J               '                               *     .^           M* 

"^^  "^^L 

^~^ 

^il 

■""  '\    T'^ 

k  ^ 

!^ 

-:%  '     ~ 

%i 

^  ^iik 

a^.^ 

>--^™ 

^'-*t3s*'" 

y^^ 

L  disfij^ures  tlie 
Ifor  market,  yot 
he  sealo  of  tlu' 
lul  oecnpied  by 


the  insect  at  l>.  both  hi<:;hly  niagiiitied.  It  is  lonj^,  narrow, 
more  or  h'ss  curvetl  and  widened  posteriorly,  varyint^  in 
(!oh>r  from  dark  purple  to  rcddish-hrown,  the  enclosed  insect, 
beinjji;  yellowish  white.  That  of  the  male,  shown  at  c,  also 
maj^nilied,  resend)les  the  female  scale  in  form,  but  is  nearly 
straight,  and  may  be  at  once  distinguished  by  its  smaller 
size.  In  color  it  is  much  tiie  same  as  the  female  scale,  but  is 
sometimes  darker,  occasionally  dark  brown  or  almo.-t  black. 
On  the  leaf  in  the  liijure  these  scales  are  shown  of  the  natural 


si/e. 


Ti 


diich 


leeggs,  wnicn  number  iromeiglit 


d)er  fi 


iteen  to  twentv-five  under 
each  scale,  are  white,  and  are  arranged  irregularly,  as  shown 
at  b.  They  hatch  in  Florida  about  the  middle  of  March, 
producing  lice  of  the  foi'in  shown  at  b  in  figure  401,  but  so 
small  as  to  be  scarcelv  visible  without  a  magnifving-ixlass. 
They  are  of  a  white  color,  yellowish  at  both  ends,  and  have; 
red  eyes.  For  a  very  brief  period  after  hatching  they  are 
active;  tiien  they  fix  themselves  to  one  spot,  where  they  remain 
stationary  for  tlu;  rest  of  tlu'ir  lives.  Within  a  few  days  tliei'c 
is  .secreted  over  the  Ixtdv  of  the  yountr  louse  a  coveriuii-  of 
tine  cottony  filaments,  which,  together  with  the  skins  .-lied 
from  time  to  time  as  the  Insect  increases  in  size,  are  eventually 
formed  into  scales,  as  shown  in  t!ie  (igure.  The  male  develops 
into  a  winged  fly  (see  a,  l^^ig.  -lOl)  which  is  red,  with  long, 
liaii'V  antenuie  and  transparent  wings;  but 
\\\{'.  female  remains  within  the  scale  antl 
dies  there. 

This  scale-insect  is  said  to  have  been 
imported  from  'Viniudaon  some  lemons 
sent  to  Florida,  iiesides  the  lady-birds 
and  other  predaceous  insects  whicli  attack 
all  scale-insects,  and  whu'h  will  be  referred 
to  in  detail  under  "Jlemedies,"  this  one  has  some  special 
Iocs.  A  small  mite,  Ti/ror/li/jilins  (flonri  Ashmcad,  is  very 
useful  in  destroving  it.  The  egg>  of  the  mite  an?  laid  in 
December,  in  dusters  of  two  or  three  hundred  each,  on   the 


b'ui.  KM. 


l]Q'2 


IXSECTS   IXJURIOUS    TO    THE   ORASGE. 


im<ler  side  of  orange  loaves,  close  to  the  veins;  lliey  are  of 
a  recldisli-yelloNV^eolor,  and  about  one  iive-lMindrcdth  of  an 
inch  lono-.  Earlv  in  the  vear  there  hatch  from  them  tinv 
l)lood-red  mites  having  six  legs,  and  four  oval  black  s])ots  on 
the  hinder  part  of  the  abdomen.  Jn  three  or  Ibnr  weoLs 
these  transform  to  eight-legged  mites  of  a  paler  shade  of  red, 
which  is  the  mature  form. 

A  small,  four-winged  tly,  one-fiftieth  of  an  inch  long,  de- 
scribed as  "the  blue  yellow- 
(doaUed  Chaleid,"  SlfpiipliDrd  jla 
vopaUialns  Ashniead,  has  Ix'cn 
found  in  consideral)le  numbers 
destroying  the  eggs  ot"  this  s(;;de. 
l'ii>'.  \()'l  shows  this  Hv,  hiuhlv 
magnilied.  Its  body  is  blui>h 
black,  with  a  yellow  crescent- 
shaped  patch  b(.'hind  the  head ; 
the  wings  ai'e  transparent  and  fringed  with  Hue  hairs. 


Vui.  4(VJ. 


No.  251.— The  Long  Scale. 

Miltihtspis  Gloveri,  I'lickiii'd. 

The  second  most  common  scale-in.sect  on  the  orange-trees 
in  Florida  is  the  species  now  under  consideration.  It  is 
closely  allied  to  No.  250,  but  ditfers  from  it  in  that  the 
female  scale  is  much  narrower,  and  generally  of  a  j)al(  r 
c(»lor,  its  usual  tint  being  j)ale  brownish  yellow,  varying 
occasionally  to  daik  brown.  A  back  view  ol'  the  female 
scale  is  shown  at  a  in  Fig.  lOo,  a  front  view  at  c,  while 
the  male  scale  is  rej)resenle(l  at  b, — all  magnilied;  on  the 
leaf  and  twig  .ae  shinvn  many  scales  of  the  natural  si/e. 
The  female  insect,  unoer  the  scale,  is  ol'  a  light-])urplc  hue, 
with  the  terminal  segment  vcllowish.  The  e^•^■s  are  \vhit(! 
when  first  laid,  but  become  tinged  with  purple  before  hatch- 
ing; thev  are  arranged  regularlv  in  a  double  row,  as  shown 
at  c   in   the   figure,     'idie  newly-hati'hed  lice    are  purplish, 


i  f 


they  tvre  of 
vdtli  oi"   :iu 

1  tliein   tiny 

lU'k  S|K)t-^  <>!> 

ibui"  wooks 
hade  of  n'<l, 

K'h  loiijj;,  de- 
due     yellow - 

(1,  has  hf'n 
J)lo  miinlxis 
of  this  scale, 
is  lly,  hiiildy 
,dy  is  l>l>i>^l» 
ll„\v  creswnt- 
nd    the   head  ; 

2  hairs. 


ISSFAJTS   IS.IIRIOUS    TO    THE    ORAyaE 


3i);5 


le  orano'O 


■ration. 


lit    in 


-tfet's 
It   i- 
that  tlu 
f  a  1 


)aler 


How,  varynit;- 

)f  the  leniale 

at  c,  while 

liiied  ;   on  tlie 

natural   si/e. 


lew 


:;ht-inu' 


plel 


me. 
hiu 


li'o'os  are  w 

before  hati'h- 

liown 

lish, 


irow,  as  s 


and    resond)le   No.   250,  as  shown   at   h,   Flu;.    401.      Tliev 
are  active  lor  a  brief  period,  and  then  settle  permanently  in 


are  purp 


one  spot,  where  thev  remain  stationary.  'I'he  male  inscH't  is 
a  veiy  minute  Hy,  whieh  is  shown,  hii>hly  mai^nilied,  in  Fig. 
104.      It  has  long  anteiuia^  and  two  trans[)arent  wings. 

This  s|)ceies  is  ibinid  on  trees  of  the  Citrus  i'amily 
lin-onghoiit  Florida,  also  in  liouisiana,  infesting  the  twigs 
and  branelics,  and  iinally  the  leaves,  but  rarely  the  trinik. 
There  are  three  broods  in  a  season.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
imported  from  China,  and  has  since  been  disseminated  by 
I  lie  distribution  of  infested  nurs(>ry  stock  and  by  the  fruit 
itself. 

This  insect  also  has  some  special  parasites;  one,  a  tiny 
four-winged  fly,  ApJuiinns^  ((suidioficola  Ashmead,  is  about 
one-liftieth  of  an  inch  long,  oi"  a  light-brownish  color,  with 


WbMI^IIBlBil 


.•394 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   ORANGE. 


i'rint^cd  wings.     (See  Fig.  405.)     It  lays  an  egg  under  each 
scale,  tlie  larva  f'rcMu  which  is  a  white,  fleshy,  footless  griili, 


Fia.  404. 


Fia.  405. 


that  feeds   upon   the  eggs.     By  the  time  it  has  consume  1 
them  all  it  lias  reached  full  growth,  M'hen  it  changes  to  a 

pupa,  and,  after  remaining  in 
this  condition  a  few  days,  the 
fly  escapes  by  eating  a  passage 
through  the  top  of  the  scale 
Where  this  parasite  does  not 
occur,  it  maybe  introduced  wiili 
advantage  by  taking  into  tin' 
locality  branches  infested  with 
scales  which  are  known  to  have 
been  parasitized.  This  useful  insect  destroys  inunense  num- 
bers of  the  scales,  and  is  doubtless  one  of  the  chief  natiu'al 
agencies  provided  to  check  their  undue  increase. 

A  species  of  mite,  Orlbales  aspkUotl  Ashmead,  has  been 
found  feeding  on  the  eggs  of  this  scale-insect.  It  is  about 
one-fiftieth  of  an  inch  long,  of  an  elongated,  flattened  form 
and  a  dark  reddish-brown  color. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


;}95 


Ho.  252.— The  Red  Scale  of  California. 

Aspidiotus  aurantii  Maskell. 

The  female  scale  of   this  species  is  (jnito  tran.shicciit,  its 
apparent   grayish    color   dcponding    on    that    oC    the    insect 


o 


honoath,  which  varies  from  a  light  greenish  yellow  to  a 
hriirht  reddish  hrown,  and  when  the  female  is  I'tillv  tirowii 
the  form  of  its  dark  body  shows  distinctly  throngh  thii 
transparent  covering,  as  represented  at  h  in  Fig.  !()(!.  TIk; 
scale  of  the  male,  shown  at  e  in  the  figure,  resend)les  that  of 


f 


3D(i 


jysKCTS   ISJVRIOUS    TO    THE   ORANGE. 


iIk;  female,  hut  is  only  orui-toiirtii  tlie  size,  tlie  pnsteriur  side 
heinj^  ])rol()nge(l  into  a  (lap,  wliicli  is  t|iiite  tliin.  Tlie  scal(> 
ar<'  represented  of  the  natural  size  on  the  leaf  and  twi;^. 
The  perfeet  male  insect,  which  is  winjfed,  as  shown,  hii!;hl\ 
magnilied,  at  (t,  in  V\\^.  -106,  is  li<;ht  yellow,  with  a  hrowii 
hand  on  tlie  thorax,  and  purplish-hlack  eyes.  Tlu;  e<j;gs  arc 
of  an  ovoid  form  and  hriuht-yeliow  (!olor,  from  twenty  ti» 
forty  heiui^  found  under  each  scale. 

'J'his  sj)ecies  appears  to  confine  it.-elf  to  the  trees  helon^ini;- 
to  the  Citrus  family,  and  inl'ests  the  trunk,  limhs,  leaves,  anil 
fruit,  sometimes  eoveriuii;  the  latter  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
render  it  unfit  for  market.  Where  these  insects  are  very 
numerous,  the  haves  turn  yellow,  and  sometimes  droj)  from 
the  trees.    In  Southern  California  there  are  live  oi'  six  hrocnls 


«furiug  tfu!  year;  hence  it  is  s{)rea(iini2;  witii  j^ieat   i'ai)i(iitv 


(lit' 


and  is  perhaj)s  more  to  he 
in  this  coiuitrv.     Mi 


(I  real 


led  tl 
L 


lan  anv  otiier  seale-insect 


uiv  uroves  ui  Ijos  Anti'cies  ai 


id 


in  otlier 


th 


sections  of  Soutliern  California  have  heen  seriously  injured 
hy  it.  The  orange-groves  in  Australia  have  suifered  from 
the  same  pest. 


No.  253.— The  Circular  Scale. 

Aspididtusjicus  Itilcy. 

This  is  known  as  the  red  scale  of  Florida.  In  Fig.  407 
the  scales  are  shown  of  the  natural  size  on  the  leaves  of  an 
orange-tree;  a,  the  scale  of  the  female;  f),  that  of  the  male; 
c,  the  young  larva;  c  antlf,  diiferent  stages  in  the  formation 
of  the  scale;  all  these  are  highly  magnified.  Thus  i'ar  it  has 
l)('cn  i'ound  only  in  the  orange-groves  of  Florida.  It  mul- 
tiplies with  givat  ra|)idity,  and  infests  indiscriminately  tlu\ 
limhs,  leaves,  and  fruit. 

The  scale  of  the  female  {(i)  is  circular,  and  varies  from 
a  light  to  a  dark  reddish-hrown  color,  with  a  grav  margin  ; 
that  of  the  male  [b]  is  ahout  one-fourth  the  size  of  the  female 
scale,  and  of  a  dark  reddish  hrown,  with  a  wdiite  centre,  and 
is  prolonged  into  a  thin  Hap,  of  a  grayish  color. 


W 


jysiJCTS    J.WJLJUOLS    TO    TIIK   O/.MAV,/;. 


:Vj7 


torior  sidf 
Tilt'  s<':il<-> 
:ui<l  twiu. 
wii,  liij^lily 
h  ti  brown 
he  o«:gs  arc 
1  twenty  to 

•s  lK'lon>^in';; 
,  Iciivt.'s,  iin.l 
extent  as  t<> 
cts  are  very 
s  drop  from 
or  six  brt)o*ls 
real  rapidity, 
>r  sealivinseei 
,  and  in  other 
iously  injured 
isulVered  from 


Tlio  egjrs  nro  pale  yellow,  and  the  iiewly-hatehed  larva*, 
.shown  at  r  in  the  liixuiv,  are  broadly  oval  in  outline,  and  are 
eaeh  provided  with  six   le^s,  a   pair  ot'  antenna*,  and   a   lieak 


In  Fig.  407 

leaves  of  an 

of  the  male ; 

the  formation 

1uis  far  it  has 

•ida.     It  mul- 

iniinately  tlu- 

d  varies  from 

.•ray  margin  ; 

L  of  the  female 

ite  centre,  and 


for  suction.  They  appear  as  small  specks,  scarcely  visible  to 
the  unaided  eye;  at  first  they  are  quite  active,  but,  havini^ 
selected  a  location,  soon  fix  themselves  permanently  to  one 
spot.     In   a  short    time  they  secrete  over    their    bodies  fine 


I 


398 


LXSI'JCTS   lyJUIilOUS    TO    THE   ORANGE. 


tliroads  of  wax,  wliii^h  arc  cottony  in  appearance.  Soon  ;i 
small,  white,  convex  scale  takes  the  place  of  this  cottonv 
coatinj^,  wiiich  is  depressed  in  the  (lentre.  (Sec  d,  Fij^.  407.) 
The  scales  gradually  increase  in  size,  and  as  they  approach 
maturity  there  is  secreted  on  the  female  scale  a  niass  ot' 
cottony  threads,  which  increases  in  quantity   until  it  sonu- 

FiG.  408. 


times  extends  in  a  curved  form,  as  shown  at  /,  to  a  lengtli 
Hve  times  the  diameter  of  the  scale.  In  the  figure  all  the 
illustrations  are  highly  magnified,  except  the  leaves  with  tlir 
scales  on  them,  which  are  of  the  natural  size. 

The  male  is  furnished  with  a  single  pair  of  large,  trans- 
])arent  wings,  which  enable  it  to  fly  readily.  It  is  shown, 
highly  magnified,  in  Fig.  408. 


No.  254.— The  White  Scale. 

Aspidioius  nerii  Boucli6. 

This  scale  is  found  on  the  orange  and  lemon  trees,  par- 
ticularly in  Southern  California  and  in  Florida,  where  it  also 
infests  a  number  of  other  trees  ai.d  plants,  but  especially  the 
acacia-tree.  In  Fig.  409  a  twig  of  acacia  is  figured  infested 
with  this  scale.  The  female  scale  is  flat,  whitish  or  litrht 
gray  in  color,  and  when  mature  is  only  about  one-twelfth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter.  The  eggs  are  of  a  light-ycIIow  color. 
The  scale  of  the  female  is  shown  at  c  in  the  figure ;  the  nv\\v 


jy SECTS  IXJURIOLS   TO    THE 


uncc.  Soon  ;i 
f  this  cottony 
e  f/,  Fij;.  407.) 
they  :v|)j)roach 
lie  ji  mass  ot' 
until   it  soiiU'- 


/,  to  a  lenijtli 
!  fiy;iire  all  the 
leaves  with  the 


inon  trees,  par- 
la,  where  it  also 
t  es])e(^ially  tlu 
figured  infested 
^'hitish  or  light 
one-twelfth  of 
ht-yellow  eolor. 
igiire ;  the  ninle 


^oale  at  b,  both  magnified;  the  htu^v  ;•    i;  in       i 


»ottle,l  witl,  ..oddish  brown;  ning,  tr..:^::,;,'       '     '""' 


400 


nXSKCTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   OILiyGE. 


No.  255.— The  Ribbed  Scale. 

iccri/a  purchdsi  MiiskoU. 

The  adult  Ic'iuale  of"  this  species  of  Coeeus  is  covered  l-y 
nil  Cirg-sac,  which  is  of  a  pale-yellowisli  color,  longitudinally 
rihbed,  a  little  lonuer  than  the  body  of  the  insect,  and  filled 
with  a  loose,  white,  cottony  matter  containing  the  et^gs.      A 


cluster  of  these  sacs 


Fi(i.  11(1. 


is  shown  in  Fig.  410,  ol'  the  natural  size  ; 
the  enclosed    insect    is   ol'  u 


dark 


V    oranu'e-re( 


I  col 


or,  witi 


black  antenn:e  ;uid  legs,  i!< 
back  being  coyercd  more  or 
less  with  a  white  or  veil 


u\\ 


isli-w 


hit( 


])OW 


tier, 


Tl 


10  cu'gs  are  said  to  niini 


1  t. 


ber  i'roni  two  hundred  to  livr 
hundred  in  each  cluster,  and 
are  of  a  pale-red  color.     The 


ne 


wlv-hatched  larva    i-;  i 


ed- 


dish or  brownish,  with  long 
and  slender  legs.  As  it  grows 
it  gradually  chan<)cs,  becoiu- 


Mlif  ( 


lark 


vcr  HI  color  and  irreu- 


ular  in  outline,  a?id  it  soon  bcijins  to  excrete  tufts  of  waxv 
matter  along  the  back  and  sides,  I'ollowing  which  long,  semi- 
transparent  lilaments  ai)pear. 

'riic-e  insects  lirst  attack  tlu;  leaves,  usually  along  the 
midrib,  and  afterwards  ungrate  to  the  twigs  and  branches, 
and  sometimes  attach  themselves  to  the  trunk.  They  s|)read 
with  amazing  rapidity  on  orange  and   lime  trees, 


the  t 


runi 


iiid   limbs 


of  which    are   sometimes   so   com[)letely  covered 


with  them  as  [o  a|)pear  while  ;  the  leaves  turn  yellow  and 
sickly,  and  if  no  remedial  measures  are  adopted  the  lvvc< 
sometimes  die.  1'he  insect  has  been  found  very  destructive 
at  Santa  liarbara,  where  it  has  probably  been  introduced  with 
j)lants  from  Australia. 


^il! 


lASECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


401 


covered  by 
lo-iiudinallv 
t,  ami  lillf'l 
lie  c<r<j;s.     A 
uiturul  si/<' ; 
;ect   is  <>r  :i 
[  color,  witli 
:iml    lei;s,  ii- 
•red  mon-  "i' 
te  or  yellow- 

suid  to  miui- 
uudri'd  to  live 
li  oUistor,  mid 
d  colcv.     The 
livrva    i-  red- 
sli,  willi   \c\\% 
As  it  lii'o^vs 
au'^es,  beeoin- 
ilorand  irre<i- 
t lifts  of  waxy 
ell  long,  semi- 

lllv   al<»ii^'    the 
land  hranelie~, 
They  spread 
[t's,  the  trunks 
iletely  covered 
rii  yellow  and 
Lted  the  trees 
l-ry  deslrnetivc! 
it  reduced  with 


bcii 


No.  256.— The  Chaff  Scale. 

J'ltiid/oria  J'er(juncUi  Coiiistock. 
In   this  sj)oeics   tlic  scale  of  tlie  female  varies   in   for 


m. 


n<r  sometimes  nearly  circular,  but  more  usiia 


lly 


'Omewhat 


elonuated,  of  a  dnll-gray  color,  and  thin  in  its  structure.     Jt 
resembles  the  bark  so  closely  in  tint  that   it  often  escapes 


detect 


ion. 


In  lensrtli  it  is  tibont  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch 


Flu.  411. 


the  enclosed  insect  is  nearly  as  broad 
as  long.  Tiiese  insects  vary  greatly  in 
color,  some  being  almost  white,  with 
the  extremity  of  the  body  slightly  yel- 
low ;  others  are  entirely  yellow,  while 
some  are  jmrplish,  with  the  end  of  the 
bodv  vellow.  The  eves  are  black. 
Scales  of  both  .sexes  are  shown,  magnitied,  in  Fig.  411,  r^  h. 
The  eggs  and  young  larvto  are  pur[)lish.  The  scale  of  the 
male  [h]  is  about  one  twenty-iifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  nar- 
row ;  its  color  is  gray,  darker  and  gi'cenish  about  the  middh'. 

The  mature  winge'd  in- 
sect i.s  shown  in  Fig.  412, 
much  magnified;  it  is  j)ur- 
plish  in  color,  with  the  disk 
oi'    the    tliorax    |vile    and 


irregularly  marked  with 
pur|)lish  spots.  The  (yes 
are  larg(!  aid  very  dark. 
There  are  several  brood.s 
of  the.se  inscet.s  during  a  | 

season,  and  the  .scales  may 

l)e  found  at  any  lime  on  the  bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches 
of  the  orange-trees,  and  to  a  less  extent  on  tlu;  leaves  and 
fruit.  Thev  have  bci'U  called  chall'  scales,  from  their  resem- 
blance to  fine  chart'  or  bran. 


W^ 


26 


■j— il^ 


402 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   ORANGE. 


Fig.  41;!. 


No.  257. — The  Barnacle  Scale. 

Ccroplasles  cirripedifurmis  Coinstoek. 

The  color  of  this  scale  varies  from  <rrayish  to  light  brown, 

divided  by  lines  into  regulai- 
segments,  as  sh(nvii  at  a  in 
Fig.  41.'>,  where  one  ot"  tliesr 
scales  is  represented  magni- 
fied. The  enclosed  insect  is 
subglobular  in  ibrni,  and  ot" 
a  dark  reddish-brown  color. 

'J'he  eggs  are  light  reddish 
brown,  ar.d   rather   \o\vz    and 


slender 


tl 


le 


arva    is    dark 


)i'own,  and    very   s 


dend 


er    in 


torn).  It  is  at  lirst  at^tive 
tor  a  brief  periotl,  thci  settles 
in  one  spot,  where  it  becomes 
stationary,  and  soon  secretes 
over  its  body  tufts  of  cottony 
lllaments,  wiii.'h  are  finally 
condensed  to  a  waxy  con- 
sistence, forming  j)art  of  the 
scale  with  which  the  insect  is 


eoverc<| 


Tl 


us  scale  IS  lonnd  ni  sc\ 


era!    localities  m 


V\ 


orida   on 


botl 


1  orange  and  (|iiince  trees 


it  is  also  found  on  a  native  plant,  a  sjiecies  of  J^^npatoriii 


m. 


No.  258. — The  Florida  Ceroplastes. 

(,\'r(i}>l(tsles  Fluridensiii  Coiiistork. 
This  scale  is  at  lirst  white  ;  afterwards  it  becomes   pink- 
ish, growing  redder  or  brownish   in   the  middle,  didl  white 
towanls  the  edges,  some  spcH'iinens  being  irregnlarly  inottleil 
with  brownish  and  yellowish  white,  the  top  ornamented  with 


jySECTS  INJUHroUS    TO    THE   (JRAXGF 


4o; 


into  re«;uUu' 


roiiiitl  in  sov- 
|„  Kloridi  "i> 
il  (piinco  tiTOS  ; 
Kni>:il<)i''nim- 


Ix'coinos  |unk- 
11,.,  (lull  wliit*' 
rnhirly  niolllt'tl 
iKiinentod  widi 


lines  and  dots,  as  shown  at  b  in  Fio;.  414.     Tl 
often  number  a  luuidrcd  under  a  .sin<rle  scale. 


Fig.  414. 


le  e<,fg.-;,  wlin-li 
vary  in  color 
from  yellow  to  li;:;lit 
reddish  brown,  and 
1    in 


are    nearly    oya 


Ibi 


m 


The 


yountr 


Jouse  IS  01  a  >imi- 
lar  color,  yery  ac- 
tiye,  and  when  lir.-t 


hatched 


iijipcais   as 


shown  in  Fig.  Uo, 
when-  it  is  much 
enlariicd.  Jt  crawls 
about  Ijriskiy  for 
hail"  an  hour  or 
more,     then     settles 

Fia.  41. J. 


on  some  sjiot,  inserts  its  proboscis,  and  remains  permanently 
lixed.  Within  a  few  days  the  limbs  are  drawn  luider  the 
l)(»dy,  and  \vhite,  cottony  tufts  arc  secreted  from  tlic  surface; 
these  <i,radu;illy  condense,  ibruun>:;  waxy  plates,  which  loyer 
and  i)roteet  the  insect  beneath.  'VUv  scales  are  shown  of 
their  natural  size,  on  a  branch  of  ilex,  in  Fit;-.  411;  a  yoini<^ 
femal(!  scale  is  shown  at  d,  and  a  mature  one  at  h,  both 
(ularecd. 

This  scale  is  common  on  the  orange,  lemon,  and  other  trees 


f 
I 


404 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


of  the  Citrus  family  in  Florida;  also  on  the  fig,  pomegranate, 
giiava,  quince,  Japan  plum,  red  hay,  oleander,  and  sweet  bay, 
and  is  very  abundant  on  the  gall-berry,  Ilex  glabra.  It  is  rc- 
i'erred  to  in  W.  H.  Ashmead's  "Treatise  on  Orange  Insects" 
under  the  name  of  the  white  scale.  Ceroplastoi  rusci  Linn. 
Theru  are  three  broods  during  the  year:  the  first  appear  in 
April  and  May,  the  second  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of 
.July,  and  the  third  during  the  first  two  weeks  in  September. 
They  increase  with  marvellous  ra})idity,  but  are  preyed  on 
by  a  species  of  Chalcid  fly  and  by  other  insect  enemies. 

No.  259.— The  Broad  Scale. 

Lecanhim  hcweridiim  Linn. 

Fi"-  -lie-  Of  all   the  bark-lice 

here  treated  of,  few  are 
so  common,  and  none  s(» 
Avidely  distributed,  as 
this  species.  It  is  found 
in  abundance  from 
Washington  southward 
to  Florida,  also  in  Utah 
and  (California,  on  the 
twigs  of  orange  and 
other  trees,  shrubs,  and 
])lants;  but,  having  so 
many  diU'erent  food- 
plants,  it  is  not  so  de- 
structive ti)  the  oi'ange 
as  ai'c  some  others  which 
confine  their  attacks  to 
trees  of  the  Citrus  family. 
The  scale  is  brown,  some- 
times (piite  dark',  and  is 
represented  <»f  its  natu- 
ral size  on  the  stem  of 
the  twig  in  I'^ig.  110.     It  is  ouv  of  the  largest  scales  ibinid 


#  |: 


;•:. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   ORANGE. 


405 


omegranuto, 
\  sweet  bay, 
•a.     It  is  re- 
inre  Insects" 
rusci  Linii. 
•st  appear  in 
)  the  end  ot" 
n  September, 
re  preyed  on 
^nieniies. 


the  bark-liee 
tod  of,  few  arc- 
in,  and  none  s(> 
ilistributed,    as 
los.     It  is  found 
iidiinee       fi'o»»» 
on   southward 
a,  also  in  Utah 
ornia,  on    the 
oran;j;e    and 
■es,  shrubs,  and 
.ut,  havin>5  so 
itVeront     food- 
is  not  so  dv- 
t,,  the  oran<ie 
nc  others  wliifli 
heir  attacks  to 
u' Citrus  fandly. 
is\)rown,sonu'- 
it(>  dark,  and  i- 
Ited  of  its  natu- 
on  the  stem  of 
■st  seaU's  fomid 


on  the  orange;  it  is  of  an  elongated,  oval  form,  and  liigldy 
convex.  Tiie  enclosed  insect  is  yellow,  inclining  to  brown, 
of  an  elongated,  oval  form,  neai'ly  fiat,  smooth,  and  shining. 

The  young  larva  (sec  Fig.  417)  is  of  a  long,  oval  form,  of 
a  vellowish  color,  with  two  long  thread-like  tila- 
ments  extendin*;  from  the  hind  sey-ment. 

This  bark-louse  is  much  infested  by  parasites,  no 
less  than  three  distinct  s[)ecics  having  been  bi-ed 
from  the  scales. 

The  first  of  thest",  (  occoplKU/as  cognatus  Howard 
(see  Fig.  418),  is  a  very  small,  four-winged  fly,  the 
female  of  which,  when  its  wings  arc  spread,  measures  about 
one-twelfth  of  an  inch,  the  mule  about  one-sixteenth.     The 


Fi(f.  418. 


Fi(,.  •41!). 


body  is  of  a  dark-brown   coh)r,  with  yellow   markings;  the 
wings  are  traiisp;irent. 

In  Fig.  419  is  shown  another  of  the  {)arasites  of  this  scale- 
insect,  known  as  Coini/.s  bicolor  Howard,  a  small  fly,  which 
measures,  when  its  wings  are  ex[)anded,  r,carly  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  across.  The  fon;  wings  are  dnskv  brown  nn  their 
outer  two  thirds,  the  imier  |)ortion  nt'ariy  transparent,  with  a 
brownish  streak  ;  the  hind  wings  are  nearly  transparent.  The 
body  is  black,  the  thorax  brown,  with  black  hairs.  This  in- 
sect has  been  found  very  abundant  in  Washington,  destroying 


406 


hXSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   OR  A  NO  K. 


large  quantities  of  the  broad  scale-insects  which   occur  in 
niultitiulcs  on  the  English  ivy  grown  there. 

J]()th  sexes  of  a  third  i)arasite,  L'nri/rtus  flnvus  Howard, 
are  shown  in  Fig.  420,  a  representing  the  male,  b  the  female. 


Fio.  4'J(>. 


11 


The  wings  of  the  former  measure,  when  spread,  al)out  one- 
eighth  ol'  an  inch  ;  those  oC  the  hitter,  one-tenth  of  an  inch. 
The  hasal  third  of  the  fore;  wings  of  the  femah'  is  trans- 
|);ux'nt.  the  middle  third  dusky  brown,  crossed  by  a  clear 
transverse  band;  the  outer  third  is  also  dusUy  brown,  with 
two  hii'ge,  wcdge-shaj)e(l^  transparent  spots  entering  it,  one 
from  eaeh  side.     The  hind  wings  are  nearly  transparent ;   the 


hicli   occur  in 


•o;u1,  about  oiic- 
Mitli  of  ;ui  incli. 
(cmiilc  is  truiis- 
)ss(hI  1)V  :v  clear 
sky  brown,  with 
entering  it,  one 
j'anspiirent ;  the 


^^s,cTs  js,naovs  to  the  ouanoe         ,,, 

'7^-'  ;■!  "^•''••c-yolI..u,  will,  brown   nuirkinc.      Tl  ,     •' 

of  a  .sJn-ning  n.otaNlc-.rreen  col,.,-   JT     u  '"'''"  '' 

-'•n^^«  are  tran^puPc-nf    TM  'T   "'' ''""■'"■''-^'  ^''^ 

<>-..o-trees  in  CiL  ^^r^^'  '"^^   '^^^   ^-'^ 
sl.own  JnVMv  nu.gnified.  '''"'"'    ^^"  ^'^^•^^'  I'^^'asites  are 

No.  260.-The  Black  Scale  of  California. 

J-Pfaninm  oho;  Boriiiird 

"""L   .1  tenons   eneniv  lo 


'^'k;.  4l'1. 


•"'>"go-cuIture,  boins  I.crl.aps  n.ore  L^ener-.IK-   V     -i        , 
<J'e  orauire-trees  in  On    Sh/  .i  '    'J'^tnbute.1  on 

.n  (bat  btate  tlia„  any  other  speeie.s  of  sc-ale- 


f 


408 


lASECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


Fig.  4'JL>. 


inscpt.  Besides  tlie  orani^e,  lemon,  and  other  ineinbers  of  tlu; 
Citrus  fiiinily,  it  is  iouiid  on  tlie  olive,  ])e:ir,  aj)ricot,  plum, 
j)onict2:ranate,  apple,  and  a  number  of  other  trees,  shrubs,  and 
plants.  'J'he  seales  are  usually  found  on  the  smaller  twi^s. 
In  Fig.  421  they  are  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  on  an  olive- 
twiy;:    and  at  (i  in  the  same   liy:ure  a  seale  is  shown  niau- 

nitied.  Tlie  seales 
are  blackish  brown, 
marked  with  riducs 
and  indentations,  a- 
indieatcd  in  the  liij;- 
ure.  The  eu'<;s  aic 
of  a  long,  oval  ibrni 
and  yellow  (H)lor. 
The  male,  thouiih 
diligently  sought 
for,  lias  not  yet  been 
discovered. 

In    Fig.    422    is 
shown  the  male,  ami 


Fiii.  -1'28. 


in 

female 

larged). 


Fig.  ,  42:i     the 


(both  en- 
of  a  very 
interesting  little  fly, 
Tomoccra  ( 'a/ifoi'' 
nica  Howard,  which 
is  a  parasite  on  this 
black  scale.  The 
wings,  which  arc 
transparent  in  both 
sexes,  measure,  when 
spread,  a  little  more  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch  across.  Jts 
general  color  is  deep  blue-black,  with  a  metallic  lustre  and 
brown  markings.  The  male  may  be  distinguished  from  the 
feujale  by  its  shorter  body  and  peculiar  antenrre.  This  para- 
site is  so  abtmdant  in  some  sections  that  as  large  a  proportion 


E. 


INSECTS  IXJUIilOUS    TO    THE   URASdE. 


400 


ii\)ors  of  the 
.ricot,  \>l»iiu, 
,  shrubs,  luxl 
luillc'V  tNvitrs. 
on  an  olive- 
shown  in;i;4- 
The  scaler 
c'ki.sh  bi'ONvn, 
\  with  vitli^es 
(lentatioii?^,  u> 
ted  in  the  lig- 
The  e<i-^;>i  i»>''' 
m<^  ovul  form 
yeUow  color, 
male,  thonsih 
ntlv  souiilit 
as  not  yet  )«'•!> 
vered. 

Ki-.    -I'i-i    i- 
ntlic  male,  and 
b'ig.  ,  -i2:'i     the 
lie      (l)oth      en- 
Ll),    of   a    very 
Icstint^  little  lly, 
\,vcra      (MViJoV' 
illoward,  which 
;mrasite  on  this 
;    seale.       The 
s,     which     arc 
;parent  in  hoth 
s,  measure. wlicii 
lich  across.      Its 
ullio  lustre  and 
liished  from  the 
,[E.     This  i)ara- 
•ire  a  |)roportion 


1  ai'nioni. 
Fin.  424. 


as  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  scales  have  been  known  to  bo 
destroyed  by  it.  The  female  fly  pierces  the  scale  and  dej)osits 
in  it  a  sin<^le  egg.  When  hatched,  the  larva  feeds  upon  the 
ejrj^s  and  younuj  of  the  bark-hmse,  and  later  U|)oii  the  mother 
also.  When  full  grown,  it  i^  nearly  one-sixth  of  an  inch 
long,  broad,  becoming  narrower  towards  the  head,  of  a  trans- 
])arent  white  color  tinned  with  blackish  from  the  alimentarv 
canal  showing  through.  Tlu;  larva  changes  to  a  pupa  within 
the  scale,  which  at  first  is  white,  but  soon  becomes  darker  in 
color;  the  fiy,  on  escaping,  makes  its  exit  through  a  round 
hole  whieh  it  cuts  in  the  back  of  the  scale. 

No.  261. — The  Hemispherical  Scale. 

LrcKniniii  /icitiisp/KCri'-mn 

Fig.  424  represi'iits 
this  scale,  of  its  natural 
size,  oti  orange  leaves, 
and  a  magnified  one  at 
<i.  Jt  varies  in  color 
from  light  todark  brown, 
and  isoccasionally  tingi'd 
with  reddish  when  ma- 
ture, fn  shape  it  is 
liemisj)herical,  with  the 
edges  fiatteiied,  its  form 
varying  somewhat  in 
different  situations;  upon 
a  rounded  twig  it  be- 
comes less  hemispheri- 
cal, more  elongated,  and 
its  fiattened  edges  are 
bent  downwards,  clas})- 
iug  the  twig. 

The  eggs  are  yellow- 
ish white,  smooth,  and 
shining.      The    newly- 


410 


ly SECTS   ISJUIilOVS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


li:it('hoil  larva}  arc  very  active,  and  ov(M1  the  adiili  insect  can 
crawl  iVoni  one  point  to  another  with  apparent  ease,  carryinj;- 
the  scale  with  it. 

Tli.is  scale  has  been  found  on  orange-trees  near  Santa  JJar- 
bara,  and  doubtless  exists  in  other  lo(!alities  also.  In  jjjreen- 
houses  it  attacks  not  only  the  orange  but  many  other  plants. 


No.  262. — The  Common  Mealy-bug. 

Dacfi/lupiu.'i  adonidiim  Linn. 

The  insects  known  under  the  name  of  mealy-bugs  form  no 
scale,  and  are  not  always  stationary,  having  the  power  oi' 
moving  from  one  place  to  another;  but,  since  they  require  th(^ 
same  treatment  as  scale-insects,  it  wili  be  convenient  to  treat 
of  them  here.  This  species  of  mealy-bug  is  common  in 
green-houses  throughout   the  civilized   world.      The  female 

is  represented  magnified   in   Fig.  425, 
1"""-  *-•''•  with    most  of    the  mealy   matter  rc- 

movetl.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about 
one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  white,  with 
a  tinge  of  yellow,  u  brown  band  upon 
the  middle  of  the  ba(;k,  and  its  whole 
body  powdered  with  white,  floury- 
looking  material.  The  sides  and  ex- 
tremities of  the  bodv  are  armed  with 


spines.     The   larva,  which   varies   in 

size  according  to  its  age,  is  of  the  same 

form,  but  flatter. 

The  male  is  a  small  winged  insect, 

much  resembling  that  of  No.  263. 
In  Florida  it  attacks  the  orange, 
guava,  grape-vine,  and  ])ineapple,  and  prevails  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  is  said  few  orange-trees  have  escaped  its 
ravages  except  those  in  the  interior  and  southern  parts  of 
the  State. 


/•;. 


jySKCTS  ISJIRIOUS   TO    THE   ORASiU:. 


Ill 


lit  insect  can 
asc,  carryin-i- 

r  Santa  Bav- 
,,  In  jvroen- 
othcr  plants. 


-bn»^s  form  no 
the  power  ol' 
liey  require  the 
cnient  to  treat 
is  common  in 
The  female 
il   in   Fig.  -l-'"^. 
laly   matter   re- 
;)\vn,  it  is  al)o\it 
)ng,  wiiite,  will  I 
)\vn  hand  upon 
,  and  its  whoU; 
Nvhite,    floury- 
L  sides  and  ex- 
|:ue  armed  witli 
,hieh   varies   in 
|e,  is  of  the  same 

winged  insect, 

lof  No.  263. 

pks  the  orange, 

l\ils   to  such  an 

ive   escaped   its 

lithern  parts  of 


No.  263. — The  Destructive  Mealy-bug. 

JJactijlopius  destructor  Coinistock. 

Tlie  name  dcsfrudor  lias  been  proposed  I'or  this  species  of 
mealv-bug  on  account  of  the  injury  done  bv  it  to  oran<j;e-tree,- 
in   l-'Iorida,  where  it  is  one  of  tlie  most  serious  insect  pests 
with  whicli  tlie  oranije-urower  has  to 
contend.     The  adult  female,  which 
is  shown  magnified  in  Fiij.  420,  is 


Fkj.  42t; 


diOUt 


one-sixtli 


of 


an    iiicli    lont"- 


e» 


and  half  that  in  width,  and  lias 
seventeen  lateral  appendages  on 
each  side,  which  arc  nearly  uni- 
form in  length.  There  is  a  slight 
j)owdery  secretion  distributed  over 
the  body.  The  female  begins  lay- 
ing her  eggs  in  a  cottony  mass  at 

the  extremity  of  the  abdomen  before  she  attains  full  growth, 
and  the  eifg-mass  increases  with  her  ucrowth,  ijradually  forciiiyc 
the  hinder  portion  of  the  body  upwards,  until  liually  she 
a[)pears  as  if  almost  standing  on  her  liead. 

The  eo-crs  are  rather  long, 
and  of  a  bright  straw-color, 
and,  soon  after  hatching, 
the  young  larvje,  which  arc 
rather  brighter  in  color 
than  the  egg,  sj)read  in  all 
directions,  settling  prefer- 
ably along  the  midrib,  on 
the  underside  of  the  leaves, 
or  in  the  forks  of  they(Hing 
twigs,  where  they  form  large 
colonies,  closely  packed  to- 
gether. The  young  are  oidy  slightly  covereil  with  white 
powder. 

The  male,  which  is  re])rescnted  highly  magnified  in  Fig. 


412 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   OliAXGE. 


427,  is   fiirui.slied  witli  two  transparent  wini^s,  wliifli,  when 
spread,  measure  rather  less  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch  across. 

Its     body    is    olivc- 
^■'"^'  '*-^-  brown ;  tiie  eyes  arc 

dark  red. 

The  i'onr-wingcd 
fly  shown,  niueii  mag- 
nified, in  Fig.  428, 
the  natural  size  oC 
which  is  indicated  by 
the  short  lines  on  tlie 
left  of"  the  figure,  is 
a  parasite  on  this 
mealy-bug,  known  as 
Enojiin^  luqiiisKoi' 
Howard.  Its  body 
is  smooth,  of  a  sliiniiig  bhiclc,  and  the  transparent  wings  are 
partly  obscured  by  dusky  marl^ings,  as  shown  in  tiie  figure. 


No.  264. — The  Mealy-bug  with  Long  Threads. 

Darljjlopinx  loiH/iJilis  Coinstoek. 

In  tliis  species  the  adult  female  is  nearly  one-fifth  of  an 
inch  long,  of  a  light  dull-yellow  color^  its  body  being  cov- 
ered with  a  whitish  powder.  In  Fig.  429  it  is  represented 
magnified.  The  lateral  appendages,  which  are  seventeen  in 
iiunil)er,  arc  long,  the  poscerior  ones  on  each  side  being  very 
long,  equalling,  and  Sijinetiirs :s  exceeding,  the  entire  length 
of  the  body.  In  the  );>.*  \'d  state  the  male  and  the  female 
arc  very  much  alike,  but  as  they  approach  maturity  striking 
differences  appear.  The  female  surrounds  herself  with 
cottony  material,  amid  which  the  young  cluster  for  some 
time  after  birth.  The  male  larva  forms  for  itself  a  little 
cottony  sac  or  cocoon,  in  which   it  changes  to  a  pupa,  from 


wl 


lich  the  winged  insect  is  pr 


roi 


luced.     This  is  show 


n,  mucli 


m 


:ignitied,  in  Fig.  4.'^0.     The  wings,  which  are  transparent, 


GE. 

\\\\'\v\\,  when 
Lii  inch  across. 

luly    i-    o^i^'- 
;  the  ^'vcs  aiv 

ed. 

.    lour-Nvingt''l 

)\vn,nmchina<«;- 

,  in   Fig-  ^12^' 
latural    ^ize  of 
1  is  indicated  V)y 
liovt  linos  on  the 
of  the  ligure,  is 
n-asite    on     this 
A-4)ng,  known  as 
ipius      inqnhifor 
r.ivd.      Its  hody 
parent  wings  are 
•n  in  the  figure. 

Threads. 

one-fifth  of  nn 
lM„ly  being  cov- 
lit  is  represented 
lare  seventeen  in 
side  being  very 
Ihe  entire  lengtii 
and  the  female 
inatnrity  striking 
lis    liersclf    with 
•luster  for    some 
for  itself  a  little 
I  to  a  pupa,  from 
I  is  shown,  muel\ 
are  transparent, 


jySKCTS   ISJUlilOlS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


413 


measnre,  wlien  spread,  about  one-tenth   of  an   incli  across. 
The  body  is  brown  ;  the  eves  are  dull  red. 


FiQ.  420. 


Fig.  430. 


JlE.^[El)IES. 

In  ti'eating  of  the  remedies  for  seale-insects  and  mealy- 
bnus,  tliose  provided  by  natiu'c  will  lirst  claim  onr  atten- 
tion, lender  the  several  species  di.scus.scd,  reference  has  been 
made  to  the  parasitic  flics  which  destroy  tliem,  as  these  are 
often  limited  in  their  attacks  to  one  sj)ecies.  The  prcda- 
ceons  insects,  which  feed  on  them  indi.^criminately,  will  now 
claim  attention  ;  these  consist  mainly  of  various  species  of 
lady-birds.  These  nseful  iii.sects  vary  in  size,  and  are  usnally 
red,  yellow,  or  black,  with  sj)ots  of  one  or  the  other  of  these 
colors.  Some  of  them  are  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
J'acilic,  snch  as  the  nine-sj)otted  lady-bii-d,  Fiif.  !  "2.'] ;  tlu; 
))lain  lady  l)ir<l,  Fig.  12o;  the  convergent  ladybird,  I'ig. 
128;  the  spotted  lady-bird,  Fig.  129;  and  the  twico-stablnd 
lady-l)ird,  Fig.  33.  Tiiose  which  follow  ai'c  restricted  to  the 
Paciti(!  coast,  or  are  more  abundant  there.  Jjady-birds,  both 
in  their  larval  and  in  their  perfect  state,  devour  .'^cale-in.sect.s, 
mealy-bug.s,  and  aphides. 


f 


414 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE    ORANGE. 


The  Ashy-gray  Lady-bird. 

Cydoneda  abdominalis  (Say). 

Tliis  l,s  11  sinall-sizocl  lady-bird,  wliich  is  often  found  in 
ahundance  on  infested  orange-trees.  Its  larva  also  is  very 
connnon,  and,  when  fnli  grown,  measures  about  four-tentlis 
of  an  inch  long.  It  is  blaek,  variegated  with  orange,  yellow, 
and  greenish  white,  and  is  shown,  niagnilied,  at  Fig.  431,  n. 

When  about  to  transform  to  '\  \>w\)x\,  the  larva  attaehes  the 
end  of  its  abdomen  to  a  leaf,  when  shortly  the  skin,  splitting 
at  the  baeU  of  the  head,  gradually  shrivels  up  towards  the 
posterior  end,  revealing  the  ehrysalis,  as  shown  in  the  figure 
at  b.  This  is  of  a  whitish  color,  tinged  in  some  parts  with 
yellowish,  and  ornamented  witii  black  spots. 


Fia.  431. 


The  beetle  is  ashy  gray,  with  seven  black  spots  on  the 
thorax,  and  eight  upon  each  wing-cover,  arranged  as  shown 
at  c  in  Fig.  481,  where  the  insect  is  represented  magnitied, 
the  smaller  iigure  at  the  side  indicating  the  natural  si/e. 

The  Blood-red  Lady-bird. 

Cijcluncda  sinujiiiiica  (Linn.). 

The  blood-red  lady-bird  is  not  so  common  as  the  species 
last  described,  but  is  nevertheless  very  useful.  The  larva  is 
without  s[)ines,  flattened  in  form,  and  ornamenteil  with  trans- 
verse yellow  bauds  and  black  s[)ots ;  it  is  most  common  in  *lie 
spring,  when  it  is  exceedingly  voracious  and  active. 


\GE. 


.)ften  found  in 
11  also  is  very 
3Ut  tbur-tentiis 
oningOj  yellow, 
it  Fig.  431,  «. 
•va  attaches  the 
J  skin,  splitting 
ip  towards  the 
I'U  in  the  figure 
DUie  parts  with 


'U  spots  on  the 
anged  as  shown 
'Uted  magnified, 
latural  size. 


on  as  tlic  Hpeeies 
\\,  The  larva  is 
enteil  with  trans- 
steomnion  in  *he 
aetive. 


lySECT,  lAJnuors   TO    T,W   O.UyOE.  ^,,, 

The  ol„ysali.s  i.,  .sl,„„,,  „,„s„ifi«I  at  a,  i„  K„  n,      ,,  .' 
about  a  quarter  of  OM   ;.    i     i  ,.      "' '"  J- '8-  't'^.::.      It  is 

'•eprcsented  ]nagin-/ie(I  at  Vw.  4r> 

h,  and  of  tlio  natural  size 

atc,inthefigurc,isahnost 
iienn"spJ,enVal  in  fonn, 
:»"d  reel,  varying  i,,  thJ 
<J^'l»tii  of  its  hue  from  a 
V^^^c-ivi\  to  a  blood-red 
*'"lor.      'J'lic     tJiorax     is 

in  .1.  E^  ''""="""""  ''  '"'^  '""^  '-■■"  '< -" 

The  Cactus  lady-bird. 


Chiloch 


0) 


"v  <■<(('( i  (Linn.). 


"  '"-^  ^'"'""'  '"''«""H  ut  «  i„  ].-i,.  ,,3.     :u.,  1,1,,'," 


Fig.  4. "IS. 


;'n..sc"d   by  a   light-yellowish   band    about   tl,. 
iH  armed  with  nuuiy  long,  branel 


"ii(!<IIe,  and 
ii:,  oranelnng  ,spi„r..     Tl,,,  j,„,„^  .,,^^ 


If 


416 


L'ySEV'jS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  ORANGE. 


iiiagiiified,  at  b  in  the  figure,  is  formed  within  the  hirval  skin, 
whii'li  s})lits  open  ah^ng  the  baclv  sufficiently  to  show  tiie  en- 
closed chrysalis,  whieli  is  black,  with  a  f'.'W  s[)arsely-scattered 
tufts  of  fine  liair. 

The  beetle,  which  is  seen  magnified  at  c,  indof  the  iiatnral 
size  at  c?,  is  of  a  shining  black  color,  with,  an  ir>-egular  reddish 
spot  on  each  wing-case,  and  much  resembles  the  twice-stabbed 
lady-bird  of  the  East.     (Fig.  a3.) 

The  Ambiguous  Hippodamia. 

Hippiidaniia  lunh'Kjua  Leo. 

In  many  districts  in  California  this  is  a  very  abundant 
ins(>ct.     The  larva  is  shown  in  Fig.  484  at  a,  and,  when  lull 

Fig.  4:14. 


grown,  i.-'  about  half  an  inch  long,  of  a  bluish- black  color 
above,  marked  with  oi'angc,  black, and  yellowish  white.  'J'he 
pu|)a,/>,  is  nearly  one-third  of  .ui  inch  long,  of  a  dull  orange- 
vcllow,  with  black  and  yellow  mai'kings.  The  beetle,  c,  d, 
resembles  the  blood-red  lady-biid,  but  is  narrower  in  |)ro- 
po»'tion  to  its  length,  and  less  convex  in  I'orm.  The  head  is 
bhuik,  with  a  whitish  patch  in  front,  and  the  thorax  black, 
with  a  <lull-white  patch  on  each  side  towards  the  front.  In 
the  figure,  ii,h,  and  c  are  magnilied,  and  d  shows  the  natnral 


size. 


INGE. 

tlie  larval  skin, 
to  show  the  cii- 
)ar»ely-scatttiroil 

(1  of  tlic  natural 
i-veiiular  reddish 
lie  twice-stabbed 


very  abundant 
,  and,  when  J'ull 


Inish- black  color 
wisli  white.  Tlie 
of  a  dull  orange- 
The  beetle,  <',  (/, 
narrower  in  i)ro- 
rni.  The  head  is 
the  thorax  black, 
ds  the  front.  In 
4iows  the  natural 


^y^^CTS  INJVIUOVS   TO    THr,   oRAXo 


GE. 


417 


The  Eyed  Cycloneda. 
Tl"..  .pcvics,  wl,iel,  U  ,.ei„.e.,onto,l  n.agnifio.l  at  „,  Fi„.  4,5, 


Fig.  435. 


J'iigered(h,sli  .s|.ot  on  caeli. 


g-cover,s,  with  a 


The  Five-Spotted  Lady-bird. 

Fin.  I.;.;. 


;:;tr' '''^^"" '■"'•''^'''-' i-vi,,,..,....,.  ,„,, 


27 


41S 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


In  addition  t»)  the  species  already  named,  tlie  followins^  are 
worthy  of  mention  : 

Kvochoni'ifi  contridatus  Mids.  This  is  a  small  lady-bird, 
abont  one-seventh  of  an  ineh  lontj:,  of  a  red  color,  .with  a  black 
thorax  and  two  black  spots  on  the  wing-covers,  placed  near 
the  hinder  end.  The  larva  is  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch 
long,  yellowish,  with  black  spots  and  spines.  J>otli  the  larva 
and  beetle  are  useful  in  destroying  scale-insects,  and  are  (piitc 
common  among  the  orange  groves. 

Sci/mnvs  ccrvicaUs  JNEuls.  A  hemispherieid  beetle,  about 
one-tenth  o^'  an  ineh  long,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  with 
dark-blue    v  overs.     Its  larva  is  pale  whitish,  with  a  few 

small,  round 


"K'.r  foo.l  fW„„  |,e„«„l, ',„    ' ',r/      ".'•'";  "'""  '"■^""'^  'l'»»' 

""•'■  '"•   '■■■■""-I    ."Oolu  ,     „    'k''"'     '■'""'    "'■   '■■"■I-   ••>■  l.n,.s 

.;':-^'"';i::CT;t;r::r;i'',!-''''- m.„. 

•^P'Rot  „.„■  ,1,0  b,.„„„,    ".,,;  J"»  ""■   «"-;"l  'mving  a  „,,  „ 

•■7'  %  ^'  -all  ,,iooe  or<::^2:i:^'^"''r"'y'''^^''- 

"li™  poumr  „„  (|k,,„  ,i,,m  ,    '  ,  '"  f ''?«. so llmt  tho  „■„„,■ 

'  "•™«i'  '1.0  asi,os, „.,■„:  „  ; ,  io  '  ■"''"""' '""'  •"'"'>-  "-iK- 

"""■■'"Sl'lv.     A II,  „.  i,  ;    :  ™    ""  'I ,"",'•  t"  «.e,„,„c  ,l,o,„ 

'■"■""•  Iveat  (i,o  ,„„    ,  I  ,  :       •"•'■'">-'»".■  Ii..u,.,,l,e„  ,|.,„. 

'•y  >'"'  asi,,.,  „„H,  'o,; :;,;,: """: ":  '''^i-'-o  ,1..,,  ,,0 

""■-''•     ^:-l,,all.,„„,,,;;:    "'7  ;■->■  1.0,1,0 ,,,K. 

I' !■  o,M,„„o,vial  ,„;,,',!  "*"'  '"  ™"'""'  I'all'  a 

'^''"";::;:f:nr^  in..,, 

'         '■    '"  '■"a„„o,.oial  ,«,asl,,  ,„.  it,' 


f 


Bamnrr-^Ai 


iiLU.jMnma.'j  -    -J^?^?? 


420 


IS  SECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


equivalent,  ten  quarts  of  the  honie-nuule  lye,  and  make  the 
solution  up  to  three  gallons  with  water.  ]3efore  the  trees 
hlooni,  thin  out  the  branches  by  pruninjr,  so  that  air  and 
liii'ht  may  have  free  access  to  the  foliage  and  fruit,  carefully 
burning  all  the  })runings;  then  wash  or  spi'ay  the  entire  tree, 
trunk,  limbs,  and  foliage,  and,  if  j)racticable,  use  the  wash 
lieated  to  a  temperature  of  about  1."jO°  F.,  which  would  be 
nearly  as  hot  as  the  hand  could  bear. 

h\  two  or  three  weeks,  or  about  the  time  when  the  young 
larvic  appear,  the  washing  or  sj)raying  should  be  repeated, 
using  the  same  mixture,  but  adding  to  each  gallon  half  a 
})ound  of  flour  of  sulphur;  or  use  a  solution  of  whale-oil 
soap,  containing  from  one-(][uarter  to  three-quarters  of  a 
])0unci  to  the  gallon,  with  half  a  j)ound  of  sulphur.  If  the 
insects  are  not  entirely  subdued,  after  an  interval  of  three  or 
for.r  wcuvS  a  third  api)licati()n  maybe  made.  If  the  trees 
re(|uire  treatment  while  in  bloom,  it  is  safer  to  use  the  soap 


th 


dl 


sohuion,  as  the  stronger  alkahne  waslies  sonietnnes  injure  tiie 


th 


tend 


er  i>ro\v 


th.     I 


H,v  scales   on   ai)ple,  [)ear,   plum,   clierry 


})eai'h,  ajjricot,  and  nectarine  trees,  the  solutions  may  be  used 
one-third  stronger,  but  may  be  made  twice  the  ordinary 
strength  when  a})plieil  with  a  brush  to  the  trunk  and  lind)s 


onlv 


During  the  earlier  period  of  their  growth,  scale-insects 
are  readily  de.^troved  bv  insecticides  of  moderate  slrengih, 
es[)ecially  while  in  the  active  larval  stage,  but  when  the 
tough  scales  are  well  ibrmed  they  are  nmch  more  diflicult  to 
exterminate.  While  rej)roduetion  to  some  extent  appears  in 
be  going  on  from  AFarcli  to  I)ccend)er  with  but  little  ct>ssa- 
tion,  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  months  of  jNIarch,  dune,  and 
8eptend)er  mark  the  api)earance  of  a  very  large  ])ro[)ortioii 
of  the  successive  broods;  hence,  during  these  months,  reme- 
dies can  be  applied  with  the  greatest  advantage.  Those  pe.^ls 
which  are  unprotected  by  scales,  such  as  the  mealy-bugs,  can 
be  destroyed  at  any  tinu'  with  com[)arative  ease  by  the  um: 
of  the  alkaline  or  soap  solutions. 


IXSKCTS  lyjURIOUS    TO    THE   ORANGE. 


121 


.  make  the 
c  the  trees 
uit  air  an(l 


it,  care 


fill  I V 


I  entire  tree, 
sc  the  wash 
ch  would  be 

u  the  young 

be  repeatetl, 
gallon  half  a 

of  whale-oil 
quarters   of  a 
phur.     If  tl>^' 
;al  of  tln-ee  or 
It'  the  trees 
-o  use  the  soap 
imes  injure  the 

plum,  cherry, 
IS  uKiy  he  used 
e  the   ordinary 

link  and  Und)s 

th,  seale-inseets 
lerate  strength, 
but  when  the 
nore  dilVieult  to 
juMit  appears  to 
Lit  little  ee^^sa- 
]areh,  June,  au-l 
large  proportioi' 
\  months,  reni<- 
L..     Those  pests 
IjmealY-hii^S  ^""' 
loasehy  the  u^c 


Strong  tobacco-water,  hciited  to  about  130°  F.,  ha.-^  also 
been  used  witli  st)ine  success,  more  particularly  on  the  young 
brootls. 

Judging  from  the  results  obtained  in  a  cMU'se  of  experi- 
ments lately  conducted  under  direction  of  the  Department 
of  Agi'iculturo,  Washington,  kerosene  oil  in  the  form  of 
emulsion  j)romises  to  be  a  valuable  agent  in  destroying  tin- 
different  species  of   bark-lice.      A 


n  enudsion  mad(!  in  the 
following  manner  has  been  fountl  most  efficient.  Take  of 
kerosene  oil  one  gallon,  cow's  milk,  sour  or  fresh,  half  a  gallon, 
enml;-ifv  bv  thorouii-li  and  constant  ay;itation  until  the  com- 
pound  lias  the  aj)j)earance  of  thin  butter.  Dilute  one  pint 
of  this  creamy  mixture  with  one  and  a  half  gallons  of  water, 
adding  the  water  gradually,  and  stirring  constantly,  imtil  all 
is  added.  Jf  cow's  milk  cannot  be  got,  use  as  a  substitute  two 
cans  of  condensed  nulk  dilute<l  with  twi*  J  its  bulk  of  water. 
It  is  claimed  by  some  that  this  diluted  kerosene  enudsion, 
wiien  properly  prepared,  so  that  the  oil  does  not  sei)arate,  is 
more  elTective  than  the  alkaline  washes,  and  that  it  does  not 
injure  the  trees. 

For  the  ap[)lication  of  these  fluids  several  ibrmsof  jiortalile 
pumps  have  been  devised,  in  the  selection  of  which  the  fruit- 
grower should  be  guided  by  his  own  reciuirements.  Wlieic 
the  orchard  is  large,  it  will  pay  to  purchase  an  etlicient  instru- 
ment for  this  ))nrpose.  It  is  stated  that,  with  a  suitable  piiiiip 
and  no/.zle  ibr  spraying,  fn^u  one  to  two  hundred  trees  can 
be  thoroughly  treated  in  a  day. 

Since  by  I'ar  the  greater  portion  of  the  injury  caused  by 
insects  to  orange-trees  is  elfected  by  the  scale-insects,  it  is  im- 
portant that  )>rompt  measures  be  adopted  to  destroy  them, 
and  that  every  precaution  be  taken  to  j)revent  their  introduc- 
tion intodistricts  hitherto exem]>t  from  them.  Many  localities 
have  lu'cn  colonized  by  these  pests  through  the  return  of 
empty  fruit-boxes  from  infested  districts.  These  may  be  dis- 
infected by  dipping  them  for  at  lea-t  two  ndnntes  in  boiling 
water  containing  not  less  than  one  pound  of  potash  oi"  half  a 


42-J 


jySECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


jxniiid  of  concentrated  lyo  to  each  twenty-five  gallons.  These 
insects  arc  also  lre(iuontly  disseminated  by  the  transportation 
of  nursery  stock  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  another. 

Sickly  trees  arc  more  predisposed  to  attack  than  healthy 
ones;  hence  the  use  of  fertilizers  to  induce  a  vigorous  growth 
lias  been  suggested  as  a  leniedial  measure.  In  planting  new 
groves,  avoid  the  vicinity  of  diseased  trees  if  possible,  as  the 
young  lice  are  liable  to  be  carried  some  distance  by  winds,  or 
o!i  the  feet  of  birds  visiting  the  trees. 


NGK. 


jalloiiJ".  Tlieso 
tninsportiitioii 
to  another. 

than  healthy 
i^orous  growtli 

pUmting  new 
)ossible,  as  the 
2  by  winds,  or 


INSECTS  LVJURIOUS  TO  THE  OLIVE. 


Ifo.  265. 


-The  Greedy  Scale-insect. 


M^idiolHs  rapax  Cornstock 

"i'l.  '.-..noon    ;,,/'';■;;  ;r'' '"",'  '-^  '"•%'•' yoi,..., 


Fi(i.  4.!8. 


o 


i''i<;.  i?,',). 


are  less  than  one-Jiundrcdth  nf  .„,  ■     i    i 

""'I  larger  li,„b,  Vm  C      '  •'  """"'""'  '"  "'«  "■""!< 

J,      X11I1U.S,  can   bo  easdv  removed  wiHi   -i     ^wr  i 

^W>ped  in  a  solution  of  whale-oil  soan     V  ;        ^''■"''' 

^"Hl  pear  trees  on  the  Pacific  coast'  '"  '"^"^'^  ^'^'l^'^' 

428 


liNSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  FIG. 

No.  266.— The  Fig-eater. 

Allorldnd  nifida  (Linn.). 

This  beetle,  which  has  acquired  the  local  name  of  fig-eater 
in  the  South,  is  closely  related  to  the  Cetonias,  Nos.  81  and 
82,  which,  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  continent,  eat  the 
flesh  of  ripe  pears,  plums,  and  peaches.  The  fig-cater,  which 
is  shown  in  Fig.  440,  is  a  very  common  insect  in  the  South  ; 

Fig.  440. 


it  is  nearly  an  inch  long,  with  a  robust  body,  the  wing- 
case.s  being  velvety  green,  with  light,  cream-colo.'ed  borders. 
No  remedv  has  been  suggested   for  these  insects  other  than 


collectinu;  and  destroving  them. 


424 


""mimmmtr'yjjggg 


FIG. 


aniG  of  fig-eater 
ias,  No.-^.  (SI  and 
)ntinent,  eat  the 
'  fig-eater,  which 
3t  in  the  South  ; 


)ody,  tlie  wing- 
•colo.'ed  borders. 
sects  other  than 


SyNONYMICAL  IfST. 

l-v  the  following  list  H,„  „ij,, 
"f  tl.e  in,s«ts  refaTcl  ,„  arc  Z^  ""  •'  "'  """"■  "■■"»•« 

"'■•'y  not  liavo  l,ec„„,o  fiunili.,,."' :    '  I '  '"'  f" "'<•'  '"  ""<^"  "Im 

•^";l.  as  I,„vo  boon  „o„o,,,|w  .^.  ,.       f  '"■"''"""''  '""  ""'>■ 
»  few  „tl,o,..,  „.|,ioi,  have  .„f|,  ,  !'        '''7"""'>"l.«is,s,  ,vi.l, 


4. 

«. 
i:;. 
i(. 

1(5. 


ir 


20. 


Schizoncuralani<.cra(IIa,.sa>.). 
^''■"""^'""7'Z"-''i'it''h. 

^Pliclinus  iniili  (Hald.). 

Sii{)orda  ciindiila  Pnbr. 

Soperila  hlvitfuta  Say. 
ChryM.bothris  loniorafM"  ( Fabr.) 

Ji'ipre^tixfeworah,  Fabr. 
L<'ptost.yJus  nculifer  (Sayj. 

/>"»((■«  ncii/i/,;r(,  Saj-. 
3ronartbi-ani  mali  (Fitch). 

Tmninis  „inl!  Fitch, 
Ami.hiccrus  bienudMtus  (Say). 
no.trldius  b/raudatn.  Say.  ' 
JEpiCionis  iiiibiicatus  (Say), 
^^ijxinis  imin-icatus  Say. 
Myfilaspis  iK.nion.m  B„ueh,' 
^W>'<//o,„.  co„rh;for„i,  (hnelin. 
•^l!llil<l'<p;»  i,nnnc„rt!c!s  l\\]cy. 
•IV'-oglyjiluis  mains  (Siiiincr). 
''lf'(c»«  «(,(/i/;v  Shinier. 

Chionnsj.i,sfurfiu-us  (Fitch). 
-^^xpldiotuH/itrfin;,.,  Fitch 

I''  'il'l.'i  oonqnisitor  (Say). 

Gi-t//,fiig  vuiiqninitnr  Say 
.-, .  *'  * 


Ncd: 


lonoa  leucnniio  (Kirlv 


rarisld  It 


p.). 


vncuiiui 


Zo 


0-'iomas,aconci„na(S„,.A-.Abh) 
^""-'odouta  r,„ot„na  S,n.  &  Abb 

Aru.so,,teryxvcrnuta(Pcck> 
,.    ^  ^^/'"^'■""  '-ovm^,,  |.,,|._ 

-^.  ■»  otlisus  sj,inosu.«  (Dallas). 

■8-l'iatysan,iaC.cropia,Li„„.) 
^""'•"*  r«vo;;/„  r,in„. 
'-""^'■•i  miii-ia-  (Kiley), 
Ohulc!<i  men;,;-  ww^y 

3-  Ccolodasys  unicornis  (^.n.^t.^bb) 

f""-^-""""W»/«Sm..tAbb  ■ 
^-   Tulypc  vcllchi  (St„l|j. 

''■"*"■";""•//«  ,•.//.</„  Stull 

•   ^'7«i'"-"~^''<'<'Mna  (Harris). 

'   ^7''"'='"^">-""'MLeIiaroni." 
i  liycMS  in.ligcnclla  (Zeller). 

^  -'/'.'y  .«  "ci„/o  WaLvl,. 
Tachina  ,,hycit:o  (Le  Jtnron) 

■linet)ccra.,ccllana(Schitr). 
"■tn\r  ocelhnu,  SchitF. 
I'i'iitl,;,,,,  ur„h,n,t  lliirri.. 


niphollth 


-lO.  Teia.sCi.ulercllad 


")7ri 


"    OC II  III  UK    C 

(liiley). 


111.  Kilt. 


•f  Cinder,//,,  i^ji 


I'y. 
42; 


7 


426 


SyNONVMICAL   LIST. 


41.  Plioxopteris  nubeculana  (CIj-iii.). 

Aiir/ii/lnpcra  nuhcculnna  Cleiu. 
43.  Nulaphana  malnna  (Fitch). 

/{rarhfjtmiin  malana  Fitcli. 
4t.  Yi»Pfil()plius  poinctellus  (Harris). 

likinotid  pomelellus  Harris. 

Ohwtochi'lui  paiiietel/iis  Fitch. 
4.').  Ajjrotis  saiicia  (Jliibiu'r). 

Agrotin  incnniii  Harris. 
A^'rotis  clniidestina  (Harris). 

A'</t7i(((  cla)iilcgtiiia  Harris. 
■17.   llugonia  siibsignaria  (Hiibnor). 

Endalinia  aiibsir/iiaiin  Hiibncr. 

/■.'uiioiiioa  niil/si'</iniiiii  Paciianl. 
48.  Pliobetron  pithccium  (Sin.  &  Al)b.). 

Limacoclea  pilheciiDii  ^m,  &  Abb. 
6J.  Odoutota  rosea  (Weber). 

Ilispa  rosea  AVcber. 

Uispa  mavginata  Say. 
57.  Adalia  bipunctata  (Linn.). 

Cocchiella  hipnnvtaia  Linn. 
CycIoneJa  sanj^uinea  (Linn.). 

CoccincUa  Hanguinca  Linn. 

Cocchiella  ynuuda  Say. 
Megilla  maculata  (De  Geer). 

CocciuiUa  maculatn  Do  Gcer. 

Hippodamia  maeiilala  Muls. 
Anatis  ]5-punctata  (Oliv.). 

Mysia  15-punctata  Oliv, 
Huvmonia  picta  (Rand). 

Coccinella  picta  Rand. 
61.  Sciara  niali  (Fitch). 

Molobrtii)  iiKili  Fiteli. 
64.  Lithophane  antcnnata  Walker. 

Xyllna  cincrca  Rilej'. 
t37.  Oncidcres  cingiilatus  (Say). 

Saperda  cinguhtta  Say. 
68.  Xyleborus  pyri  (Peck). 

Scolytua  piyri  Peck. 

Tomicus  pyri  Harris. 
71.  Lygus  lineolaris  (P.  Beauv.). 

Oapsut  lineolaris  P.  Reauv. 

Capsus  oblineatns  Say. 
73.  Poniphopooa  aenea  (Say). 

Lylta  aenca  Say. 
77.  Cotalpa  lunigera  (Linn.). 

Areodn  lunigera  Linn. 


'    81.   Euphoria  Inda  (Linn.). 
Vftonia  Inda  Linn. 
82.  Euphoria  melancholica  ((iory). 

Crtunia  inelancliolica  (Jory. 
84.  Apatela  occidentalis  ((i.  <t  R.l. 

Arronyila  occidentalis  (J.  &  R. 
8.0.  Apatela  suporans  ((iiicn.). 

Acronycia  superaun  (iucn. 
88.  Telea  polyphenuis  (Linn.). 
I  Attncua  polyphcinns  Tjinn. 

95.  Cocectoriis  scutellaris  (Loc). 

Anthnnoinun  prnnicidn  Walsh. 
98.  Phloeutribiis  iiininaris  (Harris). 
ToinicHS  Iiininaris  Harris. 
101).  Ithycorusnoveborncensis  (Foruer). 

Ithyrerns  riircnlionidi-'  Herbst. 
101.  Ptyohoionia  persicana  (Fitch). 
CnvKia  persicana  Fitch. 
Lozotirnia  fragariana  Packard, 
104.  Dicorcadivarieata  (Say). 

Biiprestis  divarieata  Say. 

109.  Crcpidodera  Ilelxines  (Linn.). 

AHica  nana  Say. 

110.  CallDsainia  Prumetliea  (Drury). 

Allacns  Prometliea  Drury. 
112.  Hyperchiria  lo  (Linn.). 

Satnrnia  lo  Linn. 
114.  Caeoccia  oerasivorana  (Fitch). 

Lozottvnia  cerasivorana  Fitch. 
117.  Thecla  titus  Fabr. 

Thecla  mopstts  Boisd.  it  Lee. 
KiO.  Sinoxylon  basilare  (Sjy). 

Apatc  Ixisilaris  Say. 
lol.  Anipcloglyptcr  Sesostris  (Leo.). 

liaridiua  Sesostr  s  Lee. 

Madams  vitis  Riley. 
l.'?2.  Darapsa  myron  (Cramer). 

CIdvrocainpa  pampinatrijc  Sm. 
133.  Philanipelus  Pandoras  (Hlibner). 

Philampelus  satellilia  Linn. 
144.  Oxyptilus  periscelidactylus 

(Fitch). 

Pterojihonts  periscelidactylus 

Fitch. 

147.  Pyrophila  pyrauiidoides  (Ouen.). 

A'.nphipyra  pyramidoides  Ouen. 

148.  Pyrophila  tragopoginis  (Linn.). 

Agrotia  repressus  Grote. 


SiWONVMICAL   LIST. 


427 


in. 

,lk-a  (dory)- 

tUcn  (lory. 

ciifa/ii  G.  «t  U- 
[(iuen.l. 
■dUK  (iiien. 
(Linn.). 
^iiiiia  Tiinn. 
avis  (Koc.l. 
„,„•,. .-Ja  Wal^h. 

(„•(■«  Uiinis. 
racensis(Foivtcr). 

„/;oM.-</'-  Ilevbst. 
;iei\iia  (Fitoli). 
nii<(  Fiteb. 
,3„,.;..Ma  Packard, 
ita  (Say). 
arkala  Say. 
ilxiues  (Linn.). 

Say. 

iinctliea  (Drury) 
ncthea  Drury. 
(Linn.). 

liinn. 

vorana  (Fitt'b). 

maivo'uua  Fitch. 

ibr. 
!,,«  BoisJ.  &  IiCC. 

liaro  (Say). 
i-Ih  Say. 
Sesostris  (Lcc). 

Isosd-  «  Lee. 
lis  Kiley. 

(Cramer). 
K  2)fl»'^)i)i«(r/x  Sm. 
•andorus  (Iliibner). 
saiellilia  Linn, 
iscclidactylua 

(Fitch). 
periBeeUdactylnx 
'  Fitch, 

lamidoides  (Oucn.). 
)yramidoides  Gucn. 
;o[)Oginis  (Linn.). 
rensns  Gtote. 


150.  Graptodcrn  chalybea  (Illig.). 

Ilitlticu  ili(tli/he<i  Illig. 
1  j2.   I'idia  longipes  (Mels.) 

/^<ic}iit<:plioni8  louiji/H.i  Mcls. 
157.  Krythronoura  vitis  (Harris). 

'J'ettitjoitia  vitin  ]Luri<. 
165.  Cyrtopliyllus  concavii.s  (Harris). 

Platijphyllum  coHcavuni  Harris. 
Phyllopteraoblongifolia(DeGeer). 

Locusta  ohlonglfoUa  Do  Gecr. 

171.  Eudomis  botrana  (Schiff). 

Potthtna  vitivnrann  (W.  it  R.). 

172.  Craponius  ina;qualis  (Say). 

Ceutofhyiichita  insequalis  Say. 
176.  Oborca  bimaculata  Oliv. 

Obrrea  tripuiictcita  Fabr. 
181.  Apatcla  brumosa  Grote. 

Aronycta  verrilll!  Grote. 
1S3.  Chelymorpha  Argus  Lcicli. 

Chelymorpha  cribran'a  Fabr. 
184.  Synchlora  rubivoraria  (Riley). 

Aplodes  rnhtvora  Riley. 

191.  Tylodernia  fragariw  (Riley). 

Analcis  frarjarim  Riley. 

192.  Pho.xopteris  fragariw  (W.  k  R.). 

Anchylopera  frar/aria;  W.  &  R. 

193.  Eccopsis  permundana  (Clement^). 

Exartcma  permundana  ('leniens, 

194.  Apatela  oblinita  (Sm.  A  Abb.). 

Acronycta  oblinita  Sni.  &  Abb. 

195.  Agrotis  Ypsilon  (Rott.). 

A  grot  is  siiffiiaa  D.  &  S. 

Afjrotia  telifcra  Harris, 
Agrotis  subgothica  (Haworth). 

Agrotis  jacnlifera  Guen. 
Hadena  devastatrix  (Rrace). 

Agrotis  devastator  Harris. 

196.  Paria  sex-notata  (Say). 

Colaspis  scx-notata  Say. 

197.  Pbyllotrcta  vittata  (Fabr.). 

Crioccris  vittata  Fabr. 
Phyllotreta  striolata  Illig. 
Haltica  striolata  Harris. 


203.   Psenocerus  supernotatus  (Say). 
ClytiiH  DVjiernotatHx  Say. 

208.  Eulitchia  ribearia  (Fitch). 

KUoj)ia  ribearia  F'ifcli. 

209.  Grapta  prognc  (Cram.). 

Vanessa  progiie  Cram. 
212.  Pu.'cilocapsus  lineatus  (Fabr.). 
Lygirus  lineatus  Fabr. 
Capsus  Jf-ritt(itns  Say. 

215.  Epochra  Canadensis  (Loew). 

Trypeta  Canadensis  Loew. 

216.  Eiulroiiia  arii;ataria  (Herr.  Sch.). 

J'riuryla  arniataria  llerr.  .""(di. 
219.  l>akruma  convolutella  (Hiibn.). 
Zophodia  convolutella  lliilin. 
Pempelia  i,ro8sulariiv  Packard. 
Myelois  convolutella  Packard. 

223.  Crepidodera  cucunieris  (llarri.--). 

Jliiltica  cucumeris  Harri.-'. 

224.  Eudioptis  hyalinata  (Linn.). 

Phukellui      hyalinatalis  lann. 

225.  Eudioptis  iiitidalis  (Cram.). 

Phake.llura  iiitidalis  Cram. 

227.  Rhopobota  vacciniana  (Packard). 

Anchylopera  vaccinia n<i 

Packard. 

228.  Tcras  oxyeoccana  (Packard). 

Tortrix  nxycoccana  Packard. 

229.  Tcras  vacciniivorana  (Packard). 

Tortrix  vacciniivora)ta  Packard. 
239.  Papilio  crcsjjhontes  Fabr. 

J'apilio  thoas  Boisd. 
241.  Platynota  rostrana  (Walker). 

Teras  rostrana  Walkev. 
258.  Ccroplastes  Floridcnsis  Conistock. 

Ceroplastea  rusci  Linn. 

(A.'hmcad) 
264.  Cycloneda  abdominalis  (.Say). 

Coccinella  abdoininalii  Say. 
266.  AUorhina  nitida  (Linn.). 

Cotinis  ititida  Linn. 


\4< 


INDEX. 


Abljot  Ppliinx,  2,73. 
Aciiriis  mains,  -li.',5. 
AclitMiioM  Spliinx,  L'')l). 
A(M•ol)a^;■    iti.ligciella.,  (25. 
AcTonjota  oblinita,  127. 
"  oc'fidontalis,  126. 

."•'iilicrnns,  ■)2('). 
"  vuiTillii,  127. 

Ai'utali.-!  (](n-.«alis,  280. 
A(lalia  l)i]iuiic'tata,  121,  420. 
^Egciia  ouciirbitH',  '.U]]. 
exitiosa,  lOI. 
'■       Iioii.-^iironnis,  22'J. 
"       P.yii,  IK). 

"     lubi,  ;;i)n. 

"       tipiilifdni.is,  .'',;',(;. 
Agriliis  niliooliis,  ,■',07. 

Aijrotis  clanilcstina,  Ids,  Ji'O. 
"       Cocbranii,  1(17, 
ilovastator,   127. 
"       inorinis,  .|2(). 
"      jainililcni,  127. 
"       i-eprossiis,  ■I2{i. 

siiucbi,  lOfi,  .|2t). 
"       fcixndens,  107. 
"       ."iibgutliica,  ;]28,  12- 

"  SurtlLSl,   .127. 

"       lolifora,  127. 
"       ti->,>^..lla(a,  .'i'l'S. 

"       Y|,Mlon.  ;!27,  127. 

Alans  (iculatns,  25. 

Alkaliiu'  wasiics,  .IK), 

Alliirhina  iiiliiln,  .|2|,'  .127. 

Altica  nana,  I2(;. 

Al.v|iia  iii'toniai'ulatii,  2ii2. 

Ainliignons  lii|ipu,laniia,   I 

Aniei-icaii  Iniijict-nhilb,  S7 
"  I'rociis,  2(),5, 

Anipcloglvptor  Si',<()siri.j,  21.!,  .|2(i. 
Ainphiccni.s  liicandatng,  ;!,'!,   |2j. 
Anipliidas.ws  I'ognataiia,  ,'!l!).  " 
Anipbipvia  pyiaini<Ioido.*,  .12() 
Ainili'i.s  Ci-agaiia',  127. 
Anar.-iia  limatclla,  ;I2I. 
An;ili.-f  l,").pnniitata,  12,\  120, 
Amdiylopcra  IVagaiiic,   12'" 

nnlii'cnlana,  •120, 
\!ii'i'ininna,  127, 
Angorona  croi-alai-ia,  ;ilS. 
Aiiguliir-winged  katydid   ;!8;i. 


10. 


Anisopteryx  pnnietiiria,  01, 

vcinata,  04,  425 
Anoniala  Imdoola,  281, 
Anthonomn.-:  in-uniuida.  420, 

•inadrigiblMis,  133. 
"  sntiiralis,  ;;75, 

Apatc  lia.'ilan.s,  420. 
Apatid;:  l)iMuno.'in,  313,  42(i, 
"        oblinita,  325,  427, 
"       iieciiiL'ntali.5.  1 05,  420. 
"        supcrans.  100.  420. 
Aidielinu.'<  aspidioticola,  3113, 
"  inali,  15,  1<),  495. 

inytilaspidis,  42. 
Aplii.-;  niali.  121. 

"      nialifdlia',  121. 
"      in-unil'olii,   Jxi. 
"       ril(i.«,  35]. 
"       vitis.  2111. 
Aplirophora  4-notata,  242. 
[  "  i^ignorcti,  2 12. 

I  Apif  nicllifica,  ;{(i|. 
A)do(l(',<  rnbivora,   127. 
Apple  bark  bootic,  21. 
A|ijde-biid  worm,  !»0. 
Apple  eiiieulio,  133, 
"       fl.v,  137, 
"       Mopua,  30. 
"       I-yonetin,  lltl, 
"       iiiMggut.  135, 
"       midge,  130, 
'■       Sphinx,  SO, 
"       Tbiip,-,  13S. 
"        woi)lly-I(iusp,  27. 
Apple-leaf  apliii..,  I:'|. 

"  ]!necnlaliix,  1  IS. 

"         miner.  II4.  ,31  7.  320, 
"         .«e\ver,  \)'.), 

fkelelDiiizer,   I1M.I. 
Apple  rout  pliinl-lonse,  1.3. 
Apple-treo  aphis,  121. 

Ijorer,    lial-beaded,   20     lOii 

bmcr,  ronnd-headed,  10,  100. 
ISII,  11)1),  ' 

"         cnse-bearer,  1 15, 

caterpillar,   ri'd  luiniped,  02. 
Iflo,  220, 

calerpillar,      yelluw-iieekcd, 

Oil, 


•J'JIt 


430 


INDEX. 


Applc-trec  pruncr,  ;^1. 

"         tcnt-catei|)illnr,  47, 189,  220. 
Apple-twig  borer,  ;;;J.  160,  22",  301. 
Apple-worm,  many-dotted,  101. 
Arctia  fc^p.,  ^^72. 
vVrcoda  hinigera,  42G. 
Arma  inodesta,  290. 
•'      spiiiosa,  ■12;'). 
Artipiis  Floridaniis-,  .TS.T. 
A>li-},'ra.v  pillion,  i:!8,  200. 
A.-ii.v-grisy  lady-bir.l,  -114. 
Asipidiotu.-;  au.antii,  3'Jj. 
••  uerafi,  204. 

"  eonc'hilormis,  425. 

"  eydoniw,  222. 

"  ficiis,  3U(). 

"  i'lirtunis,  425. 

llarrisii,  41,  425. 
"  iierii,  3'J6. 

rapiix,  423. 
A^iiidifof,  spleiidorirereila,  117. 
Att.ieus  Cecropia,  425. 
"        ])olyplieiiiiis,  420. 
"        r<-omethea,  420. 

Daridiiis  Pesoftris,  426. 

Ijr.ri'.aoie  scale,  102. 

Basliet-wonu,   or    bag-worm,    139,  161, 

19(1,  2110,  2:'!,  222. 
lieautiful  wood-nymph,  258. 
Hees.  190. 

lilaeii  l)aeked  tree-hopper,  289. 
IJlaekberrv  bark-louse,  319. 

"       '   llea-lous^e,  320. 
Blackberry,  pitliv  gall  of,  31  S. 

"  seed-like  gall  of,  319. 

lilaek  scale  of  California,  407. 
Uliiid-eyed  Sphinx,  Sy,  189. 
IJlue-spMngied     peach-tree    caterpillar, 

i;;9,  101,  197,  221. 
Blue  yellow-cloaked  Chalcid.  392. 
liostridiufi  biciudatii.-^,  425. 
Bound  tree-bug,  290. 
BrachytuMiia  malana,  420. 
Bracon  eharus,  21. 
Broail  necked  Prionus,  100,  227. 
liroiid  i^calc,  Kll. 
Broad-wingcil  katydid,  201. 
liucculatrix  piimiloliella,  118. 
Bii'.Valo  treeiiopiier,  45,  200. 
Biipresti.'^  divaricata,  420. 

'*         fcmiirata,  125. 
BythoseopUJ*  clitell.iriiis,  188. 
By  liiriis  unioolor,  319. 

('acweia  ecrasivoruna,  215,  420, 

"         rosaceana,  99,  426. 
Cactus  lady-bird,  415. 
Calliniorplia    lieconlei  var.    fulvicosta, 

197. 
Callosamia  I'rometlica,  205,  126. 


Caloptenas  femur-rubrum,  157. 

"  spretus,  157. 

Calosoma  calidum,  57,  7(1. 

"  scrutator,  57. 

Campyloneur.a  vitripennis,  288. 
Canadian  Osmia,  331. 
Canker-worms,  64,  189,  220. 
Capsu;;  liueolaris,  420. 

"       oblineatus,  120.' 

"       4-vittatus,  427. 
Carpocapsa  jiomonella,  127. 
Catocahi  ultronia,  177. 
Cecidorayic  "^94. 

"  grossularitv,  .359. 


■>p.. 


73. 


Cecropia  Clialcis  fly, 
"         Cry])tu?,  7. 

"        emperor-moi.,,    73,    101,    189, 
220.  353. 
Ceresa  biibajus,  15. 
Cerupla^tes  cirri|icdifoniiis,  102. 

"  I'loridensis,  402,  427. 

"  rusci,  104,  127. 

Cetonia  Inda,  426. 

"       melaneliolica,  420. 
Ceutorlivnehus  inwqualis,  127. 
Cbair  scale,  401. 
Chalcis  mariie,  425. 
Chauliognathus  Ainericanus,  185. 
Cheekeied  lustie,  328. 
Chelymor]iha  argtis,  315,  427. 

"  cribraria,  127. 

Cberry-biig,  229. 
Cherry-tree  barl<-lou.-e,  293. 

"  plant-lous'.',  211). 

"  scale-insect,  291. 

"  Thecla,  219. 

"  Torlrix,  215. 

Chilochorus  bivulnerus,  43. 

'*  cacti,  115, 

Cliionaspis  furfurus,  44,  425. 
Chcjcrocampa  ]iam|piiuitrix,  426. 
Clio'tochilus  ciiiitiibernalflliis,  104. 

''  malifoiielliis,  105. 

"  )iom('lellus,  4  20. 

Chrysobotlnis  fenio  ata,  20,  425. 
Clir'ysopa,  126,  l^5,  312. 

"  citri,418. 

Cicada  sept  ended  m,  35. 

"       tibicc!!,  20,1. 
Cidaria  diversilineata,  270. 

"       8p.,  372. 
CireuUir  eeule,  .'190. 
Clasiiptera  proteus,  374. 
Cliiiibing  cut-worms,  195,  335. 
Clisiociinipii  Amerieiina,  47, 

"  fylvaliea,  52. 

Cloaked  Chrysomela,  121, 
Clyttis  siipernolatiis,  427. 
Coccinella  nbduminalis,  427. 
"  bipuiictata,  420. 


•ubiuiii,  157. 
,  l;-)7. 
67,  70. 
,  57. 

ipennis,  2S8. 
;'.). 

,  189,  220. 
J  2(1. 
.12().' 
427. 

ella,  127. 
177. 

ilariiv,  .'>i>9. 

173. 

l.v.  '  ^ 

7'. 

moi.,,    7;^,    1(11,    189, 

>?>. 

difonnis,  102. 
jiisis,  U»2,  427. 
104,  427. 

ioa,  42(). 
equulif'',  427. 


iiericaiui.",  185. 

}2S. 

s,  1^15,  427. 

aria,  427. 

oufO,  2(1.'!. 

louse,  210. 

nsi'ct,  204. 

I,  210. 

X,  215._ 

loni.",  41). 

115. 

IS,  44,  425. 

jiinatrix,  420. 

iboniak'llui',  104. 

aliolliis,  105. 

tell  us,  420. 

.)  atii,  20,  425. 

•|,;!42. 

18. 

in,  35. 

.'i. 

•atn,  270. 


«,  :i74. 

ns,  105,  WAb. 
iinina,  47, 
[ica,  52. 
!la.  121. 
IS,  427. 
iniiliy,  427. 
lata,  420. 


Coccinella  maculiita,  420. 

^"  iuun<la,  124,  420. 

novum-notat.a,  124 
picta,  ..'•„. 

5-iiotat;.      var.      Califoi 
417. 
"  ^n.n;r;uino.'i,  420. 

•^occophagus  co;riiy,tu.s,  405 
<-0(!C()torus  .sciitollai-is,  l.s;  '40(5 
Codlin- moth,  127,  101.  VM)~'m 
Lwlo,l,.sys  unicornis,  80,  425 
tola.«pis  Ijrunnt'a,  282. 

sex-notiUa,  427. 
Coleophora,  nialiv'or<;lla,  11', 
Coniuly  lady-bird,  124. 
Coniinon  nioal^'-buj;,  410. 
Comrade  iialmor-ivorm,  |"o4 
(.oinys  blc(dor,  405. 
Conotrauhflus  cratiDt(i,  225. 
„  "  iifnuphar,  ISO. 

Converjrent  iady-biid,  124,  41.-! 
ropper-spottud  Calosoma,  57,  7() 
(-onmcia'na  puiicaiia,  .^|f. 
Cotalpa  iani^roi-a,  1^4,  42(5" 
<  otinis  nitida,427. 
Cotton-stainer,  ,'^S7. 
Jranborry  aphis,  ;jr4. 

IVuit-worm,  ?,7^) 
g=i'l-fl.V,  ;i7;i. 
saw-fl.v.  .■!7;i. 
"  f^pan-v.orm,  ;!72. 

,^  spittlo  insect,  o74. 

wuevil,  ;!-5. 
worm,  .'109. 
<  i-aponiiis  ina>quii!is,  ;!no,  427 
trepidodt'i-ii  euinimeris,  ;!04,"'42r. 

n        ,'  'I'''-"^'iiL's,  204,420." 

tresphontcs  buttordy,  ;i77. 
Cri()(j(M-is  vittata,  427. 
Ci'oesia  por.sjuana,  42('i. 
t'ryptu.s  oonniiisitoi-,  425. 
extroinatis,  79. 
"        ;?nilhit()r,  21. 
"        inquisitor.  225. 
Ciu'umbcr  lien  booth',  .","17   .-JUf 
I 'ill-rant  Ainpliidasys,  1 90,';!  19.' 
An;,'oiui;;:,'  ,;;i,j,  ;;4s.  " 
"        I'liriiioiiso,  ;i:is. 
'I        burer,  American,  .'!.')7. 

"        ;i"l"Mted,  ;i;iO.  .330. 
I'.naropia,  ;J5;!,  ;i,v(. 
Il.v,  ;i52. 

IVuit-worm,  ;i52. 
plant-louse,  ;i51. 

span-worm.  :f44,  ;{5fi,  ;i60 
^-iit-wonn.'<,  ;i27. 

r.,.i  "    ,      ,"''"''J'»»,'-  '05.  .-i.'LV 
I'yoloneda  abdoniinali.s,  4|  |    4i>7, 


nica. 


•  < 

it 


fyrt'-divll 


oeiihita,  41 ; 

san^'uinea,  124.  11  (,  420. 


INDEX. 


IJactylopius  adonidum,  110. 
destructor.  111. 
^  ,    "  longifilis,  412. 

iJakrumaconvoliiteila,  ;i,-,7    4'>7 
Uarapsa  myroii,  24  t,  420. 
Bark-sided  ciit-woriii.  107 
JJark-veinod  Deilophihi,  250 
Oatana  miiiistra,  00. 
I>eilephila  cdiamicnorii,  250. 

"  lineata,  254. 

Delicate  lonij-stiu"-,  ];;•' 
I>osmia  mac'ulalis.^i'OO."' 
Destructive  moalv-bii"    II  I 

Diabrotica  12-punctat7i'.  .Ids'. 
"  vittata,  .'502. 

Diastrophus  cuscutajforiiiis,  ;;19. 

J..     "  nebulosus,  ;;i,s. 

Dicerca  divnricata,  201.  420 

Diplosis  grassator,  239. 

Disippu.s  butterfly,  lOS,  221. 

divaricated  I5upi-esti.«,   199    om 

Dog-day  Cicada,  2();!.  '  "     " 

r)roso|p|iihi, v^  !;{-_ 

Hynastes  tityii.s,  202. 
Dysdoreus  suturclltis.  ;i>7. 

Eccopsis  malana,  90. 

"         pormund.uia,  324,  127 

l\gg  para.sito,  170. 

l';ight-.sp()tted  forester,  202. 

i^la|diidion  paralloliiiii,  33. 
?      .,     vilb'.-iim,  31. 

i'llopia  nbearia,  427. 

Kliii-bark  beetle,  195. 

lynphytus  niaciilatus,  .'!,'!2. 

I'|iiiprelia,  stimiiloa,  I  I.;. 

Kiichoiiopa  binotata,  24" 

i';neyrtu.s  flavus,  40O. 

"         iii(|uisitor;'ll2. 
lyidropia  armataria,  354,  (27. 
i-niiomos  .''iibsigiiaria   420. 
KpiciiMus  imbricatu.s, ';f5,  425. 
I'd'O'dira  Canadensis,  352,  427 


431 


Eriophihis  mali. 


Hrio.soiua  py.^i,  42,-j. 

Krythroiieiira  viti.s,  2S0,  127. 

Kiidaliiiia  siibsii^iiaria,  42(r.  " 

I'-udioptis  hyaliiiafa,  305,  127. 
"         nitidalis,  ;107,  427.  ' 
I'iiidoinis  botrana.  299,  427, 
Eudryas  grata,  25S. 
"         uirio,  2(il. 
Hulitohia  ribearia,  .'!  I  I,  427. 
Kii.^'onia.subsignaria,  111,  420. 
iMiinenos  Iratornus,  7(1. 
Kiilielmus  niiiabilis,  3.^5. 
Euphoria  Lnda,  159,  420 

K  -  1  ...  ■ 


Hiipith 


ii.'<  eoncavus 


-'01,  4: 


':art 


niohinch(dioa,  I  On,  420. 
'I'la  interruploraseialii,  352, 


L'liia  periniindaiia,  42: 
l!ixoeli(jiiiii.s  eoiitrisditus,  118. 


432 


INDEX. 


Exoristii  Icucania?,  42.'>. 

•  "         iihycitie,  42.- 
Eyed  Cj'cloiu;(lii,  41 T 

"      KlatLT,  2.i. 
Eye-spotted  Inid-uioth,  95,  161,  189,  221. 

Fall  wcb-worm,  71,  101,  189,  22(1,  302, 

;U7,  32U,  3:)3. 
Fiilia  loiigipes,  282,  42". 
Fifteen-spotted  lady-bird,  125. 
Fig-eater,  424. 
Fiut-lioaded  apple-tree  borer,  20,    160, 

189,  199. 
Flea-like  negro-bug,  317,  320,  335. 
Fliesi,  golden-eyed,  12(). 

"      laee-winged,  126. 
Florida  Cerojjlastes,  402. 
Forest  tent-eaterpillar,  52,  189,  220. 
Four-spotted  Spittle  inseet,  242. 
Four-striped  plant-bug,  350. 
Fraternal  potter-wasp,  70. 

Gartered  plume-moth,  268. 
Gastropacha  Americana,  87. 

"  vcUeda,  425. 

Gaurax  aneliora,  79. 
(ilassy  I'ut-worm,  329. 
Glassy-winged  soldier-bug,  288. 
(Jlistening  eranberry-motli,  370. 
Glyptoseeiis  cryptieus,  121. 
(Jolden-eyed  Hies,  12(). 
Goldsmith  beetle,  154,  334. 
(iooseberry  tVuit-worni,  ;j53,  357. 

'■  midge,  359. 

Gortyna  nitela,  334. 
Grape-berry  moth,  298. 
Gra]jc  curculiiv  ;>00. 

"       leal-gall  louse,  232,  288. 
"       Phylloxera,  231. 
Gra])e-seed  insect,  290. 
Graj)c-\  ine  aphis,  290. 

"  a|)ple-gnll,  295. 

"  bark- louse,  241. 

Cidaria,  270. 

Colaspis,  282.  335. 

Epimeiiis,  2()4. 

Fidia,  282. 

filbert-gall,  293. 

(lea -beetle,  I '10,  277. 

loul'-hopiier,  2S(i. 

leaf-roller,  20(1. 

root -borer,  229. 

';iw-lly,  2S5. 

loiiiafi'i-gall,  29  1. 

Avound-gall,  24.'!. 
( !;'iiph(dilhii  ocuiana,  125. 
(irapla  juognc,  .''16,  127. 
(iraptodera  clialvbcii,  277,  427. 
Grassho|i|iers,  139,  157. 
Gray  dagger-moth,  1.".9,  165,  221. 
<Jrea;iy  cut-worm,  327. 


« 


Greedy  scale-insoct,  423. 
Green  apple-leaf-tyer,  98. 

"      caterpillar-hunter,  57. 
Green-faced  locust,  158. 
Green  gra]ie-vine  Sphinx,  244. 

"      ])ear-tree  slug,  153. 

ITadena  dcvastatrix,  329,  427. 
Ilag-moth  caterpillar,  112,  221. 
Hairy  cranberry  caterpillar,  372. 
llaltica  chalyboa,  427. 

"       cucumeris,  427. 

"       striolata,  427. 
Harnioiiia  picta,  125,  426. 
Harpalufl  I'cnsy ivaiiicus,  185. 
Harris's  bark-louse,  44. 
Hemiteles  nemativorus,  342. 

"  thyridopteryx,  225. 

Heini8])herical  scale,  409. 
Ili])l)0ilauiia  aniliigua,  41(). 

convcrgens,  125. 
13-punctata,  124. 
"  niaculata,  426. 

Hispa  marginata,  426. 

"       rosea,  426. 
Honey  bee,  301. 
Hoplo])hora  arctata,  239. 
lloriictl  S])an-worm,  I()7,  335. 
Ilybcrnia  tiliaria,  109. 
II vperasjiidius  coccidivora,  418. 
llypcrchiria  lo,  209,  426. 
lly])hantria  textor,  71. 

Icerya  purchasi,  400. 
Ichneumon  la^us,  52. 
Imbricated  snout-beetle,  35,  220. 
Im[)orted  currant-borer,  33(i,  ,"156,  360. 

"         currant-worm,  .'i.'19. 
Indian  Cetonia,  159,  200,  302. 
To  em]icror-moth,  139,  209,  353. 
Iridescent  Serica,  156. 
Isosonia.  vitis,  29('). 
Ithycerus  curculionides,  426. 

"         novelioraccnsis,  196,  42G. 

Kerosene  emulsion,  421. 

Lace-winged  Hies,  l*?!'.,  185,  240. 
Lachnnstcrna  fuscii,  212. 
Ladvbiril,  ashv-g.ay,  414. 
'"  blooil  red,  414. 

"  cactus.  115. 

"  comely,  124. 

"  convcrgi'ul,  124,  413. 

'•  eyed,  417. 

"  11  ft  ecu -spot  ted,  125. 

"  llvc-spotied,  1 17. 

"  nine-spotted,  121,  413. 

"  painted,  125. 

idain,  121,  413,  415. 
spotted,  125,  413. 


,  -423. 
er,  1)8. 
iintcr,  57. 
1J8. 
phinx,  244. 

:,  329,  427. 

iu-,  112,  221. 

lerpillar,  372. 

,27. 

427. 

27. 

:>,  420. 

iiioii^,  IS.J. 

,44. 

inis,  342. 

teryx,  22j. 

L>,  409. 

uii,  410. 

•gens,  12.^. 

ictiita,  124. 

II til,  420. 

120. 


I,  239. 

I,  107,  335. 

109. 

idivora,  418. 

il,  420. 

,  71. 

10. 

»2. 

)cotlo,  35,  220. 

joriT,  330,  350,  300. 

ivorin,  339. 

9,  2110,  302. 

1 39,  209,  353. 

150. 

lidcs,  420. 
K'ciisi.s,  190,  420, 

,421. 

i";;,  IS5,  240. 

I,  212. 
■i-y,  414. 
ed,  414. 
1 1  5. 
,  1  24. 

tent,  124,  413. 
17. 

siiiittcd,  125. 
)tt(Ml,  417. 
olt.'d,  124,  413. 
I,  125. 

124,  413.  415. 
.  125,  413. 


L.'"I.V-ljird,  thirtccn-.pottod.  124. 
,^  twice-siiibbod.  ■J3,  41; 

t\vo-spot(fd,  124 
i'.'i^'oM  (•n.-^p.itii,  irij. 
''i'liiiii  iieuliloi:,,42.-,. 
['»rf,'o  gruon  tl■(■L.-bu;,^  290 
l/:i,-iopierii  vitis,  29.'i7 
r^''Ml-cMii„pier,  93.  189.  2(10    "-'I 
i't'al-cuttinij  l)(.e,  17;,  '  '"  > 

["■Mf-(o(.tod  phiiit-bii'jr'   ysG 
I'tJcnniiini,  319. 

ffi-asiffx,  203. 

_'  jiuinispliieiici -loj), 

_^  ''•^'spuridmii,  4(14. 

'iit';u,  407. 
"  pi;i-sic'iju,  195. 

I'.yn,  144,203. 
fibis,  ;!;{>s. 
■I'pto-lossiis  phvllopiis,  3S0 
l-i'pto.tvhis  iuuililVn-.  2"   4--/ 
^(',<s(.rMi)pk.-l,,,C  MdvA:  -)"•>■ 
.iglit-l„vin-  AiicMialii,  ",S,|  " 
-niiiie(H|,.s  pillicciuiM,  4"(1 
^iin<-'nitis,lisip,,„s.  IDS,  I'i.s 
.    "  tiisiil:i,  217 

-mie-troo  ,vi.it,.r-motli,  Km 
''i"pus  fiicctus,  30. 

I'lpanisiiiibritiatus,  425. 

I'lSt  of  .«Vlll,||y||,(..«,  42j.' 

f'itlni(;i((li..s  lasfiola,  ify' 
I-itlio,.o!l,.(i,sge„,i„.,tGila,  14(1 
'I'liophaiie  antc^nnata,  l.'is   40/j 
"-eiista,  oblon-ifoli,,,  4:..7     ' 
I. "ousts,  157. 

''Oiiir-hdrnod  bnror,  •>■> 

I-oiig  scale,  392. 

I'ong-tailed  Ophion,  7S 

Lozofa'nia..cTasivoi'aiia,  420. 
]'  lVa,-Mriaii;i,  420. 

'  '■"SMoe.-iiiM,  425. 

'"'''»''!•  Ki-Msshopp,.,-,  ;is,). 
I'lU'aiiiis  ilaiii:i,  2.1. 
i-ygiiMis  liiicaliis,  427. 
''.v.:j;iis  liiieolaiis,   147,"4L'ii 
I'.voiK'tia  saciMicllii.  |  i;)" 
''ytta  aeiK'a,  120. 


220. 


Maoroffiitiiis  delicadij..  I3'> 
Mi>';n.da,.fyl„ssubspi„,,susr2S0 

Many-,lo(t..dapph,:wor,M,  |0|   .^OO 

.Mcaly-tHI;;-,  (•(iiiinuMl.'i  |' ().' 

di'sinictive,  4|  (. 

Af„,i",i    .     "!'"'  '"""  t'"<'!itls,   112. 
•*'<'iily  Data,  ;io2,  ;!,-,7 

■Mr-acliil,.  Iirovis,  |  7!) 

•J|''i,^illa,  inanilata,  125,420 

,'''■""•'"' l.v  'Vioiiiii.  139.  160 

■Melon  cator/Mihir.  305. 


INDEX. 


Mioi-ocentnirii  ictiiicrvis   ;j,s3 
'Mioi-odcs  caiinoidi's,  98  ' 
■■"odest  ti-ee-bii;,',  290.    " 
Molobnis  inaii.  420. 
Monarthniiii  inaii,  21    4"-, 
Mottled  plmn-tioo  .no'tl,,""]',;^ 
'^lyelois  convoliitella.  427. 
-nysia  15-piinctata,  120. 
•'ly'i'aspis  eitrici;,,  W'M). 
"iovcii,  .'!92. 
[)oiiiicurtii;is,  425. 
,,      "  poiiioruiii,  40,  425 

Myzus  cerasi,  210. 

I'ersieie,  199. 

Native  currant  saw-(lv.  3J;; 
Neat  ciieiiniber  nioth,';iV7 

strawberry    leaf-rollor,    ;!I 
•>24, 

Xematocampa  niamentaria    1(17 
^eniatus  veiitricosiis,  :j;i!t 
NenioriL'a|,Mi(ania\  50,  425 
Aew  York  weevil,  \?,{)   ico   ]" 
><ine-spottrd  lady-bird,  12  ( 
Noeiiia  clandestiiia.  420 
^'olapbaiia  nialiiiia,'  lOl.'l-o 
iSothris  oitritoliella,  ;;S2. 
"        ovivur.is,  70.     "■ 
-Notodonta  eoneinna.  425. 
uiiieornis,  |25. 


433 


89. 
,41 


320. 


I9i;,  220. 


iL'tl. 


.Met 


upodiiis  IViiiorati 


.'20. 


Oak  i'latyoenis,  148. 
Oborea  biinaeulata,  305,  Il'7 

tripiuu'tata,  4''7' 
Obliqut-banded  leaf-rolier.  HO 

f",  221,  ;;i7.  ;;;;,,  ;;,;••• 
Ublon--win-ed  katydid,  292 
"doiitota  rosea,  120.  420. 
•I'Vaiitlius  ni veils.  ;i08." 
nideiiiasia  foneiiina,  (;'2,  41)5 
Ohio  eiirrant  saw-llv,  .Tl  I  ~ 
Oiicideres  eingulatiisi  1  C 
Opiiioii  bllineatiis,  273. 

iiiaeriiriiin,  78,  1  7 ',  •>!•» 
•aiigo  aphis,  388.  '  "  "■ 

basket-worm,  38(1. 

Chrysopa,  418. 
"        <1<|J,',  3S0. 

leal'-iintidior,  ;!«;!. 

leaf  Xothris,  .•!S2. 

leaf-rollfr,  3S1 
Orjjyia  leueostij,rnia.  ,07. 
Onbates  aspidi„ti,  ;!ii4. 
Osiiiia  Canadensis,  ;;;i|. 
MsiModerina  scabra.  2(!.' 
Oxyptiliis  periseeliductvh.s,  208    4'>(J 
Oyster-shell  bark-iouso,' 40,  Kio/a.':/. 

''iiehiiepliuriis  loMi'llu's     |"7 
'.■linted  lady -bird,  125,      "   ' 
I'iile-brown  Jiytiiriis,  ;iio. 


101,  ItJii 


434 


INDEX. 


Palmcr-wdim,  102,  221. 
I'nnilonig  S|)liinx,  248. 
rii|iili(»  cres|>li(iiilc.«,  377,  127. 
thoas,  127. 
"        tiirrnip,  81. 
I'iiriiJlcl  Ehipliidioii,  33,  189. 
Pniia  se.\-iiotata,  3.'1(),  127. 
I'arlatoria  Pofsaiulii,  1(11. 
Paroi'gyia   paialluhi,  179. 
Peacli-trec  ai)liis.  199. 

"         biirlv-loiiso,  ]9j. 
"         t)oi-cr,  189,  191. 
"         Iwif-i-oUcr,  197. 
Poar-blight  lioctic,  139,  143,  189,  200. 
Pear-tree  aiilii?.  l,'i<i. 

"         bark-louse.  144. 

blister-beetle,    149,    190,  221, 
22(;. 
"         borer,  MO. 

leaf-inincr,   139.  1  19. 
I'Hjila,  II;"). 

.-lii<r,  1;)0,  190,  221,  220. 
'■  ^liig,  green,  1.03. 

Pearl  wooil-nynijili,  201. 
I'elidiiota  jimietata,  271). 
Peiii]ielia  .irros>;iilari;i>,  427. 
Ilaiiimondi,  100. 
PeiiHiliigus  |iyri,  42.'). 

"  '         v'itiloliio,  232. 
Peimsylvaiii.i  ground-beetle,  185. 
Pentatoiiia  ligata,  290. 
Penthinii  oeuhiiia,  125. 

"         viiivorana,  427. 
Phakellura  liyajiiintnlis,  427. 

"  nitidalis,  427. 

Phalena  \ernala,  425. 
Pliilanijielus  aeheuion,  25(1. 

"  ]innd(.rus,  218,  42(1. 

"  satellitia,  42(). 

Phlivottirips  mali.  I3S. 
Pliloeotiibus  lirninaris,  195,  420. 
Phobetron  iiitlieciuni,  112,  420. 
Phoxopteris  Iragariii?,  32.'!,  427. 

"  nubeeulana,  99,  420. 

Pliyeis  indigenella.  93,  425. 
Pbyeita  nebulo,  425. 
PhvUoidera  oblongifolia,  292,  427. 
IMiyllotreta  striolata,  427. 

vittata,  330,  427. 
Phylloxera  vastatrix,  231. 
"  vilifolia,  28S, 

Phytopdis  oleivorus,  389, 
Pigeon  'I'reniex,  141. 
Piuipla  annuli|)e.x,  132. 

"        conquisitor,  52,  425, 
"        iiedali",  57. 

ring  legged,  132. 
Pipi/.a.  radieuni,  15,  238. 
Pitbv  srall  of  blaekberry,  318. 
Plaeid  soldier-bug,  ;il2. 
Plain  hidv-bird,  121,  413,  415. 


Platoeceticus  Qloveri,  380. 
Pla'ycorus  quereus,  148. 
Platynota  rostrana,  ,381,  427. 
Platypliylluiu  eoncavuni,  427. 
I'latvsaniia  Ceoropia,  73,  425. 
Pluiii  cureulio,  I.IO,  161,  180,  200,  221. 
Pluni-gouger,  187. 
Plum-tree  a]diis,  180. 

"         Caloeala,  177. 

"  tiiotli.  mottled.  100. 

Sphinx,  102. 
PoJi.eus  jilaeidus,  ;i42. 

"        spinosus,  73,  425. 
Poociloenpsus  lineatus,  .".50.  427. 
Poeciloptera  pruinosa,  .';57. 
Poly])henins  moth,  171. 
Pompho]m.'a  aenea,  149,   120. 
Porizon  eonotraeheli,  187. 

"        cureulio  parasite,  180. 
Prioeycb;  arniataria,   127. 
Prionus  inibrieornis,  228. 

"        latieolli.s,  227. 
Pri.stipliora,  grossulariiv,  343. 

"  identideui,  373. 

'>  rulipes,  344. 

Proconia  undata,  289. 
Prooris  America iia,  205. 
Promethca  ciuperor-moth,  205. 
Psenoccrus  supernotatus,  Ii;'.7,  427. 
Psycomorpha  epimenis,  204. 
Psylla  pyri,  145. 
"       rubi,  320. 

Pterophorus ?,  314. 

■'  pcriseelidaetyUis,  120. 

Ptycholoma  per.sicana,  197,  42(). 
Pulvinaria  innumerabili.s,  241. 
Purblind  Sphinx,  20S. 
Purple  scale,  390. 
Pyramidal  grape-vine  caterpillar,   190, 

"274,  317. 
Pyrophila  jjyramidoidc?,  274,  426. 

''  tragopoginis,  275,  420. 

Quince  cureulio,  161,  225. 
Quince  scale,  222. 

Ra]iacious  soldier-bug,  70. 
Raspberry  Apatela,  313. 

"       '    eane-borer,  30;),  320. 

"  geometer,  ;!!(). 

"  gouty-gall,  307. 

"  ])hime-molh,  314, 

"  root-borer,  303,  320. 

"  saw-tly,  .311. 

Ked-headed  Sy.stena,  28:'.. 
Ped-hnm]ied  a]ipletree  eiiterpillar,  62, 

100,  22(1. 
lled-leggeJ  loe\ist,  157. 

"  Trioxy,^  389. 

Red-necked  Agrilus,  307,  320. 
Red  scale  of  C'alil'ornia,  395. 


fy/)j:x. 


,  380. 
US. 

!8I,  -127. 
uni,  427. 
,  7;^,  42,>. 
161,  180,  200,  221. 


Ictl,  IfiO. 


425. 

s.  ;;.^0.  427 
,  .".'.7. 

n. 

4'J,  42(i. 

187. 
isitu,  ISO. 

427. 
228. 

r. 

hv,  IMo. 
u,  .S7;?. 
!44. 


noth,  205. 
itii.«,  ;i;!7,  427. 
li.-,  204. 


;14. 

ilfifitjMus,  42(5. 
11,  1!)7,  426. 
bills,  241. 


10  ciiterjiillar,   I'JO, 

dc?,  274,  426. 
lis,  275,  426. 


ir.  ro. 

r.  ;!II5,  ;!20. 

:!16. 
I,  ;!ii7. 
th,  ;ii  I. 
,  :)o;i,  ;i20. 
II. 
2s;!. 

I'co  I'litcipiiliir,  62, 

•)7. 
.'i89. 

;i07,  ;!20. 
till,  'Mi), 


436  INDEX. 


Trngoccphala  viriilifusciata,  1  jS. 
Treo-lnij,'s,  290. 

Tree-cricket,  ISO,  200,  .-iOI,  308. 
Trce-liopjier,  bliick-biickeil,  289. 

"  JJuiriil...  -I.'),  200. 

"  singlo-sitripnd,  289. 

"  thorn-bush,  -Ifi. 

"  two-spotted,  242. 

'I'roo-hnppcrs,  2S0. 
'I'reinex  Coluiiiba.  141. 
Triehograinina  ininiita,  170. 
TiioxyH  eerasphis,  217. 

"        testaoeii)c.s,  :iS;). 
Trumpet  leaf-gall,  292. 
Tr^'petii  Canadensis,  427. 

"        ]>oinonolla,  l.'!.^. 
Turnus  swallow-tail,  SI,  220,  261. 
Tusfock-nioth,   white-marked,   57,    IGO, 

]89,  220. 
Twelvc-s])otted  IMabrotica,  ."OS. 
Twieu-stabbed  Indv-bird,  4;i,  413. 
Twig-girdlcr,  142. 
Two-spotted  lady-bird,  124. 

"  tree-hopper,  2-12. 

Tylodornia  fragariiP,  322,  127. 
Tyroglvphud  Gloveri.,  3'.il. 

"'  phyllo.>;er;e,  238. 

Unadorned  Tipbia,  214. 
Unicorn  prominent,  SO,  ISO. 
Ursula  butterfly,  139,  190,  217. 


Vanessa  progne,  427. 
Variegated  cut-worm,  106. 
Vellcda  lap])et-moth,  SO. 
Violaceous  llca-beetle,  204. 
\'itis  coryloides,  293. 

"      ponuim,  295. 

"      tomatos,  294. 

"      viticolu.  202. 

"      vulnus,  243. 

Wasps,  190. 

Waved  Lagoa,  139,  176,  320. 

"       Proconia,  2S9. 
White  Kugonia,  111. 
White-lined  Deilcphila,  139,  254. 
White-marked    tussock-moth,    57,    160, 

180,  220. 
White  scale,  398. 
W-marked  cut-worm,  lOS. 
Woolly-louse  of  the  apple,  27. 

Xyleborus  jiyri,  143,  420. 
Xylina  cinerea,  426. 

Yellow  cranberry-worm,  370. 
Yellow-necked    apple-tree    caterpillar, 

60. 
Yellow  woolly-bear,  271,  317,  320,  353. 
Ypsolophus  pometellus,  102,  426. 

Zophodia  convolutella,  427. 


THE   END. 


.06. 
). 

:o4. 


6,  320. 


jk-moth,   01,    10". 


,  108. 
iipple,  27. 

426. 


,rm,  370. 

,le-trce    caterpillar, 

271,  317,  320,  353. 
Ilus,  102,  426. 

,11a,  427. 


1 


